add dsx clone command

- added is_lib arg for compiler to produce non-main assembly outputs
- updated templates to use include_str

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -5,3 +5,7 @@ rustc-wrapper = "sccache"
 
 [future-incompat-report]
 frequency = "always"
+
+[profile.profiling]
+inherits = "release"
+debug = true

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 /target
 **/*.env
 Cargo.lock
+.test/
+pkg

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -8,4 +8,8 @@
   "files.trimTrailingWhitespace": true,
   "gitea.owner": "LowLevelDevs",
   "gitea.repo": "damn_simple_architecture",
+  "[markdown]": {
+    "editor.formatOnSave": true,
+    "editor.formatOnPaste": true
+  }
 }

.zed/settings.json

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Folder-specific settings
+//
+// For a full list of overridable settings, and general information on folder-specific settings,
+// see the documentation: https://zed.dev/docs/configuring-zed#settings-files
+{
+  "lsp": {
+    "rust-analyzer": {
+      "initialization_options": {
+        "check": {
+          "command": "clippy", // rust-analyzer.check.command (default: "check")
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  },
+}

.zed/tasks.json

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+[
+  {
+    "label": "Run Emulator",
+    "command": "cargo run --bin emulator",
+    "use_new_terminal": true,
+  },
+  {
+    "label": "Run Compiler",
+    "command": "cargo run --bin compiler",
+    "use_new_terminal": true,
+  },
+  {
+    "label": "Run Assembler",
+    "command": "cargo run --bin assembler",
+    "use_new_terminal": true,
+  },
+  {
+    "label": "Run Build System (dsx-build)",
+    "command": "cargo run --bin dsx-build",
+    "use_new_terminal": true,
+  },
+  {
+    "label": "Check All",
+    "command": "cargo clippy --all-targets",
+    "use_new_terminal": false,
+  },
+  {
+    "label": "Build All (Release)",
+    "command": "cargo build --release",
+    "use_new_terminal": false,
+  },
+  {
+    "label": "Publish Arch Package",
+    "command": "sh resources/publish.sh",
+  },
+  {
+    "label": "Run Tests",
+    "command": "cargo test",
+    "use_new_terminal": true,
+  },
+  {
+    "label": "Profile Emulator with perf",
+    "command": "cargo build --profile profiling; perf record -g -F 999 target/profiling/emulator; perf script -F +pid | save test.perf",
+    "use_new_terminal": true,
+  },
+]

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 cargo-features = ["codegen-backend"]
 
 [workspace]
-members = ["emulator", "common", "assembler", "dsa_editor", "compiler", "dsx-build"]
+members = [
+    "core/dsa_common", "core/assembler", "core/compiler",
+    "emulator", "emulator/dsa_editor",
+    "dsx/dsx_server", "dsx/dsx_common", "dsx/dsx"
+]
 resolver = "3"
 
 [workspace.package]
@@ -15,3 +19,7 @@ panic = "abort" # Cranelift does not support stack unwinds.
 lto = false
 debug = true
 incremental = false           # sccache does not support caching incremental crates.
+
+[profile.release]
+debug = true
+lto = "fat"

PKGBUILD

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Maintainer: zxq5 <zxq5@proton.me>
+pkgbase='damn-simple-architecture'
+pkgname=('dsa' 'dsx' 'dsa-tools' 'dsx-server')
+pkgver=0.1.1
+pkgrel=1
+startdir='.'
+pkgdesc="Damn Simple Architecture"
+arch=('x86_64')
+url="https://git.zxq5.dev/zxq5/damn-simple-architecture"
+license=('MIT')
+makedepends=('rust' 'cargo' 'sed')
+
+build() {
+    cargo build --release \
+        --bin dsa \
+        --bin dsx \
+        --bin dsa-a \
+        --bin dsa-c \
+        --bin dsx-server
+}
+
+package_dsa() {
+    pkgdesc="DSA core binary"
+    depends=()
+
+    install -Dm755 "$startdir/target/release/dsa" "$pkgdir/usr/bin/dsa"
+    install -Dm644 "$startdir/resources/dsa.desktop" \
+        "$pkgdir/usr/share/applications/dsa.desktop"
+    install -Dm644 "$startdir/resources/dsa.png" \
+        "$pkgdir/usr/share/icons/hicolor/256x256/apps/dsa.png"
+}
+
+package_dsx() {
+    pkgdesc="DSX client"
+    depends=('dsa')
+
+    install -Dm755 "$startdir/target/release/dsx" "$pkgdir/usr/bin/dsx"
+}
+
+package_dsa-tools() {
+    pkgdesc="DSA assembler and compiler tools"
+    depends=()
+
+    install -Dm755 "$startdir/target/release/dsa-a" "$pkgdir/usr/bin/dsa-a"
+    install -Dm755 "$startdir/target/release/dsa-c" "$pkgdir/usr/bin/dsa-c"
+}
+
+package_dsx-server() {
+    pkgdesc="DSX server"
+    depends=()
+
+    install -Dm755 "$startdir/target/release/dsx-server" "$pkgdir/usr/bin/dsx-server"
+
+    # Example sed usage — patch config paths for system install
+    sed -i 's|./templates|/usr/share/dsx-server/templates|g' \
+        "target/release/dsx-server" 2>/dev/null || true
+
+    install -Dm644 "$startdir/dsx_server/templates" "$pkgdir/usr/share/dsx-server/templates" 2>/dev/null || true
+}

assembler/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-#![deny(
-    clippy::unwrap_used,
-    clippy::nursery,
-    clippy::perf,
-    clippy::pedantic,
-    clippy::complexity
-)]
-#![allow(
-    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
-    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
-    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
-    clippy::match_wildcard_for_single_variants
-)]
-
-pub mod assembler;
-pub mod image_builder;
-pub mod tooling;
-mod util;
-
-pub mod prelude {
-    pub use crate::assembler::CompilerEngine;
-    pub use crate::image_builder;
-    pub use crate::tooling::brainf;
-    pub use crate::tooling::project;
-}
-
-use std::{fs, path::Path};
-
-use num_cpus as _;
-use threadpool as _;
-
-use crate::prelude::CompilerEngine;
-
-pub fn assemble_file(input: &str, output: &str) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
-    let mut engine = CompilerEngine::new();
-    engine.start_compilation(Path::new(input));
-    let result = engine.wait_for_result().unwrap();
-
-    let buffer: Vec<u8> = result
-        .iter()
-        .flat_map(|instruction| instruction.encode().to_be_bytes())
-        .collect();
-
-    if let Err(e) = fs::write(output, buffer) {
-        eprintln!("Failed to write to output file: {e}");
-        std::process::exit(1);
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}

assembler/src/util/logging.rs

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(dead_code)]
-#![allow(unused)]
-use std::{fmt, sync::mpsc::Sender};
-
-pub struct Logger {}
-
-impl Logger {
-    pub const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {}
-    }
-
-    pub fn log(&self, message: &str) {
-        _ = self;
-        println!("\x1b[32mINFO:\x1b[0m {message}");
-    }
-}
-
-// #[derive(Debug)]=
-// pub struct Logger {
-//     pub sender: Sender<Entry>,
-// }
-
-// impl Logger {
-//     pub fn new(sender: Sender<Entry>) -> Self {
-//         Self { sender }
-//     }
-
-//     pub fn debug<T: fmt::Display>(&self, message: T) {
-//         self.sender
-//             .send(Entry {
-//                 etype: EntryType::Debug,
-//                 message: message.to_string(),
-//             })
-//             .unwrap();
-//     }
-
-//     pub fn info<T: fmt::Display>(&self, message: T) {
-//         self.sender
-//             .send(Entry {
-//                 etype: EntryType::Info,
-//                 message: message.to_string(),
-//             })
-//             .unwrap();
-//     }
-
-//     pub fn warn<T: fmt::Display>(&self, message: T) {
-//         self.sender
-//             .send(Entry {
-//                 etype: EntryType::Warn,
-//                 message: message.to_string(),
-//             })
-//             .unwrap();
-//     }
-
-//     pub fn error<T: fmt::Display>(&self, message: T) {
-//         self.sender
-//             .send(Entry {
-//                 etype: EntryType::Error,
-//                 message: message.to_string(),
-//             })
-//             .unwrap();
-//     }
-
-//     pub fn fatal<T: fmt::Display>(&self, message: T) {
-//         self.sender
-//             .send(Entry {
-//                 etype: EntryType::Fatal,
-//                 message: message.to_string(),
-//             })
-//             .unwrap();
-//     }
-// }
-
-pub struct Entry {
-    etype: EntryType,
-    pub message: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
-enum EntryType {
-    Debug,
-    Info,
-    Warn,
-    Error,
-    Fatal,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for EntryType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "{:<5}",
-            match self {
-                Self::Debug => "DEBUG",
-                Self::Info => "INFO",
-                Self::Warn => "WARN",
-                Self::Error => "ERROR",
-                Self::Fatal => "FATAL",
-            }
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for Entry {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}: {}", self.etype, self.message)
-    }
-}

clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+disallowed-types = ["std::collections::HashMap", "std::collections::HashSet"]

common/src/logging.rs

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-// TODO: Use an actual logging or tracing library for pretty (scoped) output.
-pub fn log(message: &str) {
-    println!("\x1b[32mINFO:\x1b[0m {message}");
-}

compiler/src/backend/dsa/codegen.rs

@@ -1,771 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
-use std::time::SystemTime;
-
-use chrono::{DateTime, Local};
-
-use super::registers::RegisterAllocator;
-use crate::backend::dsa::registers::Register;
-use crate::{block, comment, dsa};
-
-use crate::model::{
-    BinaryOperator, Call, CompilerError, ConstExpr, Declaration, Dependency, Expression,
-    Program, Statement, TypeId, UnaryOperator, Variable,
-};
-
-pub struct CodeGenerator {
-    ast: Program,
-    imports: HashMap<String, String>,
-    globals: Vec<String>,
-    functions: Vec<String>,
-    symbols: Vec<String>,
-    allocator: RegisterAllocator,
-}
-
-fn import(name: &str, path: &str) -> String {
-    format!("include {name}: \"{}\"", path)
-}
-
-impl CodeGenerator {
-    const RET: &'static str = "\tjmp _ret";
-
-    pub fn new(ast: Program) -> Self {
-        CodeGenerator {
-            ast,
-            imports: HashMap::new(),
-            globals: Vec::new(),
-            functions: Vec::new(),
-            symbols: Vec::new(),
-            allocator: RegisterAllocator::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn include(&mut self, name: &str, path: &str) {
-        self.imports.insert(name.to_string(), path.to_string());
-    }
-
-    fn is_global(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
-        // Check if this variable is in the globals list
-        self.globals
-            .iter()
-            .any(|g| g.contains(&format!("dw {}:", name)))
-    }
-
-    pub fn generate(&mut self) -> Result<String, CompilerError> {
-        // always include the print library for debugging!
-        self.include("print", "./lib/io/print.dsa");
-
-        for block in self.ast.clone().declarations {
-            match block {
-                Declaration::Variable {
-                    var: Variable { name, .. },
-                    ..
-                } => self.symbols.push(name),
-                Declaration::Function { name, .. } => self.symbols.push(name),
-                Declaration::Dependency(Dependency { name, .. }) => {
-                    self.symbols.push(name)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        for block in self.ast.clone().declarations {
-            self.generate_block(block.clone())?;
-        }
-
-        self.generate_layout()
-    }
-
-    fn generate_layout(&mut self) -> Result<String, CompilerError> {
-        let datetime: DateTime<Local> = SystemTime::now().into();
-        Ok(dsa![
-            "",
-            comment!("GENERATED BY DSC COMPILER"),
-            comment!(format!(
-                "Generated at {}",
-                datetime.format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
-            )),
-            "",
-            // imports
-            comment!("Imports"),
-            self.imports
-                .iter()
-                .map(|(k, v)| import(k, v))
-                .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-                .join("\n"),
-            "",
-            // reserved memory
-            comment!("Globals & Reserved Memory"),
-            self.globals.join("\n"),
-            "",
-            // entry point
-            comment!("Entry Point"),
-            "dw stack: 0x10000",
-            "db message: \"Process Exited with code:\"",
-            block! [ "_init"
-                dsa![ldw stack, bpr],
-                dsa![mov bpr, spr],
-                dsa![push zero],
-                dsa![call main],
-                dsa![call print::print_newline],
-                dsa![lwi message, rg0],
-                dsa![push rg0],
-                dsa![call print::print],
-                dsa![pop zero],
-                dsa![call print::print_hex_word],
-                dsa![pop zero],
-                dsa![hlt]
-            ],
-            "",
-            comment!("Return"),
-            block! [ "_ret"
-                dsa![mov bpr, spr],
-                dsa![pop bpr],
-                dsa![return]
-            ],
-            comment!("Compiled Code Starts..."),
-            // block! [ "main"
-            //     dsa![push bpr],
-            //     dsa![mov spr, bpr],
-            //     dsa![lwi 67, rg1],
-            //     dsa![stw rg1, spr, 8],
-            //     dsa![mov bpr, spr],
-            //     dsa![pop bpr],
-            //     dsa![return]
-            // ],
-            self.functions.join("\n"),
-        ])
-    }
-
-    fn generate_global(&mut self, name: &str, init: Option<ConstExpr>) {
-        self.globals.push(format!(
-            "dw {}: {}",
-            name,
-            init.unwrap_or(ConstExpr::Number(0))
-        ))
-    }
-
-    fn generate_block(&mut self, block: Declaration) -> Result<(), CompilerError> {
-        match block {
-            Declaration::Variable { var, init, .. } => {
-                self.generate_global(&var.name, init)
-            }
-            Declaration::Function {
-                name,
-                params,
-                body,
-                return_type,
-            } => {
-                let func = self
-                    .generate_function(&name, &params, &body, return_type)
-                    .join("\n");
-
-                self.functions.push(format!("{func}\n"));
-            }
-            Declaration::Dependency(Dependency { name, path }) => {
-                self.imports.insert(name, path);
-            }
-        };
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    // Example: Generate code for a function
-    fn generate_function(
-        &mut self,
-        name: &str,
-        params: &[Variable],
-        body: &[Statement],
-        return_type: TypeId,
-    ) -> Vec<String> {
-        let mut code = Vec::new();
-
-        // Reset allocator for new function
-        self.allocator.reset();
-
-        code.push(format!(
-            "// fn {name}({}) -> {}",
-            params
-                .iter()
-                .map(|p| format!("{}: {}", p.name, p.type_id))
-                .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-                .join(", "),
-            return_type
-        ));
-
-        // Function prologue
-        code.push(format!("{}:", name));
-        code.push("\tpush bpr".to_string());
-        code.push("\tmov spr, bpr".to_string());
-        code.push(String::new());
-
-        // Allocate parameters to registers or stack locations
-        for (i, param) in params.iter().enumerate() {
-            let offset = 8 + (i as i32 * 4); // Parameters start at bpr+8
-            // Track that this parameter is at a stack location
-            let (reg, load_code) = self.allocator.alloc_var(&param.name).unwrap();
-            code.extend(load_code);
-            code.push(format!("\tldw bpr, {}, {}", reg, offset));
-        }
-
-        // Generate code for function body
-        for stmt in body {
-            let stmt_code = self.generate_statement(stmt, &mut code).unwrap();
-            code.extend(stmt_code);
-        }
-
-        // automatically return at function end
-        if let Some(x) = code.last()
-            && x == Self::RET
-        {
-        } else {
-            code.push(Self::RET.to_string());
-        }
-
-        code
-    }
-
-    // Example: Generate code for a statement
-    fn generate_statement(
-        &mut self,
-        stmt: &Statement,
-        func_body: &mut Vec<String>,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<String>, CompilerError> {
-        let mut code = Vec::new();
-
-        match stmt {
-            Statement::Declaration { var, value } => {
-                if let Some(expr) = value {
-                    // Evaluate expression
-                    let (result_reg, expr_code) =
-                        self.generate_expression(expr, true, func_body)?;
-                    code.extend(expr_code);
-
-                    // Store result in variable
-                    let store_code = self.allocator.store_var(&var.name, &result_reg);
-                    code.extend(store_code);
-
-                    // Free temporary register
-                    self.allocator.free_temp(result_reg);
-                } else {
-                    // Just declaring variable without initialization
-                    self.allocator.alloc_var(&var.name)?;
-                }
-            }
-
-            Statement::Break => unimplemented!("need scope tracking first!"),
-            Statement::Continue => unimplemented!("need scope tracking first!"),
-            Statement::Defer(_func) => unimplemented!("we need scope tracking first!"),
-
-            Statement::PtrWrite { ptr, value } => {
-                let (result_reg, expr_code) =
-                    self.generate_expression(value, true, func_body)?;
-                code.extend(expr_code);
-
-                let (ptr_reg, ptr_code) =
-                    self.generate_expression(ptr, true, func_body)?;
-                code.extend(ptr_code);
-
-                code.push(format!("\tstw {}, {}", result_reg, ptr_reg));
-
-                self.allocator.free_temp(result_reg);
-                self.allocator.free_temp(ptr_reg);
-            }
-
-            Statement::Assign { varname, value } => {
-                // Evaluate expression
-                let (result_reg, expr_code) =
-                    self.generate_expression(value, true, func_body)?;
-                code.extend(expr_code);
-
-                // Check if this is a global variable
-                if self.is_global(varname) {
-                    // Store to global label
-                    code.push(format!("\tstw {}, {}", result_reg, varname));
-                } else {
-                    // Store result in local variable
-                    let store_code = self.allocator.store_var(varname, &result_reg);
-                    code.extend(store_code);
-                }
-
-                // Free temporary register
-                self.allocator.free_temp(result_reg);
-            }
-
-            Statement::Return(expr) => {
-                if let Some(e) = expr {
-                    let (result_reg, expr_code) =
-                        self.generate_expression(e, true, func_body)?;
-                    code.extend(expr_code);
-                    code.push(format!("\tstw {}, bpr, 8", result_reg));
-                    code.push(format!("\tjmp _ret"));
-                    self.allocator.free_temp(result_reg);
-                }
-            }
-
-            Statement::If {
-                condition,
-                then_stmt,
-                else_stmt,
-            } => {
-                // Generate condition
-                let (cond_reg, cond_code) =
-                    self.generate_expression(condition, true, func_body)?;
-                code.extend(cond_code);
-
-                // Compare with zero
-                code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, zero", cond_reg));
-                self.allocator.free_temp(cond_reg);
-
-                // Generate unique labels
-                let then_label = format!("_then_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-                let else_label = format!("_else_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-                let end_label = format!("_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-
-                // Jump to else if condition is false (equal to zero)
-                code.push(format!("\tjeq {}", else_label));
-
-                // Then block
-                code.push(format!("{}:", then_label));
-                for s in then_stmt {
-                    code.extend(self.generate_statement(s, func_body)?);
-                }
-
-                if then_stmt.len() == 0 {
-                    code.push("\tnop".to_string());
-                }
-
-                code.push(format!("\tjmp {}", end_label));
-
-                // Else block
-                code.push(format!("{}:", else_label));
-                for s in else_stmt {
-                    code.extend(self.generate_statement(s, func_body)?);
-                }
-
-                if else_stmt.len() == 0 {
-                    code.push("\tnop".to_string());
-                }
-
-                code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
-            }
-
-            Statement::While { condition, body } => {
-                let loop_start = format!("_while_start_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-                let loop_end = format!("_while_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-
-                code.push(format!("{}:", loop_start));
-
-                // Generate condition
-                let (cond_reg, cond_code) =
-                    self.generate_expression(condition, true, func_body)?;
-                code.extend(cond_code);
-
-                code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, zero", cond_reg));
-                self.allocator.free_temp(cond_reg);
-
-                code.push(format!("\tjeq {}", loop_end));
-
-                // Loop body
-                for s in body {
-                    code.extend(self.generate_statement(s, func_body)?);
-                }
-
-                code.push(format!("\tjmp {}", loop_start));
-                code.push(format!("{}:", loop_end));
-            }
-
-            Statement::Loop(body) => {
-                let loop_start = format!("_loop_start_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-
-                code.push(format!("{}:", loop_start));
-
-                for s in body {
-                    code.extend(self.generate_statement(s, func_body)?);
-                }
-
-                code.push(format!("\tjmp {}", loop_start));
-            }
-
-            Statement::Expression { expr } => {
-                let (result_reg, expr_code) =
-                    self.generate_expression(expr, false, func_body)?;
-                code.extend(expr_code);
-                self.allocator.free_temp(result_reg);
-            }
-
-            Statement::Block(statements) => {
-                for s in statements {
-                    code.extend(self.generate_statement(s, func_body)?);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(code)
-    }
-
-    // Example: Generate code for an expression
-    // Returns (register containing result, assembly code)
-    fn generate_expression(
-        &mut self,
-        expr: &Expression,
-        use_result: bool,
-        func_body: &mut Vec<String>,
-    ) -> Result<(Register, Vec<String>), CompilerError> {
-        let mut code = Vec::new();
-
-        match expr {
-            Expression::StringLiteral(value) => {
-                let (reg, alloc_code) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
-                code.extend(alloc_code);
-
-                // write string into memory
-                let uuid = self.get_unique_label();
-                func_body.insert(0, format!("db str_{uuid}: \"{value}\""));
-
-                // Load pointer to string
-                code.push(format!("\tlwi str_{uuid}, {reg}"));
-
-                Ok((reg, code))
-            }
-
-            Expression::CharLiteral(value) => {
-                let (reg, alloc_code) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
-                code.extend(alloc_code);
-
-                // Load immediate value
-                code.push(format!("\tlli {}, {} // '{value}'", *value as u8, reg));
-
-                Ok((reg, code))
-            }
-
-            Expression::Number { value, .. } => {
-                let (reg, alloc_code) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
-                code.extend(alloc_code);
-
-                // Load immediate value
-                code.push(format!("\tlli {}, {}", value & 0xFFFF, reg));
-                if *value > 0xFFFF || *value < 0 {
-                    code.push(format!("\tlui {}, {}", (value >> 16) & 0xFFFF, reg));
-                }
-
-                Ok((reg, code))
-            }
-
-            Expression::Variable { name, .. } => {
-                if self.is_global(&name.name) {
-                    // Allocate a temporary register for the global
-                    let (reg, alloc_code) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
-                    code.extend(alloc_code);
-
-                    // Load from global label
-                    code.push(format!("\tldw {}, {}", name.name, reg));
-
-                    Ok((reg, code))
-                } else {
-                    // Local variable - use existing allocator logic
-                    let (reg, load_code) = self.allocator.load_var(&name.name)?;
-                    code.extend(load_code);
-                    Ok((reg, code))
-                }
-            }
-
-            Expression::Binary {
-                op, left, right, ..
-            } => {
-                // Evaluate left operand
-                let (left_reg, left_code) =
-                    self.generate_expression(left, true, func_body)?;
-                code.extend(left_code);
-
-                // Evaluate right operand
-                let (right_reg, right_code) =
-                    self.generate_expression(right, true, func_body)?;
-                code.extend(right_code);
-
-                // Allocate result register
-                let (result_reg, result_alloc) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
-                code.extend(result_alloc);
-
-                // Generate operation
-                match op {
-                    BinaryOperator::Add => {
-                        code.push(format!(
-                            "\tadd {}, {}, {}",
-                            left_reg, right_reg, result_reg
-                        ));
-                    }
-                    BinaryOperator::Sub => {
-                        code.push(format!(
-                            "\tsub {}, {}, {}",
-                            left_reg, right_reg, result_reg
-                        ));
-                    }
-                    BinaryOperator::Mul => {
-                        self.include("maths", "./lib/maths/core.dsa");
-                        // Call multiply function
-                        code.push(format!("\tpush {}", right_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("\tpush {}", left_reg));
-                        code.push("\tcall maths::multiply".to_string());
-                        code.push(format!("\tpop {}", result_reg));
-                        code.push("\tpop zero".to_string());
-                    }
-                    // Comparison operators - return 1 (true) or 0 (false)
-                    BinaryOperator::Eq => {
-                        code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
-                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-                        code.push(format!("\tjeq {}", end_label));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 0, {}", result_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
-                    }
-                    BinaryOperator::Ne => {
-                        code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
-                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-                        code.push(format!("\tjne {}", end_label));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 0, {}", result_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
-                    }
-                    BinaryOperator::Lt => {
-                        code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
-                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-                        code.push(format!("\tjlt {}", end_label));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 0, {}", result_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
-                    }
-                    BinaryOperator::Le => {
-                        code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
-                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-                        code.push(format!("\tjle {}", end_label));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 0, {}", result_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
-                    }
-                    BinaryOperator::Gt => {
-                        code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
-                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-                        code.push(format!("\tjgt {}", end_label));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 0, {}", result_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
-                    }
-                    BinaryOperator::Ge => {
-                        code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
-                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
-                        code.push(format!("\tjge {}", end_label));
-                        code.push(format!("\tlli 8, {}", result_reg));
-                        code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
-                    }
-                    _ => unimplemented!(),
-                }
-
-                // Free operand registers (allocator will protect variables)
-                self.allocator.free_temp(left_reg);
-                self.allocator.free_temp(right_reg);
-
-                Ok((result_reg, code))
-            }
-
-            Expression::Call {
-                func: Call { name, args },
-                ..
-            } => {
-                // first evaluate all the args we're going to need
-                let mut arg_regs = Vec::new();
-                for arg in args.iter().rev() {
-                    let (arg_reg, arg_code) =
-                        self.generate_expression(arg, true, func_body)?;
-                    code.extend(arg_code);
-                    arg_regs.push(arg_reg);
-                }
-
-                // Save caller-saved registers and track which ones we saved
-                // old method, inefficient.
-                // let saved_regs = self.allocator.get_caller_saved_registers();
-                // for reg in &saved_regs {
-                //     code.push(format!("\tpush {}", reg));
-                // }
-
-                // Save caller-saved registers and track which ones we saved
-                let saved_regs = self.allocator.get_caller_saved_registers();
-                for reg in &saved_regs {
-                    // spill variables to stack
-                    code.extend(self.allocator.free_register(reg).unwrap().1);
-                }
-
-                // Evaluate and push arguments in reverse order
-                for (i, arg_reg) in arg_regs.iter().enumerate() {
-                    code.push(format!(
-                        "\tpush {} // push arg {}",
-                        arg_reg,
-                        args.len() - 1 - i
-                    ));
-                }
-
-                // if GLOBAL_METHODS.contains_key(name.name.as_str()) {
-                //     code.push(format!("\tcall {}",
-                // GLOBAL_METHODS[name.name.as_str()])); } else
-                if self.symbols.contains(&name.name) {
-                    // Call local function
-                    code.push(format!("\tcall {}", name));
-                } else if let Some(ns) = name.namespace.clone()
-                    && self.imports.contains_key(&ns)
-                {
-                    code.push(format!("\tcall {}", name));
-                } else {
-                    return Err(CompilerError::Undefined(name.clone()));
-                }
-
-                let result_reg: Register;
-
-                if use_result {
-                    let (temp_result_reg, result_alloc) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
-                    result_reg = temp_result_reg;
-
-                    code.extend(result_alloc);
-                    code.push(format!("\tpop {}", result_reg));
-
-                    // Clean up arguments
-                    if args.len() > 1 {
-                        for _ in 0..(args.len() - 1) {
-                            code.push("\tpop zero".to_string());
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    result_reg = Register::Zero;
-
-                    // Clean up arguments
-                    if args.len() > 0 {
-                        for _ in 0..(args.len()) {
-                            code.push("\tpop zero".to_string());
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // Restore caller-saved registers in reverse order (LIFO)
-                // for reg in saved_regs.iter().rev() {
-                //     code.push(format!("\tpop {}", reg));
-                // }
-
-                // Free argument registers
-                for reg in arg_regs {
-                    self.allocator.free_temp(reg);
-                }
-
-                Ok((result_reg, code))
-            }
-
-            Expression::Unary { op, operand, .. } => {
-                let (operand_reg, operand_code) =
-                    self.generate_expression(operand, true, func_body)?;
-                code.extend(operand_code);
-
-                let (result_reg, result_alloc) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
-                code.extend(result_alloc);
-
-                match op {
-                    UnaryOperator::Minus => {
-                        // Negate: result = 0 - operand
-                        code.push(format!("\tsub zero, {}, {}", operand_reg, result_reg));
-                    }
-                    UnaryOperator::Plus => {
-                        // Just move
-                        code.push(format!("\tmov {}, {}", operand_reg, result_reg));
-                    }
-                    UnaryOperator::Dereference => {
-                        code.push(format!("\tldw {}, {}", operand_reg, result_reg));
-                    }
-                    UnaryOperator::Reference => {
-                        let (offset, alloc_code) =
-                            self.allocator.free_register(&operand_reg)?;
-                        code.extend(alloc_code);
-                        code.push(format!(
-                            "\taddi spr, {}, {}",
-                            offset - self.allocator.get_stack_offset(),
-                            result_reg
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
-
-                self.allocator.free_temp(operand_reg);
-                Ok((result_reg, code))
-            }
-
-            Expression::Empty => Ok((Register::Null, code)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Helper for generating unique labels
-    fn get_unique_label(&mut self) -> String {
-        // You'd implement a counter here
-        static COUNTER: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
-
-        let val = COUNTER.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
-        (val + 1).to_string()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Build a single string from any number of arguments.
-/// Each argument must implement `Display` or be convertible to a string.
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! dsa {
-    ($($arg:expr),* $(,)?) => {{
-        // Start with an empty String – we’ll grow it as we go.
-        use std::fmt::Write;
-        let mut s = ::std::string::String::new();
-        $(
-            // `write!` is cheaper than `format!` for each element
-            // because it re‑uses the same buffer.
-
-            write!(s, "{}\n", $arg).expect("write to String failed");
-        )*
-        s
-    }};
-}
-
-// ────────────────────────  dsa!  ────────────────────────
-// A tiny helper that just turns its token‑stream into a string.
-// The trailing comma is kept – it’s part of the syntax you want.
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! cmd {
-    ($($tokens:tt)*) => {{
-        // We’ll just stringify the tokens and return a String.
-        format!("{}", concat!(stringify!($tokens), "\n"))
-    }};
-}
-
-// ────────────────────────  block!  ────────────────────────
-// Usage:
-//
-//   let asm = block![ "name"
-//       dsa![mov rg0, rg1],
-//       dsa![add rg1, rg1]
-//   ];
-//
-// `asm` is a `&'static str` containing:
-//
-//   name:
-//       mov rg0, rg1
-//       add rg1, rg1
-//
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! block {
-    // The first token must be a string literal – that’s the label.
-    ($label:literal $(dsa![$($ins:tt)*]),* ) => {{
-        // Build a single string at compile time.
-        const CODE: &str = concat!(
-            $label, ":\n",
-            // Each `dsa!` call yields a string like `"mov rg0, rg1"`.
-            // We add a newline after each one to get the desired layout.
-            $(concat!("\t", stringify!($($ins)*), "\n")),*
-        );
-        CODE
-    }};
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! comment {
-    ($text:expr) => {{ format!("// {}", $text) }};
-}

compiler/src/backend/dsa/mod.rs

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-use crate::model::{CompilerError, Program};
-
-mod codegen;
-mod registers;
-
-pub fn generate_code(ast: &Program) -> Result<String, CompilerError> {
-    let mut codegen = codegen::CodeGenerator::new(ast.clone());
-    codegen.generate()
-}

compiler/src/frontend/dsc/lexer.rs

@@ -1,627 +0,0 @@
-use std::iter::Peekable;
-use std::str::Chars;
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
-pub enum Token {
-    // Keywords
-    Fn,
-    Let,
-    If,
-    Else,
-    Loop,
-    While,
-    Break,
-    Return,
-    Continue,
-    Include,
-    Static,
-    Const,
-
-    // Identifiers and literals
-    Identifier(Name),
-    String(String),
-    Integer(u64),
-    Char(char),
-
-    // Symbols
-    LeftParen,  // (
-    RightParen, // )
-    LeftBrace,  // {
-    RightBrace, // }
-    Semicolon,  // ;
-    Colon,      // :
-    Comma,      // ,
-
-    // Operators
-    Plus,         // +
-    Minus,        // -
-    Star,         // *
-    Amphersand,   // &
-    Slash,        // /
-    Assign,       // =
-    EqualEqual,   // ==
-    Bang,         // !
-    BangEqual,    // !=
-    Less,         // <
-    LessEqual,    // <=
-    Greater,      // >
-    GreaterEqual, // >=
-    RightArrow,   // ->
-
-    // Special
-    Eof,
-}
-
-use std::fmt;
-
-use crate::model::Name;
-
-impl fmt::Display for Name {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        if let Some(ref ns) = self.namespace {
-            write!(f, "{}::{}", ns, self.name)
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "{}", self.name)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Token {
-    pub fn tt(&self) -> &str {
-        match self {
-            Token::Const => "Const",
-            Token::Static => "Static",
-            Token::Include => "Include",
-            Token::Fn => "Fn",
-            Token::If => "If",
-            Token::Let => "Let",
-            Token::Else => "Else",
-            Token::Loop => "Loop",
-            Token::While => "While",
-            Token::Break => "Break",
-            Token::Return => "Return",
-            Token::Continue => "Continue",
-            Token::Identifier(_) => "Identifier",
-            Token::String(_) => "String",
-            Token::Integer(_) => "UnsignedInt",
-            Token::Char(_) => "Char",
-            Token::LeftParen => "LeftParen",
-            Token::RightParen => "RightParen",
-            Token::LeftBrace => "LeftBrace",
-            Token::RightBrace => "RightBrace",
-            Token::Semicolon => "Semicolon",
-            Token::Colon => "Colon",
-            Token::Comma => "Comma",
-            Token::RightArrow => "RightArrow",
-            Token::Plus => "Plus",
-            Token::Minus => "Minus",
-            Token::Star => "Star",
-            Token::Amphersand => "Amphersand",
-            Token::Slash => "Slash",
-            Token::Assign => "Assign",
-            Token::EqualEqual => "EqualEqual",
-            Token::Bang => "Bang",
-            Token::BangEqual => "BangEqual",
-            Token::Less => "Less",
-            Token::LessEqual => "LessEqual",
-            Token::Greater => "Greater",
-            Token::GreaterEqual => "GreaterEqual",
-            Token::Eof => "Eof",
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Lexer<'a> {
-    chars: Peekable<Chars<'a>>,
-    current: Option<char>,
-    line: usize,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Lexer<'a> {
-    pub fn new(input: &'a str) -> Self {
-        let mut chars = input.chars().peekable();
-        let current = chars.next();
-
-        Lexer {
-            chars,
-            current,
-            line: 1,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn advance(&mut self) -> Option<char> {
-        self.current = self.chars.next();
-        self.current
-    }
-
-    fn peek(&mut self) -> Option<&char> {
-        self.chars.peek()
-    }
-
-    fn skip_whitespace(&mut self) {
-        while let Some(c) = self.current {
-            if !c.is_whitespace() {
-                break;
-            }
-            if c == '\n' {
-                self.line += 1;
-            }
-            self.advance();
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn skip_line_comment(&mut self) {
-        // Skip the two slashes
-        self.advance(); // first /
-        self.advance(); // second /
-
-        // Skip until newline or EOF
-        while let Some(c) = self.current {
-            if c == '\n' {
-                self.line += 1;
-                self.advance();
-                break;
-            }
-            self.advance();
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn skip_block_comment(&mut self) -> Result<(), String> {
-        // Skip the /*
-        self.advance(); // /
-        self.advance(); // *
-
-        let start_line = self.line;
-
-        // Look for */
-        while let Some(c) = self.current {
-            if c == '\n' {
-                self.line += 1;
-            }
-
-            if c == '*' {
-                if let Some(&next) = self.peek() {
-                    if next == '/' {
-                        self.advance(); // *
-                        self.advance(); // /
-                        return Ok(());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            self.advance();
-        }
-
-        Err(format!(
-            "Unterminated block comment starting at line {}",
-            start_line
-        ))
-    }
-
-    fn skip_whitespace_and_comments(&mut self) {
-        loop {
-            self.skip_whitespace();
-
-            // Check for comments
-            if let Some('/') = self.current {
-                if let Some(&next) = self.peek() {
-                    match next {
-                        '/' => {
-                            self.skip_line_comment();
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        '*' => {
-                            if let Err(e) = self.skip_block_comment() {
-                                eprintln!("Lexer error: {}", e);
-                            }
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        _ => break,
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn read_identifier(&mut self) -> String {
-        let mut ident = String::new();
-
-        // Include the current character if it's valid
-        if let Some(c) = self.current {
-            if c.is_alphabetic() || c == '_' {
-                ident.push(c);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Read remaining characters
-        while let Some(&c) = self.peek() {
-            if c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_' {
-                self.advance();
-                ident.push(c);
-            } else {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        ident
-    }
-
-    fn keyword_or_identifier(&mut self) -> Token {
-        let first_ident = self.read_identifier();
-
-        // Check if it's a keyword first (keywords can't have namespaces)
-        let keyword = match first_ident.as_str() {
-            "fn" => Some(Token::Fn),
-            "if" => Some(Token::If),
-            "else" => Some(Token::Else),
-            "while" => Some(Token::While),
-            "loop" => Some(Token::Loop),
-            "break" => Some(Token::Break),
-            "return" => Some(Token::Return),
-            "continue" => Some(Token::Continue),
-            "include" => Some(Token::Include),
-            "let" => Some(Token::Let),
-            "const" => Some(Token::Const),
-            "static" => Some(Token::Static),
-            _ => None,
-        };
-
-        if let Some(kw) = keyword {
-            return kw;
-        }
-
-        // Not a keyword - check for namespace separator (::)
-        // We need to peek TWO characters ahead without consuming anything
-        if let Some(&':') = self.peek() {
-            // We see one colon, but we need to check if there's another one after it
-            // We can't peek two ahead directly, so we need a different approach
-
-            // Save the current position by using a temporary peekable iterator
-            // Actually, we can't do that easily. Instead, let's just check:
-            // If we see ':', temporarily advance and check the next char
-
-            // Create a temporary check
-            let mut temp_chars = self.chars.clone();
-            let _ = temp_chars.next(); // This is the ':' we already saw
-            let second_peek = temp_chars.peek();
-
-            if let Some(&':') = second_peek {
-                // It's :: - consume both colons
-                self.advance(); // consume first :
-                self.advance(); // consume second :
-
-                // Read the second identifier (the actual name)
-                let second_ident = self.read_identifier();
-
-                // Return namespaced identifier
-                return Token::Identifier(Name {
-                    namespace: Some(first_ident),
-                    name: second_ident,
-                });
-            }
-            // else: It's a single colon (type annotation) - DON'T consume it
-            // Just fall through and return the identifier
-        }
-
-        // No namespace separator - just a regular identifier
-        Token::Identifier(Name {
-            namespace: None,
-            name: first_ident,
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn read_number(&mut self) -> Result<u64, String> {
-        let current = self.current.unwrap();
-
-        // Check for hex (0x) or binary (0b) prefix
-        if current == '0' {
-            if let Some(&next_char) = self.peek() {
-                match next_char {
-                    'x' | 'X' => {
-                        self.advance(); // consume '0'
-                        self.advance(); // consume 'x'
-                        return self.read_hex_number();
-                    }
-                    'b' | 'B' => {
-                        self.advance(); // consume '0'
-                        self.advance(); // consume 'b'
-                        return self.read_binary_number();
-                    }
-                    _ => {}
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Read decimal number
-        self.read_decimal_number()
-    }
-
-    fn read_decimal_number(&mut self) -> Result<u64, String> {
-        let mut num_str = String::new();
-
-        if let Some(c) = self.current {
-            num_str.push(c);
-        }
-
-        while let Some(&c) = self.peek() {
-            if c.is_ascii_digit() {
-                self.advance();
-                num_str.push(c);
-            } else {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        num_str
-            .parse::<u64>()
-            .map_err(|_| format!("Invalid decimal number: {}", num_str))
-    }
-
-    fn read_hex_number(&mut self) -> Result<u64, String> {
-        let mut num_str = String::new();
-
-        // Read current character if it's a hex digit
-        if let Some(c) = self.current {
-            if c.is_ascii_hexdigit() {
-                num_str.push(c);
-            }
-        }
-
-        while let Some(&c) = self.peek() {
-            if c.is_ascii_hexdigit() {
-                self.advance();
-                num_str.push(c);
-            } else {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if num_str.is_empty() {
-            return Err("Invalid hexadecimal number: no digits after 0x".to_string());
-        }
-
-        u64::from_str_radix(&num_str, 16)
-            .map_err(|_| format!("Invalid hexadecimal number: {}", num_str))
-    }
-
-    fn read_binary_number(&mut self) -> Result<u64, String> {
-        let mut num_str = String::new();
-
-        // Read current character if it's a binary digit
-        if let Some(c) = self.current {
-            if c == '0' || c == '1' {
-                num_str.push(c);
-            }
-        }
-
-        while let Some(&c) = self.peek() {
-            if c == '0' || c == '1' {
-                self.advance();
-                num_str.push(c);
-            } else {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if num_str.is_empty() {
-            return Err("Invalid binary number: no digits after 0b".to_string());
-        }
-
-        u64::from_str_radix(&num_str, 2)
-            .map_err(|_| format!("Invalid binary number: {}", num_str))
-    }
-
-    fn read_string(&mut self) -> Result<String, String> {
-        self.advance(); // Skip the opening quote
-        let mut s = String::new();
-
-        while let Some(c) = self.current {
-            if c == '"' {
-                return Ok(s);
-            }
-
-            // Handle escape sequences
-            if c == '\\' {
-                self.advance();
-                if let Some(escaped) = self.current {
-                    let escaped_char = match escaped {
-                        'n' => '\n',
-                        't' => '\t',
-                        'r' => '\r',
-                        '\\' => '\\',
-                        '"' => '"',
-                        _ => escaped, // For now, just use the character as-is
-                    };
-                    s.push(escaped_char);
-                } else {
-                    return Err("Unexpected end of string after escape".to_string());
-                }
-            } else {
-                s.push(c);
-            }
-
-            self.advance();
-        }
-
-        Err("Unterminated string literal".to_string())
-    }
-
-    fn match_next(&mut self, expected: char) -> bool {
-        match self.peek() {
-            Some(&c) if c == expected => {
-                self.advance();
-                true
-            }
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn scan_single_char_token(&mut self, c: char) -> Option<Token> {
-        match c {
-            '(' => Some(Token::LeftParen),
-            ')' => Some(Token::RightParen),
-            '{' => Some(Token::LeftBrace),
-            '}' => Some(Token::RightBrace),
-            ';' => Some(Token::Semicolon),
-            ',' => Some(Token::Comma),
-            '&' => Some(Token::Amphersand),
-            '+' => Some(Token::Plus),
-            '*' => Some(Token::Star),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn scan_operator(&mut self, c: char) -> Option<Token> {
-        match c {
-            '-' => Some(if self.match_next('>') {
-                Token::RightArrow
-            } else {
-                Token::Minus
-            }),
-            '!' => Some(if self.match_next('=') {
-                Token::BangEqual
-            } else {
-                Token::Bang
-            }),
-            '=' => Some(if self.match_next('=') {
-                Token::EqualEqual
-            } else {
-                Token::Assign
-            }),
-            '<' => Some(if self.match_next('=') {
-                Token::LessEqual
-            } else {
-                Token::Less
-            }),
-            '>' => Some(if self.match_next('=') {
-                Token::GreaterEqual
-            } else {
-                Token::Greater
-            }),
-            ':' => {
-                // Single colon (for type annotations)
-                // Note: :: is handled in keyword_or_identifier for namespaces
-                Some(Token::Colon)
-            }
-            '/' => {
-                // Check if it's a comment or division
-                if let Some(&next) = self.peek() {
-                    if next == '/' || next == '*' {
-                        // It's a comment, don't consume it here
-                        // Let skip_whitespace_and_comments handle it
-                        None
-                    } else {
-                        Some(Token::Slash)
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Some(Token::Slash)
-                }
-            }
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn next_token(&mut self) -> Token {
-        self.skip_whitespace_and_comments();
-
-        let Some(c) = self.current else {
-            return Token::Eof;
-        };
-
-        // Try single-character tokens first
-        if let Some(token) = self.scan_single_char_token(c) {
-            self.advance();
-            return token;
-        }
-
-        // Try operators (may be multi-character)
-        if let Some(token) = self.scan_operator(c) {
-            self.advance();
-            return token;
-        }
-
-        // Char literals
-        if c == '\'' {
-            let mut value = ' ';
-            self.advance();
-            if let Some(ch) = self.current {
-                value = ch;
-                self.advance();
-            }
-            if self.current == Some('\'') {
-                self.advance();
-                return Token::Char(value);
-            }
-            eprintln!("Lexer error on line {}: Invalid char literal", self.line);
-        }
-
-        // String literals
-        if c == '"' {
-            let token = match self.read_string() {
-                Ok(s) => Token::String(s),
-                Err(e) => {
-                    eprintln!("Lexer error on line {}: {}", self.line, e);
-                    // Skip to next quote or end
-                    while let Some(ch) = self.current {
-                        if ch == '"' || ch == '\n' {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        self.advance();
-                    }
-                    Token::String(String::new())
-                }
-            };
-            self.advance();
-            return token;
-        }
-
-        // Identifiers and keywords (including namespaced identifiers)
-        if c.is_alphabetic() || c == '_' {
-            let token = self.keyword_or_identifier();
-            self.advance();
-            return token;
-        }
-
-        // Numbers (decimal, hex, binary)
-        if c.is_ascii_digit() {
-            let token = match self.read_number() {
-                Ok(num) => Token::Integer(num),
-                Err(e) => {
-                    eprintln!("Lexer error on line {}: {}", self.line, e);
-                    // Skip invalid number
-                    while let Some(&ch) = self.peek() {
-                        if !ch.is_alphanumeric() {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        self.advance();
-                    }
-                    Token::Integer(0)
-                }
-            };
-            self.advance();
-            return token;
-        }
-
-        // Unknown character - skip it
-        eprintln!(
-            "Lexer warning on line {}: Skipping unknown character '{}'",
-            self.line, c
-        );
-        self.advance();
-        self.next_token()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> Iterator for Lexer<'a> {
-    type Item = Token;
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        match self.next_token() {
-            Token::Eof => None,
-            token => Some(token),
-        }
-    }
-}

compiler/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-#![feature(try_trait_v2)]
-
-use std::path::Path;
-
-use common::logging::log;
-
-use crate::specialised::build_specialised;
-
-mod backend;
-mod frontend;
-mod model;
-mod specialised;
-
-pub fn compile_file(
-    input_path: &Path,
-    output_path: &Path,
-) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-    let input = std::fs::read_to_string(input_path).expect("Failed to read input file");
-
-    let input_ext = input_path
-        .extension()
-        .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-        .unwrap_or("");
-
-    // check if we're using a specialised compiler
-    if let Some(output) = build_specialised(input_ext, &input) {
-        let result = match output {
-            Ok(output) => output,
-            Err(err) => return Err(format!("Compilation failed: {err:?}").into()),
-        };
-
-        std::fs::write(output_path, &result).expect("Failed to write output");
-
-        log(&format!(
-            "Compilation Successful ✅ \n\tSource: {}\n\tOutput: {}\n",
-            input_path.display(),
-            output_path.display(),
-        ));
-
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    // Parse the input using the frontend, providing the file extension and data.
-    let ast = match frontend::compiler_frontend(input_ext, &input) {
-        Ok(ast) => ast,
-        Err(err) => return Err(format!("Compilation failed: {err:?}").into()),
-    };
-
-    println!("Parsed AST: {:#?}", ast);
-
-    let output_ext = output_path
-        .extension()
-        .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-        .unwrap_or("");
-
-    // Generate the output using the backend with the parsed result.
-    let result = match backend::compiler_backend(output_ext, &ast) {
-        Ok(result) => result,
-        Err(err) => return Err(format!("Compilation failed: {err:?}").into()),
-    };
-
-    // println!("{result}");
-    std::fs::write(output_path, &result).expect("Failed to write output");
-
-    log(&format!(
-        "Compilation Successful ✅ \n\tSource: {}\n\tOutput: {}\n",
-        input_path.display(),
-        output_path.display(),
-    ));
-
-    Ok(())
-}

compiler/src/main.rs

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-use std::path::Path;
-
-use compiler;
-
-fn main() {
-    // read from input file: syntax "c_compiler <src.c> [output.dsa]"
-    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
-    if args.len() < 2 {
-        eprintln!("Usage: c_compiler <src.dsc> [output.dsa]");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let input_file = &args[1];
-    let output_file = if args.len() > 2 {
-        &args[2]
-    } else {
-        "output.dsa"
-    };
-
-    compiler::compile_file(Path::new(input_file), Path::new(output_file)).unwrap();
-}

compiler/src/model.rs

@@ -1,285 +0,0 @@
-use core::fmt;
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum CompilerError {
-    UnexpectedToken(String),
-    UnexpectedEndOfInput,
-    UnexpectedCharacter(char),
-    Undefined(Name),
-    InvalidSyntax(String),
-    Generic(String),
-    UnknownType,
-    TypeMismatch(TypeId, TypeId),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-pub struct Name {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub namespace: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Program {
-    pub declarations: Vec<Declaration>,
-}
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum Declaration {
-    Function {
-        name: String,
-        return_type: TypeId,
-        params: Vec<Variable>,
-        body: Block,
-    },
-    Variable {
-        var: Variable,
-        init: Option<ConstExpr>,
-        is_const: bool,
-    },
-    Dependency(Dependency),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Dependency {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub path: String,
-}
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub enum TypeId {
-    U8,
-    U16,
-    U32,
-    I8,
-    I16,
-    I32,
-    Bool,
-    Char,
-    Void,
-    Ptr(Box<TypeId>),
-    Ref(Box<TypeId>),
-    Array(Box<TypeId>, usize),
-    Struct { name: Name, fields: Vec<TypeId> },
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for TypeId {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::U8 => write!(f, "u8"),
-            Self::U16 => write!(f, "u16"),
-            Self::U32 => write!(f, "u32"),
-            Self::I8 => write!(f, "i8"),
-            Self::I16 => write!(f, "i16"),
-            Self::I32 => write!(f, "i32"),
-            Self::Bool => write!(f, "bool"),
-            Self::Char => write!(f, "char"),
-            Self::Void => write!(f, "void"),
-            Self::Ptr(t) => write!(f, "*{}", t),
-            Self::Ref(t) => write!(f, "&{}", t),
-            Self::Array(t, len) => write!(f, "[{}; {}]", t, len),
-            Self::Struct { name, fields } => {
-                write!(f, "struct {} {{", name)?;
-                for (i, field) in fields.iter().enumerate() {
-                    write!(f, "{}: {}", i, field)?;
-                }
-                write!(f, "}}")
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub type Block = Vec<Statement>;
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Variable {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub type_id: TypeId,
-}
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum Statement {
-    Block(Block),
-    Declaration {
-        var: Variable,
-        value: Option<Expression>,
-    },
-    Assign {
-        varname: String,
-        value: Expression,
-    },
-    PtrWrite {
-        ptr: Expression,
-        value: Expression,
-    },
-    Expression {
-        expr: Expression,
-    },
-    If {
-        condition: Expression,
-        then_stmt: Block,
-        else_stmt: Block,
-    },
-    While {
-        condition: Expression,
-        body: Vec<Statement>,
-    },
-    Loop(Block),
-    Defer(Call),
-    Break,
-    Continue,
-    Return(Option<Expression>),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum ConstExpr {
-    Number(i32),
-    String(String),
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for ConstExpr {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            ConstExpr::Number(n) => write!(f, "{}", n),
-            ConstExpr::String(s) => write!(f, "\"{}\"", s),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum Expression {
-    Empty,
-    Binary {
-        op: BinaryOperator,
-        left: Box<Expression>,
-        right: Box<Expression>,
-
-        // Post-Semantic Analysis
-        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
-    },
-    Unary {
-        op: UnaryOperator,
-        operand: Box<Expression>,
-
-        // Post-Semantic Analysis
-        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
-    },
-    Variable {
-        name: Name,
-        expr_type: Option<TypeId>,
-    },
-    Call {
-        func: Call,
-
-        // Post-Semantic Analysis
-        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
-    },
-    Number {
-        value: isize,
-
-        // Post-Semantic Analysis
-        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
-    },
-    StringLiteral(String),
-    CharLiteral(char),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Call {
-    pub name: Name,
-    pub args: Vec<Expression>,
-}
-
-impl Expression {
-    pub fn is_pure(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Expression::Number { .. } => true,
-            Expression::StringLiteral(_) => true,
-            Expression::CharLiteral(_) => true,
-            Expression::Call { .. } => false,
-            Expression::Binary { left, right, .. } => left.is_pure() && right.is_pure(),
-            Expression::Unary { operand, .. } => operand.is_pure(),
-            Expression::Empty => true,
-            Expression::Variable { .. } => true,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn type_id(&self) -> Result<TypeId, CompilerError> {
-        match self {
-            Expression::Number { type_id, .. } => {
-                type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
-            }
-            Expression::StringLiteral(_) => Ok(TypeId::Ptr(Box::new(TypeId::Char))),
-            Expression::CharLiteral(_) => Ok(TypeId::Char),
-            Expression::Call { type_id, .. } => {
-                type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
-            }
-            Expression::Binary { type_id, .. } => {
-                type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
-            }
-            Expression::Unary { type_id, .. } => {
-                type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
-            }
-            Expression::Empty => Ok(TypeId::Void),
-            Expression::Variable { expr_type, .. } => {
-                expr_type.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(unused)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub enum BinaryOperator {
-    Add,
-    Sub,
-    Mul,
-    Div,
-    Eq,
-    Ne,
-    Lt,
-    Gt,
-    Le,
-    Ge,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for BinaryOperator {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            BinaryOperator::Add => write!(f, "+"),
-            BinaryOperator::Sub => write!(f, "-"),
-            BinaryOperator::Mul => write!(f, "*"),
-            BinaryOperator::Div => write!(f, "/"),
-            BinaryOperator::Eq => write!(f, "=="),
-            BinaryOperator::Ne => write!(f, "!="),
-            BinaryOperator::Lt => write!(f, "<"),
-            BinaryOperator::Gt => write!(f, ">"),
-            BinaryOperator::Le => write!(f, "<="),
-            BinaryOperator::Ge => write!(f, ">="),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub enum UnaryOperator {
-    Plus,
-    Minus,
-    Reference,
-    Dereference,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for UnaryOperator {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            UnaryOperator::Plus => write!(f, "+"),
-            UnaryOperator::Minus => write!(f, "-"),
-            UnaryOperator::Dereference => write!(f, "*"),
-            UnaryOperator::Reference => write!(f, "&"),
-        }
-    }
-}

core/assembler/Cargo.toml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ edition.workspace = true
 authors.workspace = true
 
 [[bin]]
-name = "assembler_runner"
+name = "dsa-a"
 path = "src/main.rs"
 
 [lib]
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ name = "assembler"
 path = "src/lib.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-common = { path = "../common" }
+common = { path = "../dsa_common" }
 num_cpus = "1.17.0"
 threadpool = "1.8.1"

core/assembler/src/assembler/assembler.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::{
 
 use crate::assembler::{AssembleError, Token, expand_pseudo_ops, lexer, quick_hash};
 use crate::assembler::{Node, Parser, resolve_dependencies};
-use crate::util::logging::Logger;
+// use crate::util::logging::Logger;
 
 // pub fn new_assemble(path: &Path) {
 //     let program = Program::new();
@@ -144,7 +144,8 @@ impl Module {
     }
 
     pub fn build(path: PathBuf, program: ProgramRef) -> Result<Task, AssembleError> {
-        // Spawn a thread that creates the main function and executes the lexer and parser.
+        // Spawn a thread that creates the main function and executes the lexer and
+        // parser.
         let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
             let mut module =
                 Self::new(path.clone(), quick_hash(&path), Vec::new(), program.clone());

core/assembler/src/assembler/codegen.rs

@@ -223,19 +223,31 @@ fn build_shift_instruction(
     opcode: Opcode,
     args: &[crate::assembler::model::Token],
 ) -> Result<Instruction, AssembleError> {
-    let Some(reg_token) = args.first() else {
+    let Some(src_reg) = args.first() else {
         return Err(AssembleError::MissingArgument(0));
     };
-    let Some(amount_token) = args.get(1) else {
+    let Some(r_shamt) = args.get(1) else {
+        return Err(AssembleError::MissingArgument(0));
+    };
+    let Some(i_shamt) = args.get(2) else {
+        return Err(AssembleError::MissingArgument(1));
+    };
+    let Some(dest_reg) = args.get(3) else {
         return Err(AssembleError::MissingArgument(1));
     };
 
-    let reg = expect_token!(reg_token, Register)?;
-    let amount = expect_token!(amount_token, Immediate)? as u8;
+    let src = expect_token!(src_reg, Register)?;
+    let r_shamt = expect_token!(r_shamt, Register)?;
+    let i_shamt = expect_token!(i_shamt, Immediate)? as u8;
+    let dest = expect_token!(dest_reg, Register)?;
 
     match opcode {
-        Opcode::Shl => Ok(Instruction::ShiftLeft(args!(R, sr1: reg, shamt: amount))),
-        Opcode::Shr => Ok(Instruction::ShiftRight(args!(R, sr1: reg, shamt: amount))),
+        Opcode::Shl => Ok(Instruction::ShiftLeft(
+            args!(R, sr1: src, sr2: r_shamt, shamt: i_shamt, dr: dest),
+        )),
+        Opcode::Shr => Ok(Instruction::ShiftRight(
+            args!(R, sr1: src, sr2: r_shamt, shamt: i_shamt, dr: dest),
+        )),
         _ => unreachable!(),
     }
 }

core/assembler/src/assembler/macros.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ use crate::assembler::model::{Node, Opcode, Symbol, Token};
 /// Parse DSA assembly code with optional formatting
 ///
 /// # Examples
-/// ```
+/// ```rs
+/// use assembler::macros::dsa;
 /// // With formatting:
 /// let nodes = dsa!(hash, "mov r1, {}", 42)?;
 ///

core/assembler/src/assembler/mod.rs

@@ -5,19 +5,25 @@ use std::{
     fmt, fs,
     hash::{DefaultHasher, Hash, Hasher},
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    sync::{Arc, Mutex, mpsc},
+    sync::{
+        Arc, Mutex,
+        mpsc::{self, Receiver, Sender},
+    },
     thread,
 };
 
-pub use common::logging::log;
-use common::prelude::Instruction;
+use common::{
+    build::{BuildError, Builder},
+    logging::{LogReceiver, Logger},
+    prelude::Instruction,
+};
 
 // Module declarations
 #[macro_use]
 pub mod macros;
 
 #[allow(clippy::module_inception)]
-pub mod assembler;
+// pub mod assembler;
 pub mod codegen;
 pub mod expand;
 pub mod lexer;
@@ -35,45 +41,68 @@ pub use self::{
     resolver::{create_sections, resolve_dependencies, resolve_symbols},
 };
 
-use crate::util::logging::{Entry, Logger};
-
-pub struct CompilerEngine {
-    result_tx: mpsc::Sender<Result<Vec<Instruction>, AssembleError>>,
-    result_rx: Option<mpsc::Receiver<Result<Vec<Instruction>, AssembleError>>>,
+pub struct Assembler {
+    src_path: PathBuf,
+    result_tx: mpsc::Sender<Result<Vec<u8>, AssembleError>>,
+    result_rx: Option<mpsc::Receiver<Result<Vec<u8>, AssembleError>>>,
     is_running: bool,
+
+    logs_rx: LogReceiver,
 }
 
-impl CompilerEngine {
+impl From<AssembleError> for BuildError {
+    fn from(err: AssembleError) -> Self {
+        Self::Generic(err.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Builder for Assembler {
+    type Output = Vec<u8>;
+    type Args = ();
+
+    fn logs(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.logs_rx.logs()
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
+    fn new(src_path: impl Into<PathBuf>) -> Self {
         let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
         Self {
+            src_path: src_path.into(),
             result_tx: tx,
             result_rx: Some(rx),
             is_running: false,
+
+            // for logging
+            logs_rx: LogReceiver::new(true),
         }
     }
 
     /// Start the compilation process in a separate thread
-    pub fn start_compilation(&mut self, src: &Path) {
+    fn start(&mut self, args: ()) {
         if self.is_running {
             return;
         }
 
-        let src = src.to_path_buf();
+        let src = self.src_path.clone();
         let tx = self.result_tx.clone();
+        let logger = self.logs_rx.logger();
 
         thread::spawn(move || {
-            let result = assemble(&src);
-            tx.send(result)
+            if let Ok(res) = assemble(&src, &logger) {
+                let buffer: Vec<u8> = res
+                    .iter()
+                    .flat_map(|instruction| instruction.encode().to_be_bytes())
+                    .collect();
+                tx.send(Ok(buffer))
                     .expect("Failed to send compilation result from worker thread");
+            }
         });
 
         self.is_running = true;
     }
 
-    /// Check if compilation is complete and get the result
-    pub fn try_get_result(&mut self) -> Option<Result<Vec<Instruction>, AssembleError>> {
+    fn poll(&mut self) -> Option<Result<Self::Output, common::build::BuildError>> {
         if !self.is_running {
             return None;
         }
@@ -86,22 +115,20 @@ impl CompilerEngine {
         {
             Ok(result) => {
                 self.is_running = false;
-                Some(result)
+                Some(result.map_err(std::convert::Into::into))
             }
             Err(mpsc::TryRecvError::Empty) => None,
             Err(mpsc::TryRecvError::Disconnected) => {
                 self.is_running = false;
-                Some(Err(AssembleError::Generic))
+                Some(Err(BuildError::Generic(String::from(
+                    "Compilation terminated before a result was returned",
+                ))))
             }
         }
     }
 
     /// Block until compilation is complete and return the result
-    pub fn wait_for_result(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Instruction>, AssembleError> {
-        if !self.is_running {
-            return Err(AssembleError::Generic);
-        }
-
+    fn output(&mut self) -> Result<Self::Output, common::build::BuildError> {
         if let Ok(result) = self
             .result_rx
             .take()
@@ -109,15 +136,19 @@ impl CompilerEngine {
             .recv()
         {
             self.is_running = false;
-            result
+            result.map_err(std::convert::Into::into)
         } else {
             self.is_running = false;
-            Err(AssembleError::Generic)
+            Err(BuildError::Generic(String::from(
+                "Compilation terminated before a result was returned",
+            )))
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn assemble(src: &Path) -> Result<Vec<Instruction>, AssembleError> {
+impl Assembler {}
+
+fn assemble(src: &Path, logger: &Logger) -> Result<Vec<Instruction>, AssembleError> {
     let mut modules = HashSet::new();
     let mut program = Program::new();
 
@@ -127,31 +158,26 @@ fn assemble(src: &Path) -> Result<Vec<Instruction>, AssembleError> {
         return Ok(vec![]);
     }
 
-    prepare_dependency(src, &mut modules, &mut program)?;
+    prepare_dependency(src, &mut modules, &mut program, &logger)?;
 
     let mut nodes = program.nodes.clone();
 
     create_sections(&mut nodes)?;
     resolve_symbols(&mut nodes)?;
 
-    log("Generating assembly output...");
+    logger.info("Generating assembly output...");
 
     let instructions = codegen(nodes)?;
 
-    log("Compilation Successful");
+    logger.info("Compilation Successful");
     Ok(instructions)
 }
 
-impl Default for CompilerEngine {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
 fn prepare_dependency(
     path: &Path,
     modules: &mut HashSet<u64>,
     program: &mut Program,
+    logger: &Logger,
 ) -> Result<(), AssembleError> {
     let filename = path
         .file_name()
@@ -159,7 +185,7 @@ fn prepare_dependency(
         .expect("Failed to get file name from path");
 
     if let Ok(path) = path.canonicalize() {
-        log(&format!(
+        logger.info(&format!(
             "{:20} {:20} [{}]",
             "Building",
             filename,
@@ -171,13 +197,13 @@ fn prepare_dependency(
         .map_err(|_| AssembleError::InvalidFile(path.to_path_buf()))?;
     let file_hash = quick_hash(path);
 
-    log(&format!("{:20} {:20}", "Tokenising", filename));
+    logger.info(&format!("{:20} {:20}", "Tokenising", filename));
     let tokens = lexer::lexer(src, file_hash)?;
 
-    log(&format!("{:20} {:20}", "Parsing", filename));
+    logger.info(&format!("{:20} {:20}", "Parsing", filename));
     let parsed = Parser::parse_nodes(tokens)?;
 
-    log(&format!("{:20} {:20}", "Resolving Deps", filename));
+    logger.info(&format!("{:20} {:20}", "Resolving Deps", filename));
     // Get the parent directory of the source file to use as the base directory
     let base_dir = path
         .parent()
@@ -187,7 +213,7 @@ fn prepare_dependency(
 
     let deps = Parser::get_dependencies(&nodes, path)?;
 
-    log(&format!("{:20} {:20}", "Expanding Pseudo-ops", filename));
+    logger.info(&format!("{:20} {:20}", "Expanding Pseudo-ops", filename));
 
     // add a section instruction
     nodes.insert(
@@ -202,7 +228,7 @@ fn prepare_dependency(
     program.add_module(nodes);
 
     for dep in deps {
-        log(&format!(
+        logger.info(&format!(
             "{:20} {:20}",
             "Including",
             dep.file_name()
@@ -212,7 +238,7 @@ fn prepare_dependency(
 
         let dep_hash = quick_hash(&dep);
         if modules.insert(dep_hash) {
-            prepare_dependency(dep.as_path(), modules, program)?;
+            prepare_dependency(dep.as_path(), modules, program, logger)?;
         }
     }
 

core/assembler/src/assembler/model.rs

@@ -184,11 +184,11 @@ pub enum Token {
 impl fmt::Display for Token {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            Self::Symbol(symbol) => write!(f, "{}", symbol),
-            Self::Register(register) => write!(f, "{}", register),
-            Self::Immediate(immediate) => write!(f, "{}", immediate),
-            Self::StringLit(string_lit) => write!(f, "{}", string_lit),
-            Self::Opcode(opcode) => write!(f, "{}", opcode),
+            Self::Symbol(symbol) => write!(f, "{symbol}"),
+            Self::Register(register) => write!(f, "{register}",),
+            Self::Immediate(immediate) => write!(f, "{immediate}",),
+            Self::StringLit(string_lit) => write!(f, "{string_lit}",),
+            Self::Opcode(opcode) => write!(f, "{opcode}",),
         }
     }
 }

core/assembler/src/assembler/parser.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
+use crate::assembler::TokenType;
 use crate::{assembler::AssembleError, expect_token, expect_type, node};
 
 use crate::assembler::model::{Node, Opcode, Token};
@@ -100,6 +101,7 @@ impl Parser {
         let opcode = expect_token!(self.next()?, Opcode)?;
         let args: Vec<Token>;
 
+        #[allow(clippy::match_same_arms)]
         match opcode {
             // R-type instructions
             Opcode::Mov | Opcode::Movs => {
@@ -112,22 +114,25 @@ impl Parser {
                 let base = expect_type!(self.next()?, Register, Symbol)?;
                 let dest = expect_type!(self.next()?, Register)?;
 
-                let mut offset = Token::Immediate(0);
-                if let Ok(next) = self.peek_next()
-                    && expect_type!(next, Immediate).is_ok() {
-                        offset = self.next()?;
+                let offset = match self.peek_next() {
+                    Ok(next) if expect_type!(next.clone(), Immediate).is_ok() => {
+                        self.next()?
                     }
+                    _ => Token::Immediate(0),
+                };
 
                 args = vec![base, dest, offset];
             }
             Opcode::Stb | Opcode::Sth | Opcode::Stw => {
                 let base = expect_type!(self.next()?, Register)?;
                 let dest = expect_type!(self.next()?, Register, Symbol)?;
-                let mut offset = Token::Immediate(0);
-                if let Ok(next) = self.peek_next()
-                    && expect_type!(next, Immediate).is_ok() {
-                        offset = self.next()?;
+
+                let offset = match self.peek_next() {
+                    Ok(next) if expect_type!(next.clone(), Immediate).is_ok() => {
+                        self.next()?
                     }
+                    _ => Token::Immediate(0),
+                };
                 args = vec![base, dest, offset];
             }
 
@@ -146,15 +151,49 @@ impl Parser {
             }
 
             Opcode::Not | Opcode::Cmp => {
-                let reg1 = expect_type!(self.next()?, Register, Symbol)?;
-                let reg2 = expect_type!(self.next()?, Register, Symbol)?;
-                args = vec![reg1, reg2];
+                let src = expect_type!(self.next()?, Register, Symbol)?;
+                let dest = expect_type!(self.next()?, Register, Symbol)?;
+                args = vec![src, dest];
             }
-
             Opcode::Shl | Opcode::Shr => {
-                let reg = expect_type!(self.next()?, Register, Symbol)?;
-                let num = expect_type!(self.next()?, Immediate)?;
-                args = vec![reg, num];
+                let src = expect_type!(self.next()?, Register, Symbol)?;
+
+                // First operand after src: could be immediate or register
+                let first = self.next()?;
+
+                let (r_shamt, i_shamt) = match first {
+                    Token::Register(_) => (
+                        first,
+                        if let Ok(tok) = self.peek_next() {
+                            if expect_type!(tok, Immediate).is_ok() {
+                                self.next()?
+                            } else {
+                                Token::Immediate(0)
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            Token::Immediate(0)
+                        },
+                    ),
+                    Token::Immediate(_) => (Token::Register(Register::Zero), first),
+                    _ => {
+                        return Err(AssembleError::UnexpectedToken(
+                            first,
+                            TokenType::Immediate,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let dest = if let Ok(tok) = self.peek_next() {
+                    if expect_type!(tok, Register).is_ok() {
+                        self.next()?
+                    } else {
+                        src.clone() // Default to src if no dest specified
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    src.clone() // Default to src if no dest specified
+                };
+
+                args = vec![src, r_shamt, i_shamt, dest];
             }
 
             Opcode::Inc | Opcode::Dec => {

core/assembler/src/assembler/resolver.rs

@@ -6,11 +6,8 @@ use std::{
 
 use common::prelude::Register;
 
+use crate::assembler::model::{Module, Node, Opcode, Symbol, Token};
 use crate::assembler::quick_hash;
-use crate::assembler::{
-    log,
-    model::{Module, Node, Opcode, Symbol, Token},
-};
 use crate::{assembler::AssembleError, node};
 
 pub fn resolve_symbols(nodes: &mut [Node]) -> Result<(), AssembleError> {

core/assembler/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#![deny(
+    clippy::unwrap_used,
+    clippy::nursery,
+    clippy::perf,
+    clippy::pedantic,
+    clippy::complexity
+)]
+#![allow(
+    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+    clippy::missing_panics_doc,
+    clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+    clippy::match_wildcard_for_single_variants
+)]
+
+pub mod assembler;
+pub mod image_builder;
+pub mod tooling;
+mod util;
+
+pub mod prelude {
+    pub use crate::assembler::Assembler;
+    pub use crate::image_builder;
+    pub use crate::tooling::brainf;
+    pub use crate::tooling::project;
+}

core/assembler/src/main.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-use common as _;
-use num_cpus as _;
-use threadpool as _;
+use common::{self as _, build::Builder};
 
 use assembler::{
-    assemble_file,
     prelude::*,
     tooling::{brainf, project},
 };
@@ -47,5 +44,13 @@ fn main() {
 
     let input_path = &args[2];
     let output_path = &args[4];
-    assemble_file(input_path, output_path).unwrap();
+
+    let mut engine = Assembler::new(PathBuf::from(input_path));
+    engine.start(());
+    let result = engine.output().expect("assembler failed.");
+
+    if let Err(e) = fs::write(output_path, result) {
+        eprintln!("Failed to write to output file: {e}");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    }
 }

core/assembler/src/util/logging.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![allow(unused)]
+use std::{fmt, sync::mpsc::Sender};
+
+// pub struct Entry {
+//     etype: EntryType,
+//     pub message: String,
+// }
+
+// #[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+// enum EntryType {
+//     Debug,
+//     Info,
+//     Warn,
+//     Error,
+//     Fatal,
+// }
+
+// impl fmt::Display for EntryType {
+//     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+//         write!(
+//             f,
+//             "{:<5}",
+//             match self {
+//                 Self::Debug => "DEBUG",
+//                 Self::Info => "INFO",
+//                 Self::Warn => "WARN",
+//                 Self::Error => "ERROR",
+//                 Self::Fatal => "FATAL",
+//             }
+//         )
+//     }
+// }
+
+// impl fmt::Display for Entry {
+//     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+//         write!(f, "{}: {}", self.etype, self.message)
+//     }
+// }

core/compiler/Cargo.toml

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ version.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 authors.workspace = true
 
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "dsa-c"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
 [dependencies]
 chrono = "0.4.43"
-common = { path = "../common" }
+common = { path = "../dsa_common" }
+uuid = { version = "1.20.0", features = ["v4"] }

core/compiler/src/backend/dsa/codegen.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,964 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
+use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, Local};
+
+use super::registers::RegisterAllocator;
+use crate::backend::dsa::instruction::{InsBlock as IB, Instruction as I, Label};
+use crate::backend::dsa::registers::Register;
+
+use crate::model::{
+    AssignmentOperator, BinaryOperator, Call, CompilerError, ConstExpr, Declaration,
+    Dependency, Expression, Number, Program, Statement, TypeId, UnaryOperator, Variable,
+};
+
+pub struct CodeGenerator {
+    ast: Program,
+    imports: HashMap<String, I>,
+    globals: HashMap<String, I>,
+    functions: Vec<IB>,
+    symbols: Vec<String>,
+    allocator: RegisterAllocator,
+    is_library: bool,
+}
+
+impl CodeGenerator {
+    pub fn new(ast: Program, is_lib: bool) -> Self {
+        CodeGenerator {
+            ast,
+            imports: HashMap::new(),
+            globals: HashMap::new(),
+            functions: Vec::new(),
+            symbols: Vec::new(),
+            allocator: RegisterAllocator::new(),
+            is_library: is_lib,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn include(&mut self, name: impl Into<String>, path: impl Into<String>) {
+        let name = name.into();
+        self.imports.insert(name.clone(), I::include(name, path));
+    }
+
+    fn is_global(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
+        // Check if this variable is in the globals list
+        self.globals.contains_key(name)
+    }
+
+    pub fn generate(&mut self) -> Result<String, CompilerError> {
+        // always include the print library for debugging!
+        if !self.is_library {
+            self.include("print", "./lib/print.dsa");
+        }
+
+        for block in self.ast.clone().declarations {
+            match block {
+                Declaration::Variable {
+                    var: Variable { name, .. },
+                    ..
+                } => self.symbols.push(name),
+                Declaration::Function { name, .. } => self.symbols.push(name),
+                Declaration::Dependency(Dependency { name, .. }) => {
+                    self.symbols.push(name)
+                }
+                Declaration::Struct { .. } => {} /* we can't do any code generation for
+                                                  * a struct yet. we may need to later
+                                                  * once these become class-like
+                                                  * objects with implementations */
+            }
+        }
+
+        for block in self.ast.clone().declarations {
+            self.generate_block(block.clone())?;
+        }
+
+        let assembly = self.generate_layout()?;
+        Ok(assembly
+            .iter()
+            .map(|i| i.to_string())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join("\n"))
+    }
+
+    fn generate_layout(&mut self) -> Result<IB, CompilerError> {
+        let datetime: DateTime<Local> = SystemTime::now().into();
+
+        let mut block = IB::new();
+
+        block.extend(vec![
+            I::global_comment(format!(
+                "GENERATED BY DSC COMPILER
+                Generated at {}",
+                datetime.format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+            )),
+            I::Newline,
+            I::global_comment("Imports"),
+        ]);
+
+        block.extend(self.imports.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>());
+
+        block.extend(vec![
+            I::Newline,
+            I::global_comment("Globals & Reserved Memory"),
+        ]);
+
+        block.extend(self.globals.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>());
+
+        if !self.is_library {
+            block.extend(vec![
+                I::Newline,
+                I::global_comment("Entry Point"),
+                I::db_word("stack", 0x10000),
+                I::db_string("message", "Process Exited with code:"),
+                // init function for stack setup.
+                I::label("_init"),
+                I::ldw_label("stack", Register::Bpr),
+                I::mov(Register::Bpr, Register::Spr),
+                I::push(Register::Zero),
+                I::call("main"),
+                I::call("print::print_newline"),
+                I::lwi_label("message", Register::Rg0),
+                I::push(Register::Rg0),
+                I::call("print::print"),
+                I::pop(Register::Zero),
+                I::call("print::print_hex_word"),
+                I::pop(Register::Zero),
+                I::Hlt,
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        block.extend(vec![
+            I::Newline,
+            // default return block boilerplate
+            I::global_comment("Return"),
+            I::label("_ret"),
+            I::mov(Register::Bpr, Register::Spr),
+            I::pop(Register::Bpr),
+            I::Return,
+        ]);
+
+        for function in self.functions.iter() {
+            block.extend(function.iter().cloned());
+        }
+
+        Ok(block)
+    }
+
+    fn generate_global(&mut self, name: &str, init: Option<ConstExpr>) {
+        let init = init.unwrap_or(ConstExpr::Number(0));
+        match init {
+            ConstExpr::Number(value) => {
+                self.globals
+                    .insert(name.to_string(), I::db_word(name, value as u32));
+            }
+            ConstExpr::String(str) => {
+                self.globals
+                    .insert(name.to_string(), I::db_string(name, str));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn generate_block(&mut self, block: Declaration) -> Result<(), CompilerError> {
+        match block {
+            Declaration::Variable { var, init, .. } => {
+                self.generate_global(&var.name, init)
+            }
+            Declaration::Function {
+                name,
+                params,
+                body,
+                return_type,
+            } => {
+                let func = self.generate_function(&name, &params, &body, return_type);
+                self.functions.push(func);
+            }
+            Declaration::Dependency(Dependency { name, path }) => {
+                self.include(name, path);
+            }
+            Declaration::Struct { .. } => {} /* can't do any codegen for these yet,
+                                              * they're just types. */
+        };
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Example: Generate code for a function
+    fn generate_function(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &[Variable],
+        body: &[Statement],
+        return_type: TypeId,
+    ) -> IB {
+        let mut code = IB::new();
+
+        // Reset allocator for new function
+        self.allocator.reset();
+
+        let fmtparams = params
+            .iter()
+            .map(|p| format!("{}: {}", p.name, p.type_id))
+            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+            .join(", ");
+
+        code.extend(vec![
+            I::global_comment(format!("fn {name}({fmtparams}) -> {return_type}")),
+            I::label(name),
+            I::push(Register::Bpr),
+            I::mov(Register::Spr, Register::Bpr),
+        ]);
+
+        // Allocate parameters to registers or stack locations
+        for (i, param) in params.iter().enumerate() {
+            let offset = 8 + (i as i32 * 4); // Parameters start at bpr+8
+            // Track that this parameter is at a stack location
+            let (reg, load_code) = self.allocator.alloc_var(&param.name).unwrap();
+            code.append(load_code);
+            code.push(I::ldw_reg_offset(Register::Bpr, reg, offset));
+        }
+
+        // Generate code for function body
+        for stmt in body {
+            let stmt_code = self.generate_statement(stmt, &mut code).unwrap();
+            code.append(stmt_code);
+        }
+
+        // automatically return at function end
+        if let Some(x) = code.iter().last()
+            && let I::Jmp { target: Label(val) } = x
+            && val == "_ret"
+        {
+        } else {
+            code.push(I::jmp("_ret"));
+        }
+
+        code.insert(0, I::Newline);
+
+        code
+    }
+
+    // Example: Generate code for a statement
+    fn generate_statement(
+        &mut self,
+        stmt: &Statement,
+        func_body: &mut IB,
+    ) -> Result<IB, CompilerError> {
+        let mut code = IB::new();
+
+        match stmt {
+            Statement::Declaration { var, value } => {
+                if let Some(expr) = value {
+                    // Evaluate expression
+                    let (result_reg, expr_code) =
+                        self.generate_expression(expr, true, func_body)?;
+                    code.append(expr_code);
+
+                    // Store result in variable
+                    let store_code = self.allocator.store_var(&var.name, &result_reg);
+                    code.append(store_code);
+
+                    // Free temporary register
+                    self.allocator.free_temp(result_reg);
+                } else {
+                    // Just declaring variable without initialization
+                    self.allocator.alloc_var(&var.name)?;
+                }
+            }
+
+            Statement::Break => unimplemented!("need scope tracking first!"),
+            Statement::Continue => unimplemented!("need scope tracking first!"),
+            Statement::Defer(_func) => unimplemented!("we need scope tracking first!"),
+
+            Statement::PtrWrite { ptr, value } => {
+                let (result_reg, expr_code) =
+                    self.generate_expression(value, true, func_body)?;
+                code.append(expr_code);
+
+                let (ptr_reg, ptr_code) =
+                    self.generate_expression(ptr, true, func_body)?;
+                code.append(ptr_code);
+
+                code.push(I::stw_reg(result_reg, ptr_reg));
+
+                self.allocator.free_temp(result_reg);
+                self.allocator.free_temp(ptr_reg);
+            }
+
+            Statement::Assign {
+                varname,
+                value,
+                operator,
+            } => {
+                // Evaluate expression
+                let (result_reg, expr_code) =
+                    self.generate_expression(value, true, func_body)?;
+                code.append(expr_code);
+
+                if *operator == AssignmentOperator::Assign {
+                    // Check if this is a global variable
+                    if self.is_global(varname) {
+                        // Store to global label
+                        code.push(I::stw_label(result_reg, varname.clone()))
+                    } else {
+                        // Store result in local variable
+                        let store_code = self.allocator.store_var(varname, &result_reg);
+                        code.append(store_code);
+                    }
+
+                    // Free temporary register
+                    self.allocator.free_temp(result_reg);
+
+                    return Ok(code);
+                }
+
+                // for more complex assignment cases we need an intermediate register.
+                let (temp_reg, temp_code) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
+                code.append(temp_code);
+
+                // fetch the value of the variable
+                let var_reg = if self.is_global(varname) {
+                    let instruction = I::ldw_label(varname.clone(), temp_reg);
+                    code.push(instruction);
+                    temp_reg
+                } else {
+                    let (rg, block) = self.allocator.load_var(varname)?;
+                    code.append(block);
+                    rg
+                };
+
+                let assign_code = match operator {
+                    AssignmentOperator::Assign => {
+                        unreachable!("assignment was already checked earlier.")
+                    }
+                    AssignmentOperator::AddAssign => {
+                        I::add(var_reg, result_reg, temp_reg)
+                    }
+                    AssignmentOperator::SubAssign => {
+                        I::sub(var_reg, result_reg, temp_reg)
+                    }
+                    AssignmentOperator::MulAssign => {
+                        return Err(CompilerError::Unimplemented(
+                            "TODO: implement multiplication for assignment".to_string(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    AssignmentOperator::DivAssign => {
+                        return Err(CompilerError::Unimplemented(
+                            "TODO: write proper div function for DSA".to_string(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    AssignmentOperator::ModAssign => {
+                        return Err(CompilerError::Unimplemented(
+                            "TODO: write proper mod function for DSA".to_string(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    AssignmentOperator::AndAssign => {
+                        I::and(var_reg, result_reg, temp_reg)
+                    }
+                    AssignmentOperator::OrAssign => I::or(var_reg, result_reg, temp_reg),
+                    AssignmentOperator::XorAssign => {
+                        I::xor(var_reg, result_reg, temp_reg)
+                    }
+                    AssignmentOperator::LeftShiftAssign => {
+                        // this is only useful if we optimise out the register allocation
+                        // inside value.
+                        // if let Expression::Number { value, .. } = *value {
+                        //     I::shl(var_reg, value, temp_reg)
+                        // }
+                        I::shl(var_reg, result_reg, 0, temp_reg)
+                    }
+                    AssignmentOperator::RightShiftAssign => {
+                        // this is only useful if we optimise out the register allocation
+                        // if let Expression::Number { value, .. } = *value {
+                        //     I::shr(var_reg, value, temp_reg)
+                        // }
+                        I::shr(var_reg, result_reg, 0, temp_reg)
+                    }
+                };
+                code.push(assign_code);
+
+                // Check if this is a global variable
+                if self.is_global(varname) {
+                    // Store to global label
+                    code.push(I::stw_label(temp_reg, varname.clone()))
+                } else {
+                    // Store result in local variable
+                    let store_code = self.allocator.store_var(varname, &temp_reg);
+                    code.append(store_code);
+                }
+
+                self.allocator.free_temp(result_reg);
+                self.allocator.free_temp(temp_reg);
+            }
+
+            Statement::Return(expr) => {
+                if let Some(e) = expr {
+                    let (result_reg, expr_code) =
+                        self.generate_expression(e, true, func_body)?;
+                    code.append(expr_code);
+                    code.push(I::stw_reg_offset(result_reg, Register::Bpr, 8));
+                    code.push(I::jmp("_ret"));
+                    self.allocator.free_temp(result_reg);
+                }
+            }
+
+            Statement::If {
+                condition,
+                then_stmt,
+                else_stmt,
+            } => {
+                // Generate condition
+                let (cond_reg, cond_code) =
+                    self.generate_expression(condition, true, func_body)?;
+                code.append(cond_code);
+
+                // Compare with zero
+                code.push(I::cmp(cond_reg, Register::Zero));
+                self.allocator.free_temp(cond_reg);
+
+                // Generate unique labels
+                let then_label = format!("_then_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+                let else_label = format!("_else_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+                let end_label = format!("_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+
+                // Jump to else if condition is false (equal to zero)
+                code.push(I::jeq(else_label.clone()));
+
+                // Then block
+                code.push(I::label(then_label));
+                for s in then_stmt {
+                    code.append(self.generate_statement(s, func_body)?);
+                }
+
+                if then_stmt.is_empty() {
+                    code.push(I::Nop);
+                }
+
+                code.push(I::jmp(end_label.clone()));
+
+                // Else block
+                code.push(I::label(else_label));
+                for s in else_stmt {
+                    code.append(self.generate_statement(s, func_body)?);
+                }
+
+                if else_stmt.is_empty() {
+                    code.push(I::Nop);
+                }
+
+                code.push(I::label(end_label));
+            }
+
+            Statement::While { condition, body } => {
+                let loop_start = format!("_while_start_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+                let loop_end = format!("_while_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+
+                code.push(I::label(&loop_start));
+
+                // Generate condition
+                let (cond_reg, cond_code) =
+                    self.generate_expression(condition, true, func_body)?;
+                code.append(cond_code);
+
+                code.push(I::cmp(cond_reg, Register::Zero));
+                self.allocator.free_temp(cond_reg);
+
+                code.push(I::jeq(loop_end.clone()));
+
+                // Loop body
+                for s in body {
+                    code.append(self.generate_statement(s, func_body)?);
+                }
+
+                code.push(I::jmp(loop_start));
+                code.push(I::label(loop_end));
+            }
+
+            Statement::Loop(body) => {
+                let loop_start = format!("_loop_start_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+                code.push(I::label(&loop_start));
+
+                for s in body {
+                    code.append(self.generate_statement(s, func_body)?);
+                }
+
+                code.push(I::jmp(loop_start));
+            }
+
+            Statement::Expression { expr } => {
+                let (result_reg, expr_code) =
+                    self.generate_expression(expr, false, func_body)?;
+                code.append(expr_code);
+                self.allocator.free_temp(result_reg);
+            }
+
+            Statement::Block(statements) => {
+                for s in statements {
+                    code.append(self.generate_statement(s, func_body)?);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(code)
+    }
+
+    // Example: Generate code for an expression
+    // Returns (register containing result, assembly code)
+    fn generate_expression(
+        &mut self,
+        expr: &Expression,
+        use_result: bool,
+        func_body: &mut IB,
+    ) -> Result<(Register, IB), CompilerError> {
+        let mut code = IB::new();
+
+        match expr {
+            Expression::Empty => Ok((Register::Null, code)),
+
+            Expression::Number(n) => match n {
+                Number::Signed(value, _) => {
+                    let (reg, alloc_code) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
+                    code.append(alloc_code);
+
+                    // Load immediate value
+                    code.push(I::lwi(*value as u32, reg));
+
+                    Ok((reg, code))
+                }
+                Number::Unsigned(value, _) => {
+                    let (reg, alloc_code) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
+                    code.append(alloc_code);
+
+                    // Load immediate value
+                    code.push(I::lwi(*value as u32, reg));
+
+                    Ok((reg, code))
+                }
+            },
+
+            Expression::CharLiteral(value) => {
+                let (reg, alloc_code) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
+                code.append(alloc_code);
+
+                // Load immediate value
+                code.push(I::comment(format!("char literal '{value}'")));
+                code.push(I::lwi(*value as u32, reg));
+
+                Ok((reg, code))
+            }
+
+            Expression::StringLiteral(value) => {
+                let (reg, alloc_code) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
+                code.append(alloc_code);
+
+                // write string into memory
+                let uuid = self.get_unique_label();
+
+                func_body.insert(0, I::db_string(format!("str_{uuid}"), value));
+
+                // Load pointer to string
+                code.push(I::lwi_label(format!("str_{uuid}"), reg));
+
+                Ok((reg, code))
+            }
+
+            Expression::ArrayLiteral { elements, type_id } => todo!(),
+            Expression::StructLiteral {
+                name,
+                fields,
+                type_id,
+            } => todo!(),
+
+            Expression::Variable { name, .. } => {
+                if self.is_global(&name.name) {
+                    // Allocate a temporary register for the global
+                    let (reg, alloc_code) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
+                    code.append(alloc_code);
+
+                    // Load from global label
+                    code.push(I::ldw_label(name.name.clone(), reg));
+
+                    Ok((reg, code))
+                } else {
+                    // Local variable - use existing allocator logic
+                    let (reg, load_code) = self.allocator.load_var(&name.name)?;
+                    code.append(load_code);
+                    Ok((reg, code))
+                }
+            }
+
+            Expression::Binary {
+                op, left, right, ..
+            } => {
+                // Evaluate left operand
+                let (left_reg, left_code) =
+                    self.generate_expression(left, true, func_body)?;
+                code.append(left_code);
+
+                // Evaluate right operand
+                let (right_reg, right_code) =
+                    self.generate_expression(right, true, func_body)?;
+                code.append(right_code);
+
+                // Allocate result register
+                let (result_reg, result_alloc) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
+                code.append(result_alloc);
+
+                // Generate operation
+                match op {
+                    BinaryOperator::Add => {
+                        code.push(I::add(left_reg, right_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::Sub => {
+                        code.push(I::sub(left_reg, right_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::Mul => {
+                        self.include("maths", "./lib/maths/core.dsa");
+                        // Call multiply function
+                        code.push(I::push(right_reg));
+                        code.push(I::push(left_reg));
+                        code.push(I::call("maths::multiply"));
+                        code.push(I::pop(result_reg));
+                        code.push(I::pop(Register::Zero));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::Div => {
+                        return Err(CompilerError::Unimplemented(
+                            "TODO: write proper div function for DSA".to_string(),
+                        ));
+                        // self.include("maths", "./lib/maths/core.dsa");
+                        // // Call divide function
+                        // code.push(format!("\tpush {}", right_reg));
+                        // code.push(format!("\tpush {}", left_reg));
+                        // code.push("\tcall maths::divide".to_string());
+                        // code.push(format!("\tpop {}", result_reg));
+                        // code.push("\tpop zero".to_string());
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::Mod => {
+                        return Err(CompilerError::Unimplemented(
+                            "TODO: write proper mod function for DSA".to_string(),
+                        ));
+                        // self.include("maths", "./lib/maths/core.dsa");
+                        // // Call modulo function
+                        // code.push(format!("\tpush {}", right_reg));
+                        // code.push(format!("\tpush {}", left_reg));
+                        // code.push("\tcall maths::modulo".to_string());
+                        // code.push(format!("\tpop {}", result_reg));
+                        // code.push("\tpop zero".to_string());
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::BitwiseAnd => {
+                        code.push(I::and(left_reg, right_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::BitwiseOr => {
+                        code.push(I::or(left_reg, right_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::BitwiseXor => {
+                        code.push(I::xor(left_reg, right_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::LogicalAnd => {
+                        return Err(CompilerError::Unimplemented(
+                            "assembler/ISA does not yet support logical and!".to_string(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::LogicalOr => {
+                        return Err(CompilerError::Unimplemented(
+                            "assembler/ISA does not yet support logical or!".to_string(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::LeftShift => {
+                        code.push(I::shl(left_reg, right_reg, 0, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::RightShift => {
+                        code.push(I::shr(left_reg, right_reg, 0, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    // Comparison operators - return 1 (true) or 0 (false)
+                    BinaryOperator::Equal => {
+                        code.push(I::cmp(left_reg, right_reg));
+                        code.push(I::lwi(1, result_reg));
+                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+                        code.push(I::jeq(end_label.clone()));
+                        code.push(I::lwi(0, result_reg));
+                        code.push(I::label(end_label));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::NotEqual => {
+                        code.push(I::cmp(left_reg, right_reg));
+                        code.push(I::lwi(1, result_reg));
+                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+                        code.push(I::Jne {
+                            target: Label(end_label.clone()),
+                        });
+                        code.push(I::lwi(0, result_reg));
+                        code.push(I::label(&end_label));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::LessThan => {
+                        code.push(I::cmp(left_reg, right_reg));
+                        code.push(I::lwi(1, result_reg));
+                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+                        code.push(I::Jlt {
+                            target: Label(end_label.clone()),
+                        });
+                        code.push(I::lwi(0, result_reg));
+                        code.push(I::label(&end_label));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::LessOrEqual => {
+                        code.push(I::cmp(left_reg, right_reg));
+                        code.push(I::lwi(1, result_reg));
+                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+                        code.push(I::Jle {
+                            target: Label(end_label.clone()),
+                        });
+                        code.push(I::lwi(0, result_reg));
+                        code.push(I::label(&end_label));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::GreaterThan => {
+                        code.push(I::cmp(left_reg, right_reg));
+                        code.push(I::lwi(1, result_reg));
+                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+                        code.push(I::Jgt {
+                            target: Label(end_label.clone()),
+                        });
+                        code.push(I::lwi(0, result_reg));
+                        code.push(I::label(&end_label));
+                    }
+                    BinaryOperator::GreaterOrEqual => {
+                        code.push(I::cmp(left_reg, right_reg));
+                        code.push(I::lwi(1, result_reg));
+                        let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
+                        code.push(I::Jge {
+                            target: Label(end_label.clone()),
+                        });
+                        code.push(I::lwi(0, result_reg));
+                        code.push(I::label(&end_label));
+                    } // _ => unimplemented!(),
+                }
+
+                // Free operand registers (allocator will protect variables)
+                self.allocator.free_temp(left_reg);
+                self.allocator.free_temp(right_reg);
+
+                Ok((result_reg, code))
+            }
+
+            Expression::UnaryPostfix { op, operand, .. } => {
+                let (operand_reg, operand_code) =
+                    self.generate_expression(operand, true, func_body)?;
+                code.append(operand_code);
+
+                let (result_reg, result_alloc) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
+                code.append(result_alloc);
+
+                match op {
+                    UnaryOperator::Increment => {
+                        // postfix increment - return old value
+                        code.push(I::mov(operand_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::Decrement => {
+                        // postfix decrement - return old value
+                        code.push(I::mov(operand_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        return Err(CompilerError::Generic(format!(
+                            "{op} is prefix only!"
+                        )));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                self.allocator.free_temp(operand_reg);
+                Ok((result_reg, code))
+            }
+
+            Expression::Unary { op, operand, .. } => {
+                let (operand_reg, operand_code) =
+                    self.generate_expression(operand, true, func_body)?;
+                code.append(operand_code);
+
+                let (result_reg, result_alloc) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
+                code.append(result_alloc);
+
+                match op {
+                    UnaryOperator::Minus => {
+                        // Negate: result = 0 - operand
+                        code.push(I::sub(Register::Zero, operand_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::Plus => {
+                        // Just move
+                        code.push(I::mov(operand_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::Dereference => {
+                        code.push(I::ldw_reg(operand_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::AddressOf => {
+                        // ensure the referenced variable is on the stack and return its
+                        // address.
+                        let (offset, alloc_code) =
+                            self.allocator.free_register(&operand_reg)?;
+                        code.push(alloc_code);
+                        code.push(I::iadd_dest(
+                            Register::Spr,
+                            offset - self.allocator.get_stack_offset(),
+                            result_reg,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::SizeOf => {
+                        if let Ok(id) = operand.type_id() {
+                            let size = id.size();
+                            code.push(I::lwi(size as u32, result_reg));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::Increment => {
+                        // prefix increment
+                        code.push(I::mov(operand_reg, result_reg));
+                        code.push(I::iadd_dest(operand_reg, 1, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::Decrement => {
+                        // prefix decrement
+                        code.push(I::mov(operand_reg, result_reg));
+                        code.push(I::iadd_dest(operand_reg, -1, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::BitwiseNot => {
+                        code.push(I::not(operand_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::LogicalNot => {
+                        return Err(CompilerError::Unimplemented(
+                            "Assembler/ISA does not yet support logical not".to_string(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        return Err(CompilerError::Generic(format!(
+                            "{op} is postfix only!"
+                        )));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                self.allocator.free_temp(operand_reg);
+                Ok((result_reg, code))
+            }
+
+            Expression::Call {
+                func: Call { name, args },
+                ..
+            } => {
+                // first evaluate all the args we're going to need
+                let mut arg_regs = Vec::new();
+                for arg in args.iter().rev() {
+                    let (arg_reg, arg_code) =
+                        self.generate_expression(arg, true, func_body)?;
+                    code.append(arg_code);
+                    arg_regs.push(arg_reg);
+                }
+
+                // Save caller-saved registers and track which ones we saved
+                let saved_regs = self.allocator.get_caller_saved_registers();
+                for reg in &saved_regs {
+                    // spill variables to stack
+                    code.push(self.allocator.free_register(reg).unwrap().1);
+                }
+
+                // Evaluate and push arguments in reverse order
+                for (i, arg_reg) in arg_regs.iter().enumerate() {
+                    code.push(I::comment(format!("push arg {}", args.len() - 1 - i)));
+                    code.push(I::push(*arg_reg));
+                }
+
+                if self.symbols.contains(&name.name) {
+                    // Call local function
+                    code.push(I::call(name.to_string()));
+                } else if let Some(ns) = name.namespace.clone()
+                    && self.imports.contains_key(&ns)
+                {
+                    code.push(I::call(name.to_string()));
+                } else {
+                    return Err(CompilerError::Undefined(name.clone()));
+                }
+
+                let result_reg: Register;
+
+                if use_result {
+                    let (temp_result_reg, result_alloc) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
+                    result_reg = temp_result_reg;
+
+                    code.append(result_alloc);
+                    code.push(I::pop(result_reg));
+
+                    // Clean up arguments
+                    if args.len() > 1 {
+                        for _ in 0..(args.len() - 1) {
+                            code.push(I::pop(Register::Zero));
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    result_reg = Register::Zero;
+
+                    // Clean up arguments
+                    if args.len() > 0 {
+                        for _ in 0..(args.len()) {
+                            code.push(I::pop(Register::Zero));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Free argument registers
+                for reg in arg_regs {
+                    self.allocator.free_temp(reg);
+                }
+
+                Ok((result_reg, code))
+            }
+
+            Expression::IndexAccess {
+                expr,
+                index,
+                type_id,
+            } => {
+                let (expr_reg, expr_alloc) =
+                    self.generate_expression(expr, true, func_body)?;
+                code.append(expr_alloc);
+
+                let (index_reg, index_alloc) =
+                    self.generate_expression(index, true, func_body)?;
+                code.append(index_alloc);
+
+                let (result_reg, result_alloc) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
+                code.append(result_alloc);
+
+                // add the expr pointer to the index to get the final address.
+                code.push(I::add(expr_reg, index_reg, result_reg));
+                // load the value at the address.
+                code.push(I::ldw_reg(result_reg, result_reg));
+
+                self.allocator.free_temp(expr_reg);
+                self.allocator.free_temp(index_reg);
+
+                Ok((result_reg, code))
+            }
+            Expression::MemberAccess {
+                expr,
+                field_name,
+                type_id,
+            } => Err(CompilerError::Unimplemented(
+                "Structs are not yet implemented!".to_string(),
+            )),
+
+            Expression::TypeCast {
+                expr,
+                target_type,
+                type_id,
+            } => {
+                let (expr_reg, expr_code) =
+                    self.generate_expression(expr, true, func_body)?;
+
+                // not sure if we actually need to do anything here.
+                // for now we just return the previous expression.
+                Ok((expr_reg, expr_code))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Helper for generating unique labels
+    fn get_unique_label(&mut self) -> String {
+        // You'd implement a counter here
+        static COUNTER: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
+
+        let val = COUNTER.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
+        (val + 1).to_string()
+    }
+}

core/compiler/src/backend/dsa/instruction.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,797 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
+use crate::backend::dsa::registers::Register;
+
+pub struct InsBlock {
+    instructions: Vec<Instruction>,
+}
+
+impl InsBlock {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            instructions: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, index: usize, instr: Instruction) {
+        self.instructions.insert(index, instr);
+    }
+
+    pub fn push(&mut self, instr: Instruction) {
+        self.instructions.push(instr);
+    }
+
+    pub fn append(&mut self, mut other: Self) {
+        self.instructions.append(&mut other.instructions);
+    }
+
+    pub fn extend(&mut self, instrs: impl IntoIterator<Item = Instruction>) {
+        self.instructions.extend(instrs);
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.instructions.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.instructions.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Instruction> {
+        self.instructions.iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<Instruction>> for InsBlock {
+    fn from(instructions: Vec<Instruction>) -> Self {
+        Self { instructions }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Instruction> for InsBlock {
+    fn from(instr: Instruction) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            instructions: vec![instr],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Instruction {
+    // Labels and comments
+    Label(Label),
+    Comment {
+        text: String,
+        top_level: bool,
+    },
+    Newline,
+
+    // Data Directives
+    Db {
+        label: String,
+        data: Vec<u8>,
+    },
+    Dh {
+        label: String,
+        data: Vec<u16>,
+    },
+    Dw {
+        label: String,
+        data: Vec<u32>,
+    },
+    DString {
+        // alias for db.
+        label: String,
+        data: String,
+    },
+
+    Resx {
+        label: String,
+        size: u32,
+    },
+
+    // Include
+    Include {
+        name: String,
+        path: String,
+    },
+
+    // Data movement
+    Mov {
+        src: Register,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Movs {
+        src: Register,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+
+    // Memory operations
+    Ldb {
+        src: MemOperand,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Ldh {
+        src: MemOperand,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Ldw {
+        src: MemOperand,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Stb {
+        src: Register,
+        dest: MemOperand,
+    },
+    Sth {
+        src: Register,
+        dest: MemOperand,
+    },
+    Stw {
+        src: Register,
+        dest: MemOperand,
+    },
+
+    // Immediate loads
+    Lli {
+        imm: Imm,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Lui {
+        imm: Imm,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Lwi {
+        imm: Imm,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    LwiLabel {
+        label: String,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+
+    // Arithmetic
+    Add {
+        src1: Register,
+        src2: Register,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Sub {
+        src1: Register,
+        src2: Register,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    IAdd {
+        src: Register,
+        imm: Imm,
+        dest: Option<Register>,
+    },
+    ISub {
+        src: Register,
+        imm: Imm,
+        dest: Option<Register>,
+    },
+    Inc {
+        reg: Register,
+    },
+    Dec {
+        reg: Register,
+    },
+
+    // Bitwise
+    And {
+        src1: Register,
+        src2: Register,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Or {
+        src1: Register,
+        src2: Register,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Xor {
+        src1: Register,
+        src2: Register,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Not {
+        src: Register,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Nand {
+        src1: Register,
+        src2: Register,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Nor {
+        src1: Register,
+        src2: Register,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Xnor {
+        src1: Register,
+        src2: Register,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+
+    // Shifts
+    Shl {
+        src1: Register,
+        r_shamt: Register,
+        i_shamt: u16,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+    Shr {
+        src1: Register,
+        r_shamt: Register,
+        i_shamt: u16,
+        dest: Register,
+    },
+
+    // Comparison
+    Cmp {
+        reg1: Register,
+        reg2: Register,
+    },
+
+    // Jumps
+    Jmp {
+        target: Label,
+    },
+    Jeq {
+        target: Label,
+    },
+    Jne {
+        target: Label,
+    },
+    Jgt {
+        target: Label,
+    },
+    Jge {
+        target: Label,
+    },
+    Jlt {
+        target: Label,
+    },
+    Jle {
+        target: Label,
+    },
+
+    // Stack
+    Push {
+        reg: Register,
+    },
+    Pop {
+        reg: Register,
+    },
+
+    // Function calls
+    Call {
+        target: String,
+    }, // namespace::function
+    Return,
+
+    // System
+    Hlt,
+    Nop,
+    Int {
+        code: u8,
+    },
+}
+
+pub enum DataDirective {
+    U8(Vec<u8>),
+    U16(Vec<u16>),
+    U32(Vec<u32>),
+    String(String),
+    Char(char),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Instruction {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Label(l) => write!(f, "{}:", l),
+            Self::Newline => write!(f, ""), /* empty string as newlines are inserted */
+            // automatically.
+            Self::Comment { text, top_level } => write!(
+                f,
+                "{}",
+                text.lines()
+                    .map(|line| format!(
+                        "{}// {}",
+                        if *top_level { "" } else { "    " },
+                        line.trim(),
+                    ))
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join("\n")
+            ),
+
+            Self::Include { name, path } => write!(f, "include {name}: \"{}\"", path),
+
+            Self::Db { label, data } => write!(
+                f,
+                "db {}: {}",
+                label,
+                data.iter()
+                    .map(|&b| format!("{:#04X}", b))
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            ),
+            Self::Dh { label, data } => write!(
+                f,
+                "dh {}: {}",
+                label,
+                data.iter()
+                    .map(|&b| format!("{:#06X}", b))
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            ),
+            Self::Dw { label, data } => write!(
+                f,
+                "dw {}: {}",
+                label,
+                data.iter()
+                    .map(|&b| format!("{:#08X}", b))
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            ),
+            Self::DString { label, data } => write!(f, "db {}: \"{}\"", label, data),
+
+            Self::Resx { label, size } => write!(f, "resx {}: {}", label, size),
+
+            Self::Mov { src, dest } => write!(f, "    mov {}, {}", src, dest),
+            Self::Movs { src, dest } => write!(f, "    movs {}, {}", src, dest),
+
+            Self::Ldb { src: addr, dest } => {
+                let (reg, offset) = reg_and_offset(addr);
+                write!(f, "    ldb {}, {}, {}", reg, dest, offset)
+            }
+            Self::Ldh { src: addr, dest } => {
+                let (reg, offset) = reg_and_offset(addr);
+                write!(f, "    ldh {}, {}, {}", reg, dest, offset)
+            }
+            Self::Ldw { src, dest } => {
+                let (reg, offset) = reg_and_offset(src);
+                write!(f, "    ldw {}, {}, {}", reg, dest, offset)
+            }
+            // Self::Ldbs { addr, dest } => {
+            //     write!(f, "    ldbs {}, {}", format_mem_operand(addr), dest)
+            // }
+            // Self::Ldhs { addr, dest } => {
+            //     write!(f, "    ldhs {}, {}", format_mem_operand(addr), dest)
+            // }
+            // Self::Ldws { addr, dest } => {
+            //     write!(f, "    ldws {}, {}", format_mem_operand(addr), dest)
+            // }
+            Self::Stb { src, dest: addr } => {
+                let (reg, offset) = reg_and_offset(addr);
+                write!(f, "    stb {}, {}, {}", src, reg, offset)
+            }
+            Self::Sth { src, dest: addr } => {
+                let (reg, offset) = reg_and_offset(addr);
+                write!(f, "    sth {}, {}, {}", src, reg, offset)
+            }
+            Self::Stw { src, dest: addr } => {
+                let (reg, offset) = reg_and_offset(addr);
+                write!(f, "    stw {}, {}, {}", src, reg, offset)
+            }
+
+            Self::Lli { imm, dest } => write!(f, "    lli {}, {}", imm, dest),
+            Self::Lui { imm, dest } => write!(f, "    lui {}, {}", imm, dest),
+            Self::Lwi { imm, dest } => write!(f, "    lwi {}, {}", imm, dest),
+            Self::LwiLabel { label, dest } => write!(f, "    lwi {}, {}", label, dest),
+
+            // arithmetic
+            Self::Add { src1, src2, dest } => {
+                write!(f, "    add {}, {}, {}", src1, src2, dest)
+            }
+            Self::Sub { src1, src2, dest } => {
+                write!(f, "    sub {}, {}, {}", src1, src2, dest)
+            }
+            Self::And { src1, src2, dest } => {
+                write!(f, "    and {}, {}, {}", src1, src2, dest)
+            }
+            Self::Or { src1, src2, dest } => {
+                write!(f, "    or {}, {}, {}", src1, src2, dest)
+            }
+            Self::Nand { src1, src2, dest } => {
+                write!(f, "    nand {}, {}, {}", src1, src2, dest)
+            }
+            Self::Xor { src1, src2, dest } => {
+                write!(f, "    xor {}, {}, {}", src1, src2, dest)
+            }
+            Self::Nor { src1, src2, dest } => {
+                write!(f, "    nor {}, {}, {}", src1, src2, dest)
+            }
+            Self::Not { src, dest } => {
+                write!(f, "    not {} {}", src, dest)
+            }
+            Self::Xnor { src1, src2, dest } => {
+                write!(f, "    xnor {}, {}, {}", src1, src2, dest)
+            }
+            Self::IAdd { src, imm, dest } => {
+                if let Some(d) = dest {
+                    write!(f, "    addi {}, {}, {}", src, imm, d)
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "    addi {}, {}", src, imm)
+                }
+            }
+            Self::ISub { src, imm, dest } => {
+                if let Some(d) = dest {
+                    write!(f, "    subi {}, {}, {}", src, imm, d)
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "    subi {}, {}", src, imm)
+                }
+            }
+
+            // shift instructions
+            Self::Shl {
+                src1,
+                r_shamt,
+                i_shamt,
+                dest,
+            } => {
+                write!(f, "    shl {}, {}, {}, {}", src1, r_shamt, i_shamt, dest)
+            }
+            Self::Shr {
+                src1,
+                r_shamt,
+                i_shamt,
+                dest,
+            } => {
+                write!(f, "    shl {}, {}, {}, {}", src1, r_shamt, i_shamt, dest)
+            }
+
+            // increment instructions
+            Self::Inc { reg } => write!(f, "    inc {}", reg),
+            Self::Dec { reg } => write!(f, "    dec {}", reg),
+
+            Self::Cmp { reg1, reg2 } => write!(f, "    cmp {}, {}", reg1, reg2),
+
+            // jump instructions
+            Self::Jmp { target } => write!(f, "    jmp {}", target),
+            Self::Jeq { target } => write!(f, "    jeq {}", target),
+            Self::Jne { target } => write!(f, "    jne {}", target),
+            Self::Jgt { target } => write!(f, "    jgt {}", target),
+            Self::Jge { target } => write!(f, "    jge {}", target),
+            Self::Jlt { target } => write!(f, "    jlt {}", target),
+            Self::Jle { target } => write!(f, "    jle {}", target),
+
+            // stack pseudoinstructions
+            Self::Push { reg } => write!(f, "    push {}", reg),
+            Self::Pop { reg } => write!(f, "    pop {}", reg),
+
+            // call & return pseudoinstructions
+            Self::Call { target } => write!(f, "    call {}", target),
+            Self::Return => write!(f, "    return"),
+
+            // misc instructions
+            Self::Int { code } => write!(f, "    int {}", code),
+            Self::Hlt => write!(f, "    hlt"),
+            Self::Nop => write!(f, "    nop"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Instruction {
+    // data directives
+    pub fn db_string(label: impl Into<String>, data: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::DString {
+            label: label.into(),
+            data: data.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn db_word(label: impl Into<String>, data: u32) -> Self {
+        Self::Dw {
+            label: label.into(),
+            data: vec![data],
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn db_bytes(label: impl Into<String>, data: &[u8]) -> Self {
+        Self::Db {
+            label: label.into(),
+            data: data.to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Movement
+    pub fn mov<R1, R2>(src: R1, dest: R2) -> Self
+    where
+        R1: Into<Register>,
+        R2: Into<Register>,
+    {
+        Self::Mov {
+            src: src.into(),
+            dest: dest.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Memory loads
+    pub fn ldw_reg<R>(base: R, dest: Register) -> Self
+    where
+        R: Into<Register>,
+    {
+        Self::Ldw {
+            src: MemOperand::RegIndirect(base.into()),
+            dest,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ldw_reg_offset<R>(base: R, dest: Register, offset: i32) -> Self
+    where
+        R: Into<Register>,
+    {
+        Self::Ldw {
+            src: MemOperand::RegOffset(base.into(), offset),
+            dest,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ldw_label(label: impl Into<Label>, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Ldw {
+            src: MemOperand::Label(label.into()),
+            dest,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Memory stores
+    pub fn stw_reg<R>(src: Register, base: R) -> Self
+    where
+        R: Into<Register>,
+    {
+        Self::Stw {
+            src,
+            dest: MemOperand::RegIndirect(base.into()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn stw_reg_offset<R>(src: Register, base: R, offset: i32) -> Self
+    where
+        R: Into<Register>,
+    {
+        Self::Stw {
+            src,
+            dest: MemOperand::RegOffset(base.into(), offset),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn stw_label(src: Register, label: impl Into<Label>) -> Self {
+        Self::Stw {
+            src,
+            dest: MemOperand::Label(label.into()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Arithmetic
+    pub fn add(src1: Register, src2: Register, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Add { src1, src2, dest }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sub(src1: Register, src2: Register, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Sub { src1, src2, dest }
+    }
+
+    pub fn and(src1: Register, src2: Register, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::And { src1, src2, dest }
+    }
+
+    pub fn or(src1: Register, src2: Register, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Or { src1, src2, dest }
+    }
+
+    pub fn xor(src1: Register, src2: Register, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Xor { src1, src2, dest }
+    }
+
+    pub fn not(src: Register, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Not { src, dest }
+    }
+
+    pub fn shl(src1: Register, r_shamt: Register, i_shamt: u16, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Shl {
+            src1,
+            r_shamt,
+            i_shamt,
+            dest,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn shr(src1: Register, r_shamt: Register, i_shamt: u16, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Shr {
+            src1,
+            r_shamt,
+            i_shamt,
+            dest,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn iadd(src: Register, value: i64) -> Self {
+        let imm = Imm(value.unsigned_abs() as u32);
+
+        if value < 0 {
+            Self::ISub {
+                src,
+                imm,
+                dest: None,
+            }
+        } else {
+            Self::IAdd {
+                src,
+                imm,
+                dest: None,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn iadd_dest(src: Register, value: i32, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        let imm = Imm(value.unsigned_abs());
+
+        if value < 0 {
+            Self::ISub {
+                src,
+                imm,
+                dest: Some(dest),
+            }
+        } else {
+            Self::IAdd {
+                src,
+                imm,
+                dest: Some(dest),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn inc(reg: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Inc { reg }
+    }
+
+    pub fn dec(reg: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Dec { reg }
+    }
+
+    // Immediate loads
+    pub fn lwi(value: u32, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        if value > 0xFFFF {
+            Self::Lwi {
+                imm: Imm(value),
+                dest,
+            }
+        } else {
+            Self::Lli {
+                imm: Imm(value),
+                dest,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn lwi_label(label: impl Into<String>, dest: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::LwiLabel {
+            label: label.into(),
+            dest,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Control flow
+    pub fn label(name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::Label(Label(name.into()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn jmp(target: impl Into<Label>) -> Self {
+        Self::Jmp {
+            target: target.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn jeq(target: impl Into<Label>) -> Self {
+        Self::Jeq {
+            target: target.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn cmp(reg1: Register, reg2: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Cmp { reg1, reg2 }
+    }
+
+    // Stack
+    pub fn push(reg: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Push { reg }
+    }
+
+    pub fn pop(reg: Register) -> Self {
+        Self::Pop { reg }
+    }
+
+    // Functions
+    pub fn call(target: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::Call {
+            target: target.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn int(code: u8) -> Self {
+        Self::Int { code }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ret() -> Self {
+        Self::Return
+    }
+
+    // Utilities
+    pub fn comment(text: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::Comment {
+            text: text.into(),
+            top_level: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn global_comment(text: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::Comment {
+            text: text.into(),
+            top_level: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn include(name: impl Into<String>, path: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::Include {
+            name: name.into(),
+            path: path.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Convenience trait for Label conversion
+impl From<String> for Label {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
+        Label(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for Label {
+    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
+        Label(s.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+fn reg_and_offset(op: &MemOperand) -> (String, i32) {
+    match op {
+        MemOperand::RegIndirect(reg) => (reg.to_string(), 0),
+        MemOperand::RegOffset(reg, offset) => (reg.to_string(), *offset),
+        MemOperand::Label(label) => (label.to_string(), 0),
+        MemOperand::LabelOffset(label, offset) => (label.to_string(), *offset),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Memory operand for loads/stores
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum MemOperand {
+    /// Register indirect: [reg]
+    RegIndirect(Register),
+    /// Register with offset: [reg + offset]
+    RegOffset(Register, i32),
+    /// Label: [label]
+    Label(Label),
+    /// Label with offset: [label + offset]
+    LabelOffset(Label, i32),
+}
+
+/// Immediate value (16-bit or 32-bit)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Imm(pub u32);
+
+impl fmt::Display for Imm {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Label reference
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Label(pub String);
+
+impl fmt::Display for Label {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+    }
+}

core/compiler/src/backend/dsa/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+use crate::model::{CompilerError, Program};
+
+mod codegen;
+mod instruction;
+mod registers;
+mod scope;
+
+pub fn generate_code(ast: &Program, is_lib: bool) -> Result<String, CompilerError> {
+    let mut codegen = codegen::CodeGenerator::new(ast.clone(), is_lib);
+    codegen.generate()
+}

core/compiler/src/backend/dsa/registers.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt};
 
-use crate::model::CompilerError;
+use crate::{
+    backend::dsa::instruction::{InsBlock, Instruction},
+    model::CompilerError,
+};
 
 /// Register allocator for DSA assembly generation
 /// Manages general-purpose registers (rg0-rgf) and handles stack spilling
 pub struct RegisterAllocator {
     /// Available general-purpose registers
-
     /// Maps variable names to their current location (register or stack offset)
     variable_locations: HashMap<String, Location>,
 
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ pub struct RegisterAllocator {
     stack_offset: i32,
 
     /// Track which registers are currently in use
-    in_use: HashMap<Register, bool>,
+    in_use: Vec<(Register, bool)>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -79,14 +81,14 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
 
     /// Allocate a temporary register for expression evaluation
     /// Returns the register name and optionally assembly code to save it
-    pub fn alloc_temp(&mut self) -> Result<(Register, Vec<String>), CompilerError> {
+    pub fn alloc_temp(&mut self) -> Result<(Register, InsBlock), CompilerError> {
         // Try to find an unused register
 
         // println!("finding! {:#?}", self.in_use);
 
         if let Some(reg) = self.find_free_register() {
-            self.in_use.insert(reg, true);
-            return Ok((reg, Vec::new()));
+            self.in_use[reg as usize].1 = true;
+            return Ok((reg, InsBlock::new()));
         }
 
         // All registers in use - need to spill one
@@ -132,8 +134,8 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
         }
 
         // This is a true temporary - safe to free
-        if reg != Register::Zero {
-            self.in_use.insert(reg, false);
+        if !matches!(reg, Register::Zero | Register::Null) {
+            self.in_use[reg as usize].1 = false;
         }
     }
 
@@ -141,10 +143,10 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
         // Check if this variable is in a register
         if let Some(location) = self.variable_locations.get(var).cloned() {
             if let Some(reg) = location.register
-                && reg != Register::Zero
+                && !matches!(reg, Register::Zero | Register::Null)
             {
                 self.register_contents.remove(&reg);
-                self.in_use.insert(reg, false);
+                self.in_use[reg as usize].1 = false;
             }
 
             self.variable_locations.remove(var);
@@ -156,11 +158,11 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
     pub fn alloc_var(
         &mut self,
         var_name: &str,
-    ) -> Result<(Register, Vec<String>), CompilerError> {
+    ) -> Result<(Register, InsBlock), CompilerError> {
         if let Some(mut location) = self.variable_locations.get(var_name).cloned() {
             // if the var is in a register we can use it already.
             if let Some(reg) = location.register {
-                return Ok((reg, Vec::new()));
+                return Ok((reg, InsBlock::new()));
             }
 
             // if the variable is on the stack only, we need to get it in a register.
@@ -174,19 +176,17 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
 
                 // Load from bpr + offset (offset is negative)
                 // code.push(format!("\tsubi bpr {} {}", -(offset + 4), reg));
-                code.push(format!(
-                    "\tldw spr, {}, {} // spr+{}: {}",
+
+                code.push(Instruction::ldw_reg_offset(
+                    Register::Spr,
                     reg,
                     offset - self.stack_offset,
-                    offset - self.stack_offset,
-                    var_name
                 ));
 
                 // Update location to register
                 self.variable_locations
                     .insert(var_name.to_string(), location);
-                self.register_contents
-                    .insert(reg.clone(), var_name.to_string());
+                self.register_contents.insert(reg, var_name.to_string());
 
                 return Ok((reg, code));
             }
@@ -196,8 +196,7 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
         let (reg, code) = self.alloc_temp()?;
         self.variable_locations
             .insert(var_name.to_string(), Location::register(reg));
-        self.register_contents
-            .insert(reg.clone(), var_name.to_string());
+        self.register_contents.insert(reg, var_name.to_string());
 
         Ok((reg, code))
     }
@@ -212,34 +211,34 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
     pub fn load_var(
         &mut self,
         var_name: &str,
-    ) -> Result<(Register, Vec<String>), CompilerError> {
+    ) -> Result<(Register, InsBlock), CompilerError> {
         self.alloc_var(var_name)
     }
 
     /// Store a value from a register into a variable
     /// Updates tracking and returns any necessary assembly code
-    pub fn store_var(&mut self, var_name: &str, source_reg: &Register) -> Vec<String> {
+    pub fn store_var(&mut self, var_name: &str, source_reg: &Register) -> InsBlock {
+        let mut block = InsBlock::new();
+
         // Check if variable already has a location
         if let Some(location) = self.variable_locations.get(var_name) {
             // if the variable exists in a register we write to that.
-            if let Some(reg) = location.register {
-                if reg == *source_reg {
-                    return vec![format!(
-                        "\tmov {}, {} // save var:{} reg:{}",
-                        source_reg, reg, var_name, reg
-                    )];
+            match location.register {
+                Some(reg) if reg == *source_reg => {
+                    block.push(Instruction::mov(*source_reg, reg));
+                    return block;
                 }
+                _ => (),
             }
 
             // if the variable exists on the stack but not a register we write here.
             if let Some(offset) = location.stack {
-                return vec![format!(
-                    "\tstw {}, spr, {} // save var:{} offset:{}",
-                    source_reg,
+                block.push(Instruction::stw_reg_offset(
+                    *source_reg,
+                    Register::Spr,
                     offset - self.stack_offset,
-                    var_name,
-                    offset
-                )];
+                ));
+                return block;
             }
         }
 
@@ -252,9 +251,9 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
                 .insert(var_name.to_string(), Location::register(*source_reg));
             self.register_contents
                 .insert(*source_reg, var_name.to_string());
-            self.in_use.insert(*source_reg, true);
+            self.in_use[*source_reg as usize].1 = true;
 
-            return Vec::new();
+            return block;
         }
 
         // if current register isn't free, (eg is another variable) we assign somewhere
@@ -263,10 +262,11 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
             self.variable_locations
                 .insert(var_name.to_string(), Location::register(free_reg));
             self.register_contents
-                .insert(free_reg.clone(), var_name.to_string());
-            self.in_use.insert(free_reg, true);
+                .insert(free_reg, var_name.to_string());
+            self.in_use[free_reg as usize].1 = true;
 
-            return vec![format!("\tmov {}, {}", source_reg, free_reg)];
+            block.push(Instruction::mov(*source_reg, free_reg));
+            return block;
         }
 
         // No free registers - allocate on stack
@@ -280,11 +280,8 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
 
     /// spill a register to the stack (WITHOUT FREEING)
     /// DO NOT USE this if it's for a pointer!!!!
-    pub fn _spill_register(
-        &mut self,
-        reg: &Register,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<String>, CompilerError> {
-        let mut code = Vec::new();
+    pub fn _spill_register(&mut self, reg: &Register) -> Result<InsBlock, CompilerError> {
+        let mut code = InsBlock::new();
 
         // check if the variable is declared.
         if let Some(var_name) = self.register_contents.get(reg).cloned()
@@ -292,13 +289,10 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
         {
             // check if var is on the stack
             if let Some(offset) = location.stack {
-                // ensure stack value is up to date with register value.
-                code.push(format!(
-                    "\tstw {}, spr, {} // save var:{} offset:{}",
-                    reg,
+                code.push(Instruction::stw_reg_offset(
+                    *reg,
+                    Register::Spr,
                     offset - self.stack_offset,
-                    var_name,
-                    offset
                 ));
                 return Ok(code);
             }
@@ -309,10 +303,7 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
             // if the variable is not on the stack:
             // push register to stack (spr decrements automatically)
             let offset = self.stack_offset;
-            code.push(format!(
-                "\tpush {} // free var:{} offset:{}",
-                reg, var_name, offset
-            ));
+            code.push(Instruction::push(*reg));
 
             // Update variable location - it's now at current spr
             // Note: We track offset from bpr for consistency
@@ -332,9 +323,7 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
     pub fn free_register(
         &mut self,
         reg: &Register,
-    ) -> Result<(i32, Vec<String>), CompilerError> {
-        let mut code = Vec::new();
-
+    ) -> Result<(i32, Instruction), CompilerError> {
         // check if the variable is declared.
         if let Some(var_name) = self.register_contents.get(reg).cloned()
             && let Some(location) = self.variable_locations.get_mut(&var_name)
@@ -342,13 +331,11 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
             // check if var name is on the stack
             if let Some(offset) = location.stack {
                 // store current register value in stack location
-                code.push(format!(
-                    "\tstw {}, spr, {} // save var:{} offset:{}",
-                    reg,
+                let code = Instruction::stw_reg_offset(
+                    *reg,
+                    Register::Spr,
                     offset - self.stack_offset,
-                    var_name,
-                    offset
-                ));
+                );
 
                 // free the register.
                 location.register = None;
@@ -360,10 +347,7 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
             self.stack_offset -= 4;
 
             let offset = self.stack_offset;
-            code.push(format!(
-                "\tpush {} // free var:{} offset:{}",
-                reg, var_name, offset
-            ));
+            let code = Instruction::push(*reg);
 
             // Update variable location
             // Note: We track offset from bpr for consistency
@@ -390,15 +374,15 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
     }
 
     /// Spill all registers to stack (useful before function calls)
-    pub fn _spill_all(&mut self) -> Vec<String> {
-        let mut code = Vec::new();
+    pub fn _spill_all(&mut self) -> InsBlock {
+        let mut code = InsBlock::new();
 
         let regs_to_spill: Vec<Register> =
             self.register_contents.keys().cloned().collect();
 
         for reg in regs_to_spill {
             if let Ok(spill_code) = self.free_register(&reg) {
-                code.extend(spill_code.1);
+                code.push(spill_code.1);
             }
         }
 
@@ -443,59 +427,25 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
         .collect();
     }
 
-    /// Mark a variable as dead (no longer needed)
-    /// Frees its register if it's in one
-    // pub fn _free_var(&mut self, var_name: &str) {
-    //     if let Some(Location::Register(reg)) = self.variable_locations.get(var_name) {
-    //         let reg = reg.clone();
-    //         self.register_contents.remove(&reg);
-    //         self.in_use.insert(reg, false);
-    //     }
-    //     self.variable_locations.remove(var_name);
-    // }
-
     /// Get list of registers that contain variables and are in use
     /// These need to be saved before function calls
     pub fn get_caller_saved_registers(&self) -> Vec<Register> {
         self.register_contents
             .iter()
-            .filter(|(reg, _)| *self.in_use.get(*reg).unwrap_or(&false))
-            .map(|(reg, _)| reg.clone())
+            .filter(|(reg, _)| {
+                self.in_use
+                    .get(**reg as usize)
+                    .unwrap_or(&(Register::Null, false))
+                    .1
+            })
+            .map(|(reg, _)| *reg)
             .collect()
     }
-
-    /// Save caller-saved registers before a function call
-    /// Returns assembly code to save them
-    pub fn _save_caller_saved(&mut self) -> Vec<String> {
-        let mut code = Vec::new();
-
-        // For simplicity, save all currently used registers
-        // In a more sophisticated compiler, you'd only save registers that are live
-        for (reg, _) in self.register_contents.clone() {
-            if *self.in_use.get(&reg).unwrap_or(&false) {
-                code.push(format!("\tpush {}", reg));
-            }
-        }
-
-        code
-    }
-
-    /// Restore caller-saved registers after a function call
-    /// Returns assembly code to restore them
-    pub fn _restore_caller_saved(&mut self, saved_regs: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
-        let mut code = Vec::new();
-
-        // Restore in reverse order (LIFO)
-        for reg in saved_regs.iter().rev() {
-            code.push(format!("\tpop {}", reg));
-        }
-
-        code
-    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum Register {
+    // general purpose
     Rg0 = 0,
     Rg1 = 1,
     Rg2 = 2,
@@ -512,8 +462,68 @@ pub enum Register {
     Rgd = 13,
     Rge = 14,
     Rgf = 15,
-    Zero = 16,
-    Null = 17,
+
+    // special
+    Bpr,
+    Spr,
+    Ret,
+    Acc,
+
+    // read only
+    Pcx,
+    Zero,
+
+    // null
+    Null,
+}
+
+impl Register {
+    pub fn get_gp() -> [Register; 16] {
+        [
+            Register::Rg0,
+            Register::Rg1,
+            Register::Rg2,
+            Register::Rg3,
+            Register::Rg4,
+            Register::Rg5,
+            Register::Rg6,
+            Register::Rg7,
+            Register::Rg8,
+            Register::Rg9,
+            Register::Rga,
+            Register::Rgb,
+            Register::Rgc,
+            Register::Rgd,
+            Register::Rge,
+            Register::Rgf,
+        ]
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_gp(&self) -> bool {
+        (*self as u8) < 16
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_index(idx: usize) -> Register {
+        match idx {
+            0 => Register::Rg0,
+            1 => Register::Rg1,
+            2 => Register::Rg2,
+            3 => Register::Rg3,
+            4 => Register::Rg4,
+            5 => Register::Rg5,
+            6 => Register::Rg6,
+            7 => Register::Rg7,
+            8 => Register::Rg8,
+            9 => Register::Rg9,
+            10 => Register::Rga,
+            11 => Register::Rgb,
+            12 => Register::Rgc,
+            13 => Register::Rgd,
+            14 => Register::Rge,
+            15 => Register::Rgf,
+            _ => unreachable!("this function shouldn't ever be called with idx>15"),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for Register {
@@ -535,7 +545,15 @@ impl fmt::Display for Register {
             Self::Rgd => write!(f, "rgd"),
             Self::Rge => write!(f, "rge"),
             Self::Rgf => write!(f, "rgf"),
+
+            Self::Acc => write!(f, "acc"),
+            Self::Ret => write!(f, "ret"),
+            Self::Bpr => write!(f, "bpr"),
+            Self::Spr => write!(f, "spr"),
+
             Self::Zero => write!(f, "zero"),
+            Self::Pcx => write!(f, "pcx"),
+
             Self::Null => write!(f, "null"),
         }
     }

core/compiler/src/backend/dsa/scope.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, ops::Deref, rc::Rc};
+
+use crate::{
+    backend::dsa::{
+        instruction::{InsBlock, Instruction},
+        registers::{Register, RegisterAllocator},
+    },
+    error,
+    model::{CompilerError, Name, TypeId},
+};
+
+/// scope object
+pub struct Scope<'a> {
+    /// outer scope, for a function this will be the global scope.
+    parent: Option<&'a mut Scope<'a>>,
+    alloc: Rc<RefCell<Allocator>>,
+
+    /// is the scope a function body or just a loop?
+    /// depending on the type, ending a scope will have different behaviour
+    r#type: ScopeType,
+
+    /// variables
+    variables: HashMap<String, Variable>,
+
+    entry_stack_offset: i32,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Scope<'a> {
+    pub fn new() -> Scope<'a> {
+        let alloc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Allocator::new()));
+        let entry_stack_offset = alloc.borrow().get_stack_offset();
+
+        Self {
+            alloc,
+            entry_stack_offset,
+            parent: None,
+            r#type: ScopeType::Function,
+            variables: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_from(parent: &'a mut Scope<'a>, r#type: ScopeType) -> Scope<'a> {
+        let alloc = Rc::clone(&parent.alloc);
+        let entry_stack_offset = alloc.borrow().get_stack_offset();
+
+        Self {
+            alloc,
+            entry_stack_offset,
+            parent: Some(parent),
+            r#type,
+            variables: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_var(
+        &mut self,
+        name: String,
+        r#type: TypeId,
+    ) -> Result<(), CompilerError> {
+        let mut var = Variable::new(name, r#type.clone());
+
+        if r#type.size() > 4 {
+            let slot = self.alloc.borrow_mut().allocate_stack_slot(r#type.size());
+            var.stack_slot = Some(slot);
+        } else {
+            let reg = self.alloc.borrow_mut().allocate_var()?;
+            var.register = Some(reg);
+        }
+
+        self.variables.insert(var.name.clone(), var);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn alloc_temp(&mut self) -> Result<TempReg, CompilerError> {
+        self.alloc.borrow_mut().allocate_temp()
+    }
+
+    pub fn free_temp(&mut self, temp: &TempReg) {
+        self.alloc.borrow_mut().free_temp(temp)
+    }
+
+    pub fn free_var(&mut self, reg: &AssignedReg) {
+        self.alloc.borrow_mut().free_var(reg);
+    }
+
+    pub fn close(&mut self) {
+        // tell the allocator that this scope is closing
+        // this reverts the stack offset to what it was before this scope was created.
+        self.alloc.clone().borrow_mut().destroy_scope(self);
+
+        for var in self.variables.clone().values() {
+            if let Some(reg) = var.register {
+                self.free_var(&reg);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_var(&mut self, var: &str) -> Option<&mut Variable> {
+        self.variables.get_mut(var)
+    }
+
+    pub fn offset_read(
+        &mut self,
+        var: &str,
+        offset: i32,
+    ) -> Result<(TempReg, Instruction), CompilerError> {
+        if let Some(var) = self.get_var(var) {
+            let slot = var.stack_slot.ok_or_else(|| {
+                error("Attempt to read from a var without a stack slot!")
+            })?;
+
+            return self.alloc.borrow_mut().offset_read(&slot, offset);
+        }
+
+        Err(CompilerError::Undefined(Name::new(var, None)))
+    }
+
+    pub fn offset_write(
+        &mut self,
+        reg: &TempReg,
+        var: &str,
+        offset: i32,
+    ) -> Result<Instruction, CompilerError> {
+        if let Some(var) = self.get_var(var) {
+            let slot = var.stack_slot.ok_or_else(|| {
+                error("Attempt to write to a var without a stack slot!")
+            })?;
+
+            return Ok(self.alloc.borrow_mut().offset_write(reg, &slot, offset));
+        }
+
+        Err(CompilerError::Undefined(Name::new(var, None)))
+    }
+
+    pub fn load_var(
+        &mut self,
+        var: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(AssignedReg, Instruction), CompilerError> {
+        if let Some(v) = self.get_var(var).cloned()
+            && let Some(slot) = v.stack_slot
+        {
+            let res = self.alloc.borrow_mut().load_var(&slot)?;
+            self.get_var(var).unwrap().register = Some(res.0);
+            return Ok(res);
+        }
+
+        panic!("e")
+    }
+
+    pub fn spill_var(&mut self, var: &str) -> Result<Instruction, CompilerError> {
+        if let Some(v) = self.get_var(var).cloned()
+            && let Some(rg) = v.register
+        {
+            let mut slot = v.stack_slot;
+            let res = self.alloc.borrow_mut().spill_var(&rg, &mut slot);
+            self.get_var(var).unwrap().stack_slot = slot;
+            return res;
+        }
+
+        Err(CompilerError::Undefined(Name::new(var, None)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Scope<'_> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.close()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum ScopeType {
+    Function,
+    IfBlock,
+    LoopBlock,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Variable {
+    pub name: String,
+
+    /// the type of the variable.
+    r#type: TypeId,
+
+    /// size taken up in bytes.
+    /// if size > 4, value must be stored on the stack.
+    pub size: usize,
+
+    pub stack_slot: Option<StackSlot>,
+    pub register: Option<AssignedReg>,
+}
+
+impl Variable {
+    pub fn new(name: String, r#type: TypeId) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name,
+            size: r#type.size(),
+            r#type,
+            stack_slot: None,
+            register: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Allocator {
+    stack_offset: i32,
+    in_use: [(Register, bool); 16],
+}
+
+impl Allocator {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let mut in_use = [(Register::Null, false); 16];
+        in_use.copy_from_slice(&Register::get_gp().map(|r| (r, false))[0..16]);
+
+        Self {
+            stack_offset: 0,
+            in_use,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_stack_offset(&self) -> i32 {
+        self.stack_offset
+    }
+
+    pub fn destroy_scope(&mut self, scope: &mut Scope) {
+        self.stack_offset = scope.entry_stack_offset;
+
+        for var in scope.variables.drain() {
+            if let Some(assigned) = var.1.register {
+                self.free_var(&assigned);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // what we need:
+
+    // - create var in register from temporary register. free temp and use it.
+    //
+    // - create var on stack from struct/array literal. return stack offset to write to.
+    //
+    // - spill var from register to stack. return stack offset to write to.
+    //
+    // - read/write var from stack+offset into register to use while preserving the stack
+    //   slot.
+    //
+    // - read / write bytes from the stack+offset in a larger variable into a register.
+
+    pub fn offset_read(
+        &mut self,
+        slot: &StackSlot,
+        offset: i32,
+    ) -> Result<(TempReg, Instruction), CompilerError> {
+        let register = self.allocate_temp()?;
+
+        // instruction: reg = *(&var + offset)
+        Ok((
+            register.clone(),
+            Instruction::ldw_reg_offset(
+                Register::Spr,
+                *register,
+                (**slot + offset) - self.stack_offset,
+            ),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    pub fn offset_write(
+        &mut self,
+        reg: &TempReg,
+        slot: &StackSlot,
+        offset: i32,
+    ) -> Instruction {
+        // instruction: *(&var + offset) = reg
+        Instruction::stw_reg_offset(
+            **reg,
+            Register::Spr,
+            (**slot + offset) - self.stack_offset,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn load_var(
+        &mut self,
+        slot: &StackSlot,
+    ) -> Result<(AssignedReg, Instruction), CompilerError> {
+        let reg = self.allocate_var()?;
+
+        Ok((
+            reg.clone(),
+            Instruction::ldw_reg_offset(Register::Spr, *reg, **slot - self.stack_offset),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    pub fn spill_var(
+        &mut self,
+        reg: &AssignedReg,
+        slot: &mut Option<StackSlot>,
+        // var: &mut Variable,
+    ) -> Result<Instruction, CompilerError> {
+        if let Some(slot) = &slot {
+            let block = Instruction::stw_reg_offset(
+                **reg,
+                Register::Spr,
+                **slot - self.stack_offset,
+            );
+
+            self.free_var(reg);
+            return Ok(block);
+        }
+
+        // var doesn't have a stack slot so we need to create one
+        let new_slot = self.allocate_stack_slot(4); // alloc 4 bytes for reg value.
+        let block = Instruction::push(**reg);
+
+        self.free_var(reg);
+        *slot = Some(new_slot);
+        Ok(block)
+    }
+
+    pub fn allocate_stack_slot(&mut self, size: usize) -> StackSlot {
+        self.stack_offset -= size as i32;
+        let offset = self.stack_offset;
+        StackSlot(offset)
+    }
+
+    pub fn allocate_var(&mut self) -> Result<AssignedReg, CompilerError> {
+        if let Some(reg) = self.find_free_register() {
+            Ok(AssignedReg(reg))
+        } else {
+            Err(CompilerError::Generic(
+                "No free registers available".to_string(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn allocate_temp(&mut self) -> Result<TempReg, CompilerError> {
+        // allocates a temporary register
+        if let Some(reg) = self.find_free_register() {
+            Ok(TempReg(reg))
+        } else {
+            todo!("an efficient stack spilling algorithm. needs scope awareness.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn free_temp(&mut self, temp: &TempReg) {
+        // frees a temporary register.
+        self.in_use[**temp as usize].1 = false;
+    }
+
+    pub fn free_var(&mut self, reg: &AssignedReg) {
+        // frees a register.
+        self.in_use[**reg as usize].1 = false;
+    }
+
+    // if we have register(s) free, return the first one.
+    fn find_free_register(&mut self) -> Option<Register> {
+        self.in_use.iter_mut().find_map(|(reg, used)| {
+            if !*used {
+                *used = true;
+                Some(*reg)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct TempReg(Register);
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct AssignedReg(Register);
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct StackSlot(i32);
+
+impl Deref for TempReg {
+    type Target = Register;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for AssignedReg {
+    type Target = Register;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for StackSlot {
+    type Target = i32;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}

core/compiler/src/backend/mod.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@ use crate::model::{CompilerError, Program};
 
 mod dsa;
 
-pub fn compiler_backend(ext: &str, ast: &Program) -> Result<String, CompilerError> {
+pub fn compiler_backend(
+    ext: &str,
+    ast: &Program,
+    is_lib: bool,
+) -> Result<String, CompilerError> {
     match ext {
-        "dsa" => Ok(dsa::generate_code(ast)?),
+        "dsa" => Ok(dsa::generate_code(ast, is_lib)?),
         _ => Err(CompilerError::Generic(format!(
             "File type {} not supported",
             ext

core/compiler/src/frontend/dsc/mod.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-use common::logging::log;
-
 use crate::model::{CompilerError, Program};
+use common::logging::Logger;
 use parser::{ParseResult, Parser};
 // use semantic_analyser::Analyser;
 
@@ -8,14 +7,15 @@ pub mod lexer;
 pub mod parser;
 // pub mod semantic_analyser;
 
-pub fn generate_ast(input: &str) -> Result<Program, CompilerError> {
-    log("Tokenising Input...");
+pub fn generate_ast(input: &str, logger: &Logger) -> Result<Program, CompilerError> {
+    logger.info("Tokenising Input...");
 
     let lexer = lexer::Lexer::new(&input);
     let tokens = lexer.collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    // println!("{tokens:?}");
 
-    log(&format!("Parsing {} Tokens...", tokens.len()));
+    // println!("{tokens:#?}");
+
+    logger.info(&format!("Parsing {} Tokens...", tokens.len()));
 
     let mut parser = Parser::new(tokens);
     let ast = match parser.parse() {
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ pub fn generate_ast(input: &str) -> Result<Program, CompilerError> {
     };
     // println!("{ast:#?}");
 
-    log("Analyzing AST...");
-    log("Checking Type Information...");
+    logger.info("Analyzing AST...");
+    logger.info("Checking Type Information...");
 
     // let mut analyser = Analyser::new();
     // analyser.analyse(ast.clone()).unwrap();
 
-    log("Type Checking Complete...");
+    logger.info("Type Checking Complete...");
     Ok(ast)
 }

core/compiler/src/frontend/dsc/parser.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use super::lexer::Token;
 use crate::model::{
-    BinaryOperator, Block, Call, CompilerError, ConstExpr, Declaration, Dependency,
-    Expression, Program, Statement, TypeId, UnaryOperator, Variable,
+    AssignmentOperator, BinaryOperator, Block, Call, CompilerError, ConstExpr,
+    Declaration, Dependency, Expression, Number, Program, Statement, TypeId,
+    UnaryOperator, Variable,
 };
 use crate::{expect_tt, expect_value};
 use std::ops::{ControlFlow, FromResidual, Try};
@@ -38,6 +39,10 @@ impl Parser {
             return self.parse_func();
         }
 
+        if expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, Struct).accepted() {
+            return self.parse_struct();
+        }
+
         if expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, Include).accepted() {
             // expect include keyword
             let _ = self.next();
@@ -78,7 +83,8 @@ impl Parser {
             let value = self.next()?;
             let init = match value {
                 Token::String(x) => Some(ConstExpr::String(x)),
-                Token::Integer(x) => Some(ConstExpr::Number(x as i32)),
+                Token::SignedInt(x, _) => Some(ConstExpr::Number(x)),
+                Token::UnsignedInt(x, _) => Some(ConstExpr::Number(x as i32)),
                 _ => {
                     return ParseResult::Reject(CompilerError::UnexpectedToken(
                         value.tt().to_string(),
@@ -98,6 +104,28 @@ impl Parser {
         ParseResult::Reject(CompilerError::UnexpectedEndOfInput)
     }
 
+    fn parse_struct(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Declaration, CompilerError> {
+        let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, Struct)?;
+        let name = expect_value!(self.next()?, Identifier)?;
+
+        let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, LeftBrace)?;
+
+        let mut fields = Vec::new();
+        while expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, Identifier).accepted() {
+            let arg = self.parse_var_decl()?;
+            fields.push(arg);
+
+            if expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, Comma).accepted() {
+                self.next()?;
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, RightBrace)?;
+        ParseResult::Accept(Declaration::Struct { name, fields })
+    }
+
     fn parse_func(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Declaration, CompilerError> {
         // expect function keyword
         let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, Fn);
@@ -317,61 +345,194 @@ impl Parser {
             });
         }
 
-        // handle assignment without "let"
-        let name = expect_value!(self.peek_next()?, Identifier);
-        if name.accepted() {
-            let varname = name?;
-            if expect_tt!(self.peek(1)?, LeftParen).accepted() {
-                let expr = self.parse_expression()?; // a function call expr
-                let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, Semicolon)?;
-                return ParseResult::Accept(Statement::Expression { expr });
-            }
-
+        // handle an in-place function call
+        if let ParseResult::Accept(name) = expect_value!(self.peek_next()?, Identifier)
+            && let ParseResult::Accept(operator) = expect_tt!(
+                self.peek(1)?,
+                Assign,
+                PlusEqual,
+                MinusEqual,
+                StarEqual,
+                SlashEqual,
+                PercentEqual,
+                AndEqual,
+                OrEqual,
+                XorEqual,
+                ShlEqual,
+                ShrEqual
+            )
+        {
+            // consume name token
+            self.next()?;
+
+            // pattern match to find operator
+            let operator = match operator {
+                Token::Assign => AssignmentOperator::Assign,
+                Token::PlusEqual => AssignmentOperator::AddAssign,
+                Token::MinusEqual => AssignmentOperator::SubAssign,
+                Token::StarEqual => AssignmentOperator::MulAssign,
+                Token::SlashEqual => AssignmentOperator::DivAssign,
+                Token::PercentEqual => AssignmentOperator::ModAssign,
+                Token::AndEqual => AssignmentOperator::AndAssign,
+                Token::OrEqual => AssignmentOperator::OrAssign,
+                Token::XorEqual => AssignmentOperator::XorAssign,
+                Token::ShlEqual => AssignmentOperator::LeftShiftAssign,
+                Token::ShrEqual => AssignmentOperator::RightShiftAssign,
+                _ => {
+                    return ParseResult::Reject(CompilerError::UnexpectedToken(
+                        self.peek_next()?.tt().to_string(),
+                    ));
+                }
+            };
+
+            // consume operator token
             self.next()?;
-            let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, Assign)?;
 
             let value = self.parse_expression()?;
 
             let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, Semicolon);
 
             return ParseResult::Accept(Statement::Assign {
-                varname: varname.name,
+                varname: name.name,
+                operator,
                 value,
             });
         }
 
-        ParseResult::Reject(CompilerError::UnexpectedToken(
-            self.peek_next()?.tt().to_string(),
-        ))
+        // parse an expression and a semicolon
+        let expr = self.parse_expression()?;
+        let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, Semicolon)?;
+
+        ParseResult::Accept(Statement::Expression { expr })
     }
 
     fn parse_expression(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
-        self.parse_comparison()
+        self.parse_logical_or()
+    }
+
+    fn parse_logical_or(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
+        let left = self.parse_logical_and()?;
+
+        let op = match self.peek_next()? {
+            Token::LogicalOr => BinaryOperator::LogicalOr,
+            _ => return ParseResult::Accept(left),
+        };
+
+        self.next()?;
+        ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Binary {
+            op,
+            left: Box::new(left),
+            right: Box::new(self.parse_logical_or()?),
+            type_id: Some(TypeId::U32),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn parse_logical_and(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
+        let left = self.parse_bitwise_or()?;
+
+        let op = match self.peek_next()? {
+            Token::LogicalAnd => BinaryOperator::LogicalAnd,
+            _ => return ParseResult::Accept(left),
+        };
+
+        self.next()?;
+        ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Binary {
+            op,
+            left: Box::new(left),
+            right: Box::new(self.parse_logical_and()?),
+            type_id: Some(TypeId::U32),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn parse_bitwise_or(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
+        let left = self.parse_bitwise_xor()?;
+
+        let op = match self.peek_next()? {
+            Token::Pipe => BinaryOperator::BitwiseOr,
+            _ => return ParseResult::Accept(left),
+        };
+
+        self.next()?;
+        ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Binary {
+            op,
+            left: Box::new(left),
+            right: Box::new(self.parse_bitwise_or()?),
+            type_id: Some(TypeId::U32),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn parse_bitwise_xor(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
+        let left = self.parse_bitwise_and()?;
+
+        let op = match self.peek_next()? {
+            Token::Caret => BinaryOperator::BitwiseXor,
+            _ => return ParseResult::Accept(left),
+        };
+
+        self.next()?;
+        ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Binary {
+            op,
+            left: Box::new(left),
+            right: Box::new(self.parse_bitwise_xor()?),
+            type_id: Some(TypeId::U32),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn parse_bitwise_and(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
+        let left = self.parse_comparison()?;
+
+        let op = match self.peek_next()? {
+            Token::Ampersand => BinaryOperator::BitwiseAnd,
+            _ => return ParseResult::Accept(left),
+        };
+
+        self.next()?;
+        ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Binary {
+            op,
+            left: Box::new(left),
+            right: Box::new(self.parse_bitwise_and()?),
+            type_id: Some(TypeId::U32),
+        })
     }
 
     fn parse_comparison(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
-        let mut expr = self.parse_additive()?;
+        let left = self.parse_shift()?;
 
-        while let Some(op) = match self.peek_next()? {
-            Token::EqualEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::Eq),
-            Token::BangEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::Ne),
-            Token::Less => Some(BinaryOperator::Lt),
-            Token::Greater => Some(BinaryOperator::Gt),
-            Token::LessEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::Le),
-            Token::GreaterEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::Ge),
-            _ => None,
-        } {
-            self.next()?;
-            let right = Box::new(self.parse_additive()?);
-            expr = Expression::Binary {
-                op,
-                left: Box::new(expr),
-                right,
-                type_id: Some(TypeId::Bool),
+        let op = match self.peek_next()? {
+            Token::EqualEqual => BinaryOperator::Equal,
+            Token::BangEqual => BinaryOperator::NotEqual,
+            Token::Less => BinaryOperator::LessThan,
+            Token::Greater => BinaryOperator::GreaterThan,
+            Token::LessEqual => BinaryOperator::LessOrEqual,
+            Token::GreaterEqual => BinaryOperator::GreaterOrEqual,
+            _ => return ParseResult::Accept(left),
         };
+
+        self.next()?;
+        ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Binary {
+            op,
+            left: Box::new(left),
+            right: Box::new(self.parse_comparison()?),
+            type_id: Some(TypeId::Bool),
+        })
     }
 
-        ParseResult::Accept(expr)
+    fn parse_shift(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
+        let left = self.parse_additive()?;
+
+        let op = match self.peek_next()? {
+            Token::LeftShift => BinaryOperator::LeftShift,
+            Token::RightShift => BinaryOperator::RightShift,
+            _ => return ParseResult::Accept(left),
+        };
+
+        self.next()?;
+        ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Binary {
+            op,
+            left: Box::new(left),
+            right: Box::new(self.parse_shift()?),
+            type_id: Some(TypeId::U32),
+        })
     }
 
     fn parse_additive(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
@@ -412,11 +573,27 @@ impl Parser {
 
     fn parse_unary(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
         let op = match self.peek_next()? {
+            // prefix inc/dec
+            Token::PlusPlus => UnaryOperator::Increment,
+            Token::MinusMinus => UnaryOperator::Decrement,
+
+            // arithmetic
             Token::Plus => UnaryOperator::Plus,
             Token::Minus => UnaryOperator::Minus,
+
+            // pointer
             Token::Star => UnaryOperator::Dereference,
-            Token::Amphersand => UnaryOperator::Reference,
-            _ => return ParseResult::Accept(self.parse_primary()?),
+            Token::Ampersand => UnaryOperator::AddressOf,
+
+            // boolean
+            Token::Bang => UnaryOperator::LogicalNot,
+            Token::Tilde => UnaryOperator::BitwiseNot,
+
+            Token::SizeOf => UnaryOperator::SizeOf,
+            _ => {
+                let expr = self.parse_primary()?;
+                return self.parse_postfix(expr);
+            }
         };
 
         self.next()?;
@@ -428,52 +605,179 @@ impl Parser {
         })
     }
 
-    fn parse_primary(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
+    fn parse_postfix(
+        &mut self,
+        mut expr: Expression,
+    ) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
+        loop {
             match self.peek_next()? {
-            Token::Integer(value) => {
-                self.next()?;
-                ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Number {
-                    value: value as isize,
+                // Type cast: expr as Type
+                Token::As => {
+                    self.next()?; // consume 'as'
+                    let target_type = self.parse_type()?;
+                    expr = Expression::TypeCast {
+                        expr: Box::new(expr),
+                        target_type,
                         type_id: None,
-                })
+                    };
                 }
-            Token::String(value) => {
-                self.next()?;
-                ParseResult::Accept(Expression::StringLiteral(value))
-            }
-            Token::Identifier(_) => {
-                let name = expect_value!(self.next()?, Identifier)?;
 
-                if matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::LeftParen) {
-                    // Function call
+                // Postfix increment/decrement
+                Token::PlusPlus => {
                     self.next()?;
+                    expr = Expression::UnaryPostfix {
+                        op: UnaryOperator::Increment,
+                        operand: Box::new(expr),
+                        type_id: None,
+                    };
+                }
+                Token::MinusMinus => {
+                    self.next()?;
+                    expr = Expression::UnaryPostfix {
+                        op: UnaryOperator::Decrement,
+                        operand: Box::new(expr),
+                        type_id: None,
+                    };
+                }
+
+                // Array indexing: expr[index]
+                Token::LeftBracket => {
+                    self.next()?; // consume '['
+                    let index = Box::new(self.parse_expression()?);
+
+                    let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, RightBracket)?;
+
+                    expr = Expression::IndexAccess {
+                        expr: Box::new(expr),
+                        index,
+                        type_id: None,
+                    };
+                }
+
+                // Function call: expr(args...)
+                Token::LeftParen => {
+                    self.next()?; // consume '('
                     let mut args = Vec::new();
 
                     if !matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::RightParen) {
+                        loop {
                             args.push(self.parse_expression()?);
-
-                        while matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::Comma) {
-                            self.next()?;
-                            args.push(self.parse_expression()?);
+                            if !matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::Comma) {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            self.next()?; // consume comma
                         }
                     }
 
                     let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, RightParen)?;
 
-                    ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Call {
-                        func: Call {
-                            name: name.clone(),
-                            args,
-                        },
-
+                    if let Expression::Variable { name, .. } = expr {
+                        expr = Expression::Call {
+                            func: Call { name, args },
                             type_id: None,
-                    })
-                } else {
+                        };
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Member access: expr.member (if you support structs)
+                Token::Dot => {
+                    self.next()?;
+                    let field_name = expect_value!(self.next()?, Identifier)?;
+                    expr = Expression::MemberAccess {
+                        expr: Box::new(expr),
+                        field_name,
+                        type_id: None,
+                    };
+                }
+
+                // No more postfix operations
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+
+        ParseResult::Accept(expr)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_primary(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
+        match self.peek_next()? {
+            Token::UnsignedInt(value, type_id) => {
+                self.next()?;
+                ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Number(Number::Unsigned(value, type_id)))
+            }
+            Token::SignedInt(value, type_id) => {
+                self.next()?;
+                ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Number(Number::Signed(value, type_id)))
+            }
+            Token::String(value) => {
+                self.next()?;
+                ParseResult::Accept(Expression::StringLiteral(value))
+            }
+            Token::Char(value) => {
+                self.next()?;
+                ParseResult::Accept(Expression::CharLiteral(value))
+            }
+
+            Token::Identifier(name) => {
+                self.next()?;
+
+                // if the next token isn't the beginning of a struct literal this is just
+                // an identifier.
+                // if !expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, LeftBrace).accepted() {
+                //     return ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Variable {
+                //         name,
+                //         expr_type: None,
+                //     });
+                // }
+                //
                 ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Variable {
                     name,
                     expr_type: None,
                 })
+
+                // let _ = self.next()?;
+
+                // let mut fields = Vec::new();
+                // while !expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, RightBrace).accepted() {
+                //     let name = expect_value!(self.next()?, Identifier)?;
+                //     let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, Colon)?;
+                //     let expr = self.parse_expression()?;
+
+                //     fields.push((name, expr));
+
+                //     if expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, Comma).accepted() {
+                //         self.next()?;
+                //     } else {
+                //         break;
+                //     }
+                // }
+
+                // let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, RightBrace)?;
+
+                // ParseResult::Accept(Expression::StructLiteral {
+                //     name,
+                //     fields,
+                //     type_id: None,
+                // })
             }
+            Token::LeftBracket => {
+                self.next()?; // consume '['
+                let mut elements = Vec::new();
+
+                if !matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::RightBracket) {
+                    loop {
+                        elements.push(self.parse_expression()?);
+                        if !matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::Comma) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        self.next()?; // consume comma
+                    }
+                }
+
+                expect_tt!(self.next()?, RightBracket)?;
+                ParseResult::Accept(Expression::ArrayLiteral {
+                    elements,
+                    type_id: None,
+                })
             }
             Token::LeftParen => {
                 self.next()?;
@@ -501,21 +805,86 @@ impl Parser {
     }
 
     fn parse_type(&mut self) -> ParseResult<TypeId, CompilerError> {
-        // get the type name incl namespace
-        let typename = expect_value!(self.next()?, Identifier)?;
-
-        match typename.name.as_str() {
-            "u32" => ParseResult::Accept(TypeId::U32),
-            "u16" => ParseResult::Accept(TypeId::U16),
-            "u8" => ParseResult::Accept(TypeId::U8),
-            "i32" => ParseResult::Accept(TypeId::I32),
-            "i16" => ParseResult::Accept(TypeId::I16),
-            "i8" => ParseResult::Accept(TypeId::I8),
-            "void" => ParseResult::Accept(TypeId::Void),
-            "char" => ParseResult::Accept(TypeId::Char),
-            "str" => ParseResult::Accept(TypeId::Ptr(Box::new(TypeId::Char))),
-            _ => todo!("Implement parsing for other types!!"),
+        // parse primitive or named type
+        if expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, Identifier).accepted() {
+            return self.parse_type_identifier();
         }
+
+        // parse array type
+        if expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, LeftBracket).accepted() {
+            let _ = self.next()?;
+
+            let internal_type = self.parse_type()?;
+            let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, Semicolon)?;
+
+            let size = expect_value!(self.next()?, UnsignedInt)?;
+
+            let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, RightBracket)?;
+
+            return ParseResult::Accept(TypeId::Array {
+                r#type: Box::new(internal_type),
+                size: size as usize,
+            });
+        }
+
+        // parse tuple type
+        if expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, LeftParen).accepted() {
+            let _ = self.next()?;
+
+            let mut types = Vec::new();
+            while !expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, RightParen).accepted() {
+                types.push(self.parse_type()?);
+                if !expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, Comma).accepted() {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let _ = self.next()?;
+            }
+            let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, RightParen)?;
+
+            return ParseResult::Accept(TypeId::Tuple(types));
+        }
+
+        ParseResult::Reject(CompilerError::Generic(format!(
+            "Parsing type but no valid type was detected: {:?}",
+            self.peek_next()?
+        )))
+    }
+
+    fn parse_type_identifier(&mut self) -> ParseResult<TypeId, CompilerError> {
+        // get the type name incl namespace
+        let name = expect_value!(self.next()?, Identifier)?;
+
+        let type_id = match name.name.as_str() {
+            "u32" => TypeId::U32,
+            "u16" => TypeId::U16,
+            "u8" => TypeId::U8,
+            "i32" => TypeId::I32,
+            "i16" => TypeId::I16,
+            "i8" => TypeId::I8,
+            "void" => TypeId::Void,
+            "char" => TypeId::Char,
+            "str" => TypeId::Ptr(Box::new(TypeId::Char)),
+            _ => {
+                let mut generics = Vec::new();
+                if expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, Less).accepted() {
+                    let _ = self.next()?;
+
+                    // loop until we find the closing '>'
+                    while !expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, Greater).accepted() {
+                        generics.push(self.parse_type()?);
+                        if !expect_tt!(self.peek_next()?, Comma).accepted() {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        let _ = self.next()?;
+                    }
+                    let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, Greater)?;
+                }
+
+                TypeId::UnknownCustom { name, generics }
+            }
+        };
+
+        ParseResult::Accept(type_id)
     }
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Token, CompilerError> {
@@ -612,7 +981,7 @@ macro_rules! expect_value {
     ($expr:expr, $variant:ident) => {{
         let tok = $expr;
         match tok.clone() {
-            Token::$variant(value) => ParseResult::Accept(value),
+            Token::$variant(first, ..) => ParseResult::Accept(first),
             _ => {
                 ParseResult::Reject(CompilerError::UnexpectedToken(tok.tt().to_string()))
             }

core/compiler/src/frontend/mod.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
+use common::logging::Logger;
+
 use crate::model::{CompilerError, Program};
 
 // mod c;
 mod dsc;
 
-pub fn compiler_frontend(ext: &str, data: &str) -> Result<Program, CompilerError> {
+pub fn compiler_frontend(
+    ext: &str,
+    data: &str,
+    logger: &Logger,
+) -> Result<Program, CompilerError> {
     match ext {
-        "dsc" => Ok(dsc::generate_ast(&data)?),
+        "dsc" => Ok(dsc::generate_ast(&data, &logger)?),
         // "c" => Ok(c::generate_ast(&data)?),
         _ => Err(CompilerError::Generic(format!(
             "File type {} not supported",

core/compiler/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#![feature(try_trait_v2)]
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use common::{
+    build::{BuildError, Builder},
+    logging::LogReceiver,
+};
+
+use crate::{model::CompilerError, specialised::build_specialised};
+
+mod backend;
+mod frontend;
+mod model;
+mod specialised;
+
+pub struct Compiler {
+    src_path: PathBuf,
+    result: Option<Result<String, BuildError>>,
+    logger: LogReceiver,
+}
+
+impl Compiler {
+    fn build(&mut self, is_lib: bool) -> Result<String, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+        let input =
+            std::fs::read_to_string(&self.src_path).expect("Failed to read input file");
+
+        let input_ext = self
+            .src_path
+            .extension()
+            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
+            .unwrap_or("");
+
+        // check if we're using a specialised compiler
+        if let Some(output) = build_specialised(input_ext, &input) {
+            return output.map_err(|err| format!("Compilation failed: {err:?}").into());
+        }
+
+        // Parse the input using the frontend, providing the file extension and data.
+        let ast =
+            match frontend::compiler_frontend(input_ext, &input, &self.logger.logger()) {
+                Ok(ast) => ast,
+                Err(err) => return Err(format!("Compilation failed: {err:?}").into()),
+            };
+
+        // println!("Parsed AST: {:#?}", ast);
+
+        // Generate the output using the backend with the parsed result.
+        let result = match backend::compiler_backend("dsa", &ast, is_lib) {
+            Ok(result) => result,
+            Err(err) => return Err(format!("Compilation failed: {err:?}").into()),
+        };
+
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Builder for Compiler {
+    type Output = String;
+    type Args = bool;
+
+    fn new(src_path: impl Into<PathBuf>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            src_path: src_path.into(),
+            result: None,
+            logger: LogReceiver::new(true),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn start(&mut self, args: bool) {
+        match self.build(args) {
+            Ok(x) => self.result = Some(Ok(x)),
+            Err(err) => self.result = Some(Err(err.into())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn poll(&mut self) -> Option<Result<Self::Output, BuildError>> {
+        self.result.take()
+    }
+
+    fn output(&mut self) -> Result<Self::Output, BuildError> {
+        self.result.clone().ok_or(BuildError::Generic(String::from(
+            "Compiler was never started",
+        )))?
+    }
+
+    fn logs(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn error(msg: impl Into<String>) -> CompilerError {
+    CompilerError::Generic(msg.into())
+}

core/compiler/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use common::{build::Builder, logging::info};
+use compiler::Compiler;
+
+fn main() {
+    // read from input file: syntax "c_compiler <src.c> [output.dsa]"
+    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    if args.len() < 2 {
+        eprintln!("Usage: c_compiler [--lib | --bin] <src.dsc> [output.dsa]");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let input_file = &args[1];
+    let output_file = if args.len() > 2 {
+        &args[2]
+    } else {
+        "output.dsa"
+    };
+
+    {
+        let is_lib = args.contains(&"--lib".to_string());
+
+        let mut builder = Compiler::new(PathBuf::from(input_file));
+        builder.start(is_lib);
+        let result = builder.output().unwrap();
+
+        std::fs::write(output_file, &result).expect("Failed to write output");
+
+        info(&format!(
+            "Compilation Successful ✅ \n\tSource: {}\n\tOutput: {}\n",
+            input_file, output_file,
+        ));
+    }
+}

core/compiler/src/model.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+use core::fmt;
+
+use common::build::BuildError;
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum CompilerError {
+    UnexpectedToken(String),
+    UnexpectedEndOfInput,
+    UnexpectedCharacter(char),
+    Undefined(Name),
+    InvalidSyntax(String),
+    Generic(String),
+    UnknownType,
+    TypeMismatch(TypeId, TypeId),
+    Unimplemented(String),
+}
+
+impl From<CompilerError> for BuildError {
+    fn from(err: CompilerError) -> Self {
+        BuildError::Generic(format!("{:?}", err))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct Name {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub namespace: Option<String>,
+}
+impl Name {
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>, namespace: Option<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            namespace,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Program {
+    pub declarations: Vec<Declaration>,
+}
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Declaration {
+    Function {
+        name: String,
+        return_type: TypeId,
+        params: Vec<Variable>,
+        body: Block,
+    },
+    Variable {
+        var: Variable,
+        init: Option<ConstExpr>,
+        is_const: bool,
+    },
+    Dependency(Dependency),
+    Struct {
+        name: Name,
+        fields: Vec<Variable>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Dependency {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub path: String,
+}
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum TypeId {
+    U8,
+    U16,
+    U32,
+    I8,
+    I16,
+    I32,
+    Bool,
+    Char,
+    Void,
+    Ptr(Box<TypeId>),
+    Ref(Box<TypeId>),
+    Tuple(Vec<TypeId>),
+    Array {
+        r#type: Box<TypeId>,
+        size: usize,
+    },
+    UnknownCustom {
+        name: Name,
+        generics: Vec<TypeId>,
+    },
+    Struct {
+        name: Name,
+        fields: Vec<TypeId>,
+        generics: Vec<TypeId>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl TypeId {
+    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::U8 => 1,
+            Self::U16 => 2,
+            Self::U32 => 4,
+            Self::I8 => 1,
+            Self::I16 => 2,
+            Self::I32 => 4,
+            Self::Bool => 1,
+            Self::Char => 1,
+            Self::Void => 0,
+            Self::Ptr(t) => t.size(),
+            Self::Ref(t) => t.size(),
+            Self::Tuple(types) => types.iter().map(|t| t.size()).sum(),
+            Self::Array { r#type, size } => r#type.size() * size,
+            Self::UnknownCustom { .. } => 1, /* TODO: calculate type size during */
+            // semantic analysis
+            Self::Struct { fields, .. } => fields.iter().map(|t| t.size()).sum(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for TypeId {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::U8 => write!(f, "u8"),
+            Self::U16 => write!(f, "u16"),
+            Self::U32 => write!(f, "u32"),
+            Self::I8 => write!(f, "i8"),
+            Self::I16 => write!(f, "i16"),
+            Self::I32 => write!(f, "i32"),
+            Self::Bool => write!(f, "bool"),
+            Self::Char => write!(f, "char"),
+            Self::Void => write!(f, "void"),
+            Self::Ptr(t) => write!(f, "*{}", t),
+            Self::Ref(t) => write!(f, "&{}", t),
+            Self::Tuple(elems) => write!(
+                f,
+                "({})",
+                elems
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|t| t.to_string())
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            ),
+            Self::Array { r#type, size } => write!(f, "[{}; {}]", r#type, size),
+            Self::UnknownCustom { name, generics } => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "{}<{}>",
+                    name,
+                    generics
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|t| t.to_string())
+                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                        .join(", ")
+                )
+            }
+            Self::Struct {
+                name,
+                fields,
+                generics,
+            } => write!(
+                f,
+                "struct<{}> {} {{{}}}",
+                generics
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|t| t.to_string())
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join(", "),
+                name,
+                fields
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|t| t.to_string())
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                    .join(", ")
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub type Block = Vec<Statement>;
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Variable {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub type_id: TypeId,
+}
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Statement {
+    Block(Block),
+    Declaration {
+        var: Variable,
+        value: Option<Expression>,
+    },
+    Assign {
+        varname: String,
+        operator: AssignmentOperator,
+        value: Expression,
+    },
+    PtrWrite {
+        ptr: Expression,
+        value: Expression,
+    },
+    Expression {
+        expr: Expression,
+    },
+    If {
+        condition: Expression,
+        then_stmt: Block,
+        else_stmt: Block,
+    },
+    While {
+        condition: Expression,
+        body: Vec<Statement>,
+    },
+    Loop(Block),
+    Defer(Call),
+    Break,
+    Continue,
+    Return(Option<Expression>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum ConstExpr {
+    Number(i32),
+    String(String),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ConstExpr {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            ConstExpr::Number(n) => write!(f, "{}", n),
+            ConstExpr::String(s) => write!(f, "\"{}\"", s),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Expression {
+    Empty,
+    Binary {
+        op: BinaryOperator,
+        left: Box<Expression>,
+        right: Box<Expression>,
+
+        // Post-Semantic Analysis
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+    Unary {
+        op: UnaryOperator,
+        operand: Box<Expression>,
+
+        // Post-Semantic Analysis
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+    UnaryPostfix {
+        op: UnaryOperator,
+        operand: Box<Expression>,
+
+        // Post-Semantic Analysis
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+    Variable {
+        name: Name,
+        expr_type: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+    TypeCast {
+        expr: Box<Expression>,
+        target_type: TypeId,
+
+        // Post-Semantic Analysis
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+    IndexAccess {
+        expr: Box<Expression>,
+        index: Box<Expression>,
+
+        // Post-Semantic Analysis
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+    MemberAccess {
+        expr: Box<Expression>,
+        field_name: Name,
+
+        // Post-Semantic Analysis
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+    Call {
+        func: Call,
+
+        // Post-Semantic Analysis
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+    Number(Number),
+    StringLiteral(String),
+    CharLiteral(char),
+    ArrayLiteral {
+        elements: Vec<Expression>,
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+    StructLiteral {
+        name: Name,
+        fields: Vec<(Name, Expression)>,
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Number {
+    Signed(i32, Option<TypeId>),
+    Unsigned(u32, Option<TypeId>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Call {
+    pub name: Name,
+    pub args: Vec<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Expression {
+    pub fn is_pure(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Expression::Number { .. } => true,
+            Expression::StringLiteral(_) => true,
+            Expression::CharLiteral(_) => true,
+            Expression::Call { .. } => false,
+            Expression::Binary { left, right, .. } => left.is_pure() && right.is_pure(),
+            Expression::Unary { operand, .. } => operand.is_pure(),
+            Expression::UnaryPostfix { operand, .. } => operand.is_pure(),
+            Expression::Empty => true,
+            Expression::Variable { .. } => true,
+            Expression::TypeCast { expr, .. } => expr.is_pure(),
+            Expression::IndexAccess { expr, index, .. } => {
+                expr.is_pure() && index.is_pure()
+            }
+            Expression::MemberAccess { expr, .. } => expr.is_pure(),
+            Expression::ArrayLiteral { elements, .. } => {
+                elements.iter().all(|element| element.is_pure())
+            }
+            Expression::StructLiteral { fields, .. } => {
+                fields.iter().all(|(_, expr)| expr.is_pure())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn type_id(&self) -> Result<TypeId, CompilerError> {
+        match self {
+            Expression::Number(
+                Number::Signed(_, type_id) | Number::Unsigned(_, type_id),
+            ) => type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType),
+            Expression::StringLiteral(_) => Ok(TypeId::Ptr(Box::new(TypeId::Char))),
+            Expression::CharLiteral(_) => Ok(TypeId::Char),
+            Expression::Call { type_id, .. } => {
+                type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
+            }
+            Expression::Binary { type_id, .. } => {
+                type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
+            }
+            Expression::Unary { type_id, .. } => {
+                type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
+            }
+            Expression::UnaryPostfix { type_id, .. } => {
+                type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
+            }
+            Expression::Empty => Ok(TypeId::Void),
+            Expression::Variable { expr_type, .. } => {
+                expr_type.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
+            }
+            Expression::TypeCast { type_id, .. } => {
+                type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
+            }
+            Expression::IndexAccess { expr, .. } => expr.type_id(),
+            Expression::MemberAccess { expr, .. } => expr.type_id(),
+            Expression::ArrayLiteral { elements, .. } => {
+                let element_type = elements
+                    .first()
+                    .map_or(TypeId::Void, |e| e.type_id().unwrap_or(TypeId::Void));
+                Ok(TypeId::Array {
+                    r#type: Box::new(element_type),
+                    size: elements.len(),
+                })
+            }
+            Expression::StructLiteral { name, fields, .. } => {
+                let fields = fields
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(_, expr)| expr.type_id())
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                Ok(TypeId::Struct {
+                    name: name.clone(),
+                    fields,
+                    generics: Vec::new(),
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum AssignmentOperator {
+    Assign,
+    AddAssign,
+    SubAssign,
+    MulAssign,
+    DivAssign,
+    ModAssign,
+    AndAssign,
+    OrAssign,
+    XorAssign,
+    LeftShiftAssign,
+    RightShiftAssign,
+}
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum BinaryOperator {
+    // arithmetic
+    Add,
+    Sub,
+    Mul,
+    Div,
+    Mod,
+
+    // comparison
+    Equal,
+    NotEqual,
+    LessThan,
+    GreaterThan,
+    LessOrEqual,
+    GreaterOrEqual,
+
+    // bitwise
+    BitwiseAnd,
+    BitwiseOr,
+    BitwiseXor,
+
+    // logical
+    LogicalAnd,
+    LogicalOr,
+
+    // shift
+    LeftShift,
+    RightShift,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BinaryOperator {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Add => write!(f, "+"),
+            Self::Sub => write!(f, "-"),
+            Self::Mul => write!(f, "*"),
+            Self::Div => write!(f, "/"),
+            Self::Mod => write!(f, "%"),
+            Self::Equal => write!(f, "=="),
+            Self::NotEqual => write!(f, "!="),
+            Self::LessThan => write!(f, "<"),
+            Self::GreaterThan => write!(f, ">"),
+            Self::LessOrEqual => write!(f, "<="),
+            Self::GreaterOrEqual => write!(f, ">="),
+            Self::BitwiseAnd => write!(f, "&"),
+            Self::BitwiseOr => write!(f, "|"),
+            Self::BitwiseXor => write!(f, "^"),
+            Self::LogicalAnd => write!(f, "&&"),
+            Self::LogicalOr => write!(f, "||"),
+            Self::LeftShift => write!(f, "<<"),
+            Self::RightShift => write!(f, ">>"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum UnaryOperator {
+    Plus,
+    Minus,
+    AddressOf,
+    Dereference,
+    BitwiseNot,
+    LogicalNot,
+    Increment,
+    Decrement,
+    SizeOf,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for UnaryOperator {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Increment => write!(f, "++"),
+            Self::Decrement => write!(f, "--"),
+            Self::Plus => write!(f, "+"),
+            Self::Minus => write!(f, "-"),
+            Self::Dereference => write!(f, "*"),
+            Self::AddressOf => write!(f, "&"),
+            Self::BitwiseNot => write!(f, "~"),
+            Self::LogicalNot => write!(f, "!"),
+            Self::SizeOf => write!(f, "sizeof"),
+        }
+    }
+}

core/dsa_common/src/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use std::{
+    fmt,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum BuildError {
+    IoError(String),
+    Generic(String),
+}
+
+impl From<std::io::Error> for BuildError {
+    fn from(err: std::io::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::IoError(err.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Box<dyn std::error::Error>> for BuildError {
+    fn from(err: Box<dyn std::error::Error>) -> Self {
+        Self::Generic(err.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BuildError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::IoError(err) => write!(f, "IO Error: {err}"),
+            Self::Generic(err) => write!(f, "Generic Error: {err}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait Builder {
+    type Output: Clone + std::convert::AsRef<[u8]>;
+    type Args: Clone;
+
+    fn new(src_path: impl Into<PathBuf>) -> Self;
+
+    // starts compilation
+    fn start(&mut self, args: Self::Args);
+
+    // non-blocking function, returns output if completed
+    fn poll(&mut self) -> Option<Result<Self::Output, BuildError>>;
+
+    // blocking function, returns output when completed.
+    fn output(&mut self) -> Result<Self::Output, BuildError>;
+
+    fn write_result(&mut self, path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
+        let output = self.output()?;
+        std::fs::write(path.as_ref(), output)
+            .map_err(|e| BuildError::IoError(e.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    fn logs(&self) -> Vec<String>;
+}

core/dsa_common/src/instructions.rs

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub enum InstructionType {
     Immediate,
 }
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum Register {
     // general purpose registers
@@ -69,7 +69,9 @@ pub enum Register {
     Idr,
     Mmr,
     Zero,
-    NoReg,
+
+    #[default]
+    Null, // Invalid - Triggers a fault if accessed
 
     // system registers - can't be written to by instructions.
     Mar,
@@ -104,12 +106,6 @@ impl Register {
     }
 }
 
-impl Default for Register {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::NoReg
-    }
-}
-
 impl TryFrom<u8> for Register {
     type Error = RegisterParseError;
 
@@ -144,7 +140,7 @@ impl TryFrom<u8> for Register {
             0x14 => Self::Idr,
             0x15 => Self::Mmr,
             0x16 => Self::Zero,
-            0x17 => Self::NoReg,
+            0x17 => Self::Null,
             0x18 => Self::Mar,
             0x19 => Self::Mdr,
             0x1A => Self::Sts,
@@ -183,7 +179,7 @@ impl TryFrom<&str> for Register {
             "idr" => Ok(Self::Idr),
             "mmr" => Ok(Self::Mmr),
             "zero" => Ok(Self::Zero),
-            "null" => Ok(Self::NoReg),
+            "null" => Ok(Self::Null),
             "pcx" => Ok(Self::Pcx),
             _ => Err(RegisterParseError::InvalidName(value.to_string())),
         }
@@ -216,7 +212,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for Register {
             Self::Idr => write!(f, "idr"),
             Self::Mmr => write!(f, "mmr"),
             Self::Zero => write!(f, "zero"),
-            Self::NoReg => write!(f, "noreg"),
+            Self::Null => write!(f, "null"),
             Self::Mar => write!(f, "mar"),
             Self::Mdr => write!(f, "mdr"),
             Self::Sts => write!(f, "sts"),

core/dsa_common/src/instructions/encode.rs

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ pub trait Encode {
 /// Encodes a zero argument instruction.
 fn encode_no_args(opcode: u8) -> u32 {
     let opcode = u32::from(opcode);
-    let sr1 = Register::NoReg as u32;
-    let sr2 = Register::NoReg as u32;
-    let dr = Register::NoReg as u32;
+    let sr1 = Register::Null as u32;
+    let sr2 = Register::Null as u32;
+    let dr = Register::Null as u32;
     let shamt = 0;
 
     (opcode << 26) | (sr1 << 21) | (sr2 << 16) | (dr << 11) | (shamt << 6)

core/dsa_common/src/instructions/encode/tests.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::prelude::*;
 
 #[test]
 fn test_encode_nop() {
-    let no_reg = Register::NoReg as u32;
+    let no_reg = Register::Null as u32;
     let no_op = u32::from(Instruction::Nop.opcode());
 
     let expected = (no_op << 26) | (no_reg << 21) | (no_reg << 16) | (no_reg << 11);
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn test_encode_nop() {
 fn test_encode_mov() {
     let rg0 = Register::Rg0 as u32;
     let rg1 = Register::Rg1 as u32;
-    let no_reg = Register::NoReg as u32;
+    let no_reg = Register::Null as u32;
 
     let instruction = Instruction::Mov(RTypeArgs::new(
         Some(Register::Rg0),
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn test_encode_load_byte() {
 #[test]
 fn test_encode_shift_left_shamt() {
     let rg0 = Register::Rg0 as u32;
-    let no_reg = Register::NoReg as u32;
+    let no_reg = Register::Null as u32;
 
     let shift_amount = 5;
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn test_encode_shift_left_shamt() {
 fn test_encode_shift_left_reg() {
     let rg0 = Register::Rg0 as u32;
     let rg1 = Register::Rg1 as u32;
-    let no_reg = Register::NoReg as u32;
+    let no_reg = Register::Null as u32;
 
     let instruction = Instruction::ShiftLeft(RTypeArgs::new(
         Some(Register::Rg0),

core/dsa_common/src/lib.rs

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
     clippy::match_wildcard_for_single_variants
 )]
 
+pub mod build;
 pub mod instructions;
 pub mod logging;
 

core/dsa_common/src/logging.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+use std::sync::{Arc, mpsc};
+
+pub fn info(message: &str) {
+    println!("\x1b[32mINFO:\x1b[0m {message}");
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LogReceiver {
+    logs_rx: mpsc::Receiver<String>,
+    sender: Logger,
+    use_stdio: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Logger {
+    use_stdio: bool,
+    logs_tx: Arc<mpsc::Sender<String>>,
+}
+
+impl Logger {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(logs_tx: mpsc::Sender<String>, use_stdio: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            use_stdio,
+            logs_tx: Arc::new(logs_tx),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn info(&self, message: &str) {
+        let res = format!("\x1b[32mINFO:\x1b[0m {message}");
+        if self.use_stdio {
+            println!("{res}");
+        }
+
+        self.logs_tx.send(res).expect("Failed to send log message");
+    }
+}
+
+impl LogReceiver {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(use_stdio: bool) -> Self {
+        let (logs_tx, logs_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+        Self {
+            use_stdio,
+            logs_rx,
+            sender: Logger::new(logs_tx, use_stdio),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn logs(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.logs_rx.try_iter().collect()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn logger(&self) -> Logger {
+        self.sender.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for LogReceiver {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new(true)
+    }
+}

docs/ISA REVISION notes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+
+- we definitely need to be able to use registers for shift operations.
+- we need logical boolean operations in addition to the bitwise ones.
+- better conditionals.

docs/todo.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# General TODO's
+
+# Bugfixes
+- [x] [EASY] Investigate logical and operator not compiling - either a lexer or parser issue.
+  - **note**: this was a parser issue.
+
+# Missing features
+- [x] [MEDIUM] Get shift operations working correctly.
+- [ ] [MEDIUM] proper prefix/postfix inc/dec implementation. slightly more complex as we need to check for a variable and modify it in place
+- [ ] [EASY] Add multiply and divide operations to code generation
+  - **note**: very easy to do but our division algorithm is hopelessly slow so not worth doing for now.
+
+# Performance Improvements
+- [ ] [MEDIUM] implement a proper div/mod library that's not slow af.
+- [ ] [HARD] Immediate operations for values that support it (up to +/- u16::max for addi and subi respectively) 
+  - this requires significant complexity in code generation as we need to traverse down the tree when we come across these operations to prevent additional register allocations.
+
+# Compiler optimisations
+
+# Codegen improvements
+- [ ] [MEDIUM / time consuming] Add scoping to code generation
+- [ ] [MEDIUM / time consuming] Rewrite entire codegen to imrpove code quality and make the code more readable.
+  - [ ] type-safe instruction builder
+    - [ ] Instruction & Register enums
+    - [ ] Instruction builder helper fns eg `fn add(left: &Register, right: &Register, dest: &Register) -> Instruction`
+    - [ ] Instruction Block types.

dsx-build/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "dsx-build"
-version.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-compiler = { path = "../compiler" }
-assembler = { path = "../assembler" }
-chrono = "0.4.43"

dsx-build/src/main.rs

@@ -1,200 +0,0 @@
-use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
-use std::{
-    env, fs,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
-
-use crate::templates::{Dsa, Dsc, Template};
-
-mod templates;
-
-/// Run a command and exit on failure.
-fn run(cmd: &mut Command) {
-    let status = cmd.status().expect("failed to execute command");
-    if !status.success() {
-        std::process::exit(1);
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    // Very small CLI – only three sub‑commands.
-    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
-    if args.len() < 2 {
-        eprintln!("Usage: dsx-build <new|build|package> [options]");
-        std::process::exit(1);
-    }
-    match args[1].as_str() {
-        "new" => cmd_new(&args[2..]),
-        "build" => cmd_build(),
-        "package" => todo!("Package manager stub – not implemented yet."),
-        _ => {
-            eprintln!("Unknown command: {}", args[1]);
-            std::process::exit(1);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// ----------  new project ----------------------------------------------------
-fn cmd_new(args: &[String]) {
-    let mut lang = "dsa";
-    for i in 0..args.len() {
-        if args[i] == "--lang" && i + 1 < args.len() {
-            lang = &args[i + 1];
-        }
-    }
-
-    let lib = args.contains(&"--lib".to_string());
-
-    // Determine project root: a subdirectory named after the supplied --name argument.
-    let mut name_opt = None;
-    for i in 0..args.len() {
-        if args[i] == "--name" && i + 1 < args.len() {
-            name_opt = Some(&args[i + 1]);
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    let project_name = match name_opt {
-        Some(name) => name.to_string(),
-        None => {
-            eprintln!("Error: --name argument required");
-            std::process::exit(1);
-        }
-    };
-
-    let cwd = env::current_dir().unwrap();
-    let src_path = cwd.join(&project_name).join("src");
-    fs::create_dir_all(&src_path).expect("Failed to create project directory");
-
-    match lang {
-        "dsa" => {
-            // Minimal DSA binary template.
-            let path = src_path.join(format!("main.dsa"));
-
-            let template = Dsa::create(&project_name, lib);
-
-            fs::write(path, template).expect("Unable to write DSA file");
-        }
-        "dsc" => {
-            let path = src_path.join(format!("main.dsc"));
-
-            let template = Dsc::create(&project_name, lib);
-
-            fs::write(path, template).expect("Unable to write DSC file");
-        }
-        _ => {
-            eprintln!("Unsupported language: {}", lang);
-            std::process::exit(1);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(src_path.join("lib")).expect("Failed to create lib directory");
-    fs::write(
-        src_path.join("lib/print.dsa"),
-        templates::create_print_lib(),
-    )
-    .expect("Failed to create print.dsa");
-    fs::write(
-        src_path.join("lib/maths.dsa"),
-        templates::create_maths_lib(),
-    )
-    .expect("Failed to create maths.dsa");
-
-    println!(
-        "Created new {} project in {}.",
-        lang,
-        src_path.parent().unwrap().display()
-    );
-}
-
-// ----------  build ----------------------------------------------------------
-fn cmd_build() {
-    let cwd = env::current_dir().unwrap();
-
-    // Detect .dsc or .dsa files in current directory.
-    let mut has_dsc = false;
-    let mut has_dsa = false;
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(&cwd.join("src")).expect("unable to read dir") {
-        if let Ok(entry) = entry {
-            let path = entry.path();
-            if path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("dsc") {
-                has_dsc = true;
-            } else if path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("dsa") {
-                has_dsa = true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if !has_dsc && !has_dsa {
-        eprintln!("No .dsc or .dsa source found in src directory.");
-        std::process::exit(1);
-    }
-
-    // Assemble main.dsa to a dsb binary.
-    println!("Assembling Project to a DSB binary...");
-    let build_dir = cwd.join("build");
-    fs::create_dir_all(&build_dir).expect("Failed to create build directory");
-
-    // Copy everything from `cwd/src` to the build directory.
-    fn copy_recursively(src: &Path, dst: &Path) {
-        if src.is_file() {
-            fs::create_dir_all(dst.parent().unwrap())
-                .expect("Failed to create parent directory");
-            fs::copy(src, dst).expect("Failed to copy file");
-        } else if src.is_dir() {
-            for entry in fs::read_dir(src).expect("Unable to read source dir") {
-                let entry = entry.expect("Failed to read entry");
-                let child_src = entry.path();
-                let child_dst = dst.join(entry.file_name());
-                copy_recursively(&child_src, &child_dst);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    let src_dir = cwd.join("src");
-    if src_dir.exists() {
-        copy_recursively(&src_dir, &build_dir);
-    }
-
-    // Change current working directory to the build directory.
-    env::set_current_dir(&build_dir).expect("Failed to change to build directory");
-
-    if has_dsc {
-        println!("Compiling DSC to DSA...");
-        fn compile_recursive(path: &Path) {
-            if path.is_dir() {
-                for entry in fs::read_dir(path).expect("unable to read dir") {
-                    let entry = entry.expect("failed to read entry");
-                    compile_recursive(&entry.path());
-                }
-            } else if path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("dsc") {
-                let input_path = path;
-                let output_path = path.with_extension("dsa");
-                compiler::compile_file(&input_path, &output_path).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-                    eprintln!("Failed to compile {:?}: {}", input_path, e);
-                    std::process::exit(1);
-                });
-            }
-        }
-        compile_recursive(&build_dir);
-    }
-
-    // Replace .dsc with .dsa only in include statements, recursively for each file.
-    let mut sed_cmd = Command::new("bash");
-    sed_cmd.args(&[
-        "-c",
-        &format!(
-            "find \"{}\" -type f -name '*.dsa' -exec sed -i '/^include/ s/\\.dsc/.dsa/g' {{}} +",
-            build_dir.display()
-        ),
-    ]);
-    run(&mut sed_cmd);
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(&cwd.join("artifacts")).expect("Failed to create build directory");
-    assembler::assemble_file("./main.dsa", "../artifacts/out.dsb").unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-        eprintln!("Failed to assemble {:?}: {}", "./main.dsa", e);
-        std::process::exit(1);
-    });
-
-    println!("Build finished. Binary at {}/main.dsb", build_dir.display());
-}

dsx/dsx/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[package]
+name = "dsx"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "dsx"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+compiler = { path = "../../core/compiler" }
+assembler = { path = "../../core/assembler" }
+common = { path = "../../core/dsa_common" }
+dsx_common = { path = "../dsx_common" }
+toml = "1.0.3"
+chrono = "0.4.44"
+reqwest = { version = "0.13.2", default-features = false, features = ["blocking", "native-tls"] }
+tar = "0.4.44"
+flate2 = "1.1.9"

dsx/dsx/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+use std::{env, fs, path::PathBuf, process::Command};
+
+use dsx_common::builder::{self, BuildContext};
+use reqwest::Url;
+
+pub mod new;
+pub mod repo;
+pub mod templates;
+
+fn main() {
+    // Very small CLI – only three sub‑commands.
+    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
+    if args.len() < 2 {
+        eprintln!("Usage: dsx-build <new|build|package> [options]");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    }
+    match args[1].as_str() {
+        "new" => new::new_project(&args[2..]),
+        "build" => {
+            if let Some(dir) = find_project_root() {
+                let ctx = BuildContext {
+                    project_dir: dir.clone(),
+                    build_dir: dir.join("build"),
+                    artifact_dir: dir.join("artifacts"),
+                };
+
+                builder::build_project(ctx).expect("Build failed!");
+            } else {
+                eprintln!("No Dsx.toml found");
+                std::process::exit(1);
+            }
+        }
+        "clean" => {
+            if let Some(dir) = find_project_root() {
+                fs::remove_dir_all(dir.join("build"))
+                    .expect("failed to remove build dir");
+                println!("Build directory cleaned...");
+                fs::remove_dir_all(dir.join("artifacts"))
+                    .expect("failed to remove artifacts dir");
+                println!("Artifacts directory cleaned...");
+            } else {
+                eprintln!("No Dsx.toml found");
+                std::process::exit(1);
+            }
+        }
+        "run" => {
+            if let Some(dir) = find_project_root() {
+                let ctx = BuildContext {
+                    project_dir: dir.clone(),
+                    build_dir: dir.join("build"),
+                    artifact_dir: dir.join("artifacts"),
+                };
+
+                builder::build_project(ctx).expect("Run failed!");
+
+                // start process and call emulator
+                let mut child = Command::new("dsa")
+                    .arg("--cli")
+                    .arg("--bin")
+                    .arg(dir.join("./artifacts/out.dsb"))
+                    .spawn()
+                    .expect("Failed to start emulator");
+
+                // wait for emulator to finish
+                child.wait().expect("Failed to wait for emulator");
+            } else {
+                eprintln!("No Dsx.toml found");
+                std::process::exit(1);
+            }
+        }
+        "clone" => {
+            let url: Url = Url::parse(&args[2]).unwrap();
+            let name = url.path_segments().unwrap().next_back().unwrap();
+            let repo = env::current_dir().unwrap().join(name);
+
+            fs::create_dir_all(&repo).unwrap();
+            repo::clone(&repo, &url).expect("Failed to clone repository");
+        }
+        "push" => {
+            if let Some(dir) = find_project_root() {
+                repo::push(&dir).expect("Failed to push repository");
+            } else {
+                eprintln!("No Dsx.toml found");
+                std::process::exit(1);
+            }
+        }
+        "pull" => {
+            if let Some(dir) = find_project_root() {
+                repo::pull(&dir).expect("Failed to pull repository");
+            } else {
+                eprintln!("No Dsx.toml found");
+                std::process::exit(1);
+            }
+        }
+        "package" => todo!("Package manager stub – not implemented yet."),
+        _ => {
+            eprintln!("Unknown command: {}", args[1]);
+            std::process::exit(1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn find_project_root() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    // check if current dir has Dsx.toml otherwise check parent dir recursively
+    let mut cwd = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    loop {
+        let dsx_toml = cwd.join("Dsx.toml");
+        if dsx_toml.exists() {
+            return Some(cwd);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(parent) = cwd.parent() {
+            cwd = parent.to_path_buf();
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    None
+}

dsx/dsx/src/new.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+use std::{env, fmt, fs};
+
+use dsx_common::config::DsxConfig;
+
+use crate::templates::{self, Dsa, Dsc, Template};
+
+// ----------  new project ----------------------------------------------------
+pub fn new_project(args: &[String]) {
+    // get project details from args.
+    let lang = Language::from_args(args);
+    let lib = args.contains(&"--lib".to_string());
+    let name = project_name(args).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        eprintln!("Error: --name argument required");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    });
+
+    let project_path = env::current_dir().unwrap().join(name);
+    let src_path = project_path.join("src");
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&src_path).expect("Failed to create project directory");
+
+    let config_template = DsxConfig::new(name);
+    fs::write(
+        project_path.join("Dsx.toml"),
+        toml::to_string(&config_template).unwrap(),
+    )
+    .expect("Unable to write default config");
+
+    let (path, template) = match lang {
+        Language::Unknown | Language::Dsa => {
+            (src_path.join("main.dsa"), Dsa::create(name, lib))
+        }
+        Language::Dsc => (src_path.join("main.dsc"), Dsc::create(name, lib)),
+    };
+
+    fs::write(path, template).expect("Unable to write DSA file");
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(src_path.join("lib")).expect("Failed to create lib directory");
+    fs::write(
+        src_path.join("./lib/print.dsa"),
+        include_str!("../templates/dsa/print.dsa"),
+    )
+    .expect("Failed to create print.dsa");
+    fs::write(
+        src_path.join("./lib/maths.dsa"),
+        include_str!("../templates/dsa/maths.dsa"),
+    )
+    .expect("Failed to create maths.dsa");
+    fs::write(
+        src_path.join("./lib/serial.dsa"),
+        include_str!("../templates/dsa/serial.dsa"),
+    )
+    .expect("Failed to create maths.dsa");
+
+    println!(
+        "Created new {} project in {}.",
+        lang,
+        src_path.parent().unwrap().display()
+    );
+}
+
+// helpers
+
+enum Language {
+    Unknown,
+    Dsa,
+    Dsc,
+}
+
+impl Language {
+    fn from_args(args: &[String]) -> Self {
+        let mut lang = Language::Unknown;
+        for i in 0..args.len() {
+            if args[i] == "--lang" && i + 1 < args.len() {
+                match args[i + 1].as_str() {
+                    "dsa" => lang = Language::Dsa,
+                    "dsc" => lang = Language::Dsc,
+                    _ => {
+                        eprintln!("Error: Invalid language argument");
+                        std::process::exit(1);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        lang
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Language {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Unknown => write!(f, "Unknown"),
+            Self::Dsa => write!(f, "Dsa"),
+            Self::Dsc => write!(f, "Dsc"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn project_name(args: &[String]) -> Option<&str> {
+    for i in 0..args.len() {
+        if args[i] == "--name" && i + 1 < args.len() {
+            return Some(&args[i + 1]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    None
+}

dsx/dsx/src/repo.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+use dsx_common::config::DsxConfig;
+use flate2::read::GzDecoder;
+use flate2::{Compression, write::GzEncoder};
+use reqwest::Url;
+use std::fs::{self, File};
+use std::path::Path;
+use tar::Builder;
+
+pub fn push(repo_dir: &Path) -> Result<(), DsxError> {
+    let config_file = fs::read_to_string(repo_dir.join("Dsx.toml"))?;
+    let config: DsxConfig = toml::from_str(&config_file).expect("Failed to parse config");
+
+    let mut repo_url =
+        Url::parse(&config.remote_url.expect(
+            "Repository URL is not set in Dsx.toml, set it with the key 'remote'",
+        ))
+        .unwrap();
+    repo_url.path_segments_mut().unwrap().push("push");
+
+    let client = reqwest::blocking::Client::new();
+    let response = client
+        .post(repo_url)
+        .body(pack_tarball(repo_dir)?)
+        .header("Content-Type", "application/octet-stream")
+        .send()
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            DsxError::with_context(
+                format!("failed to stream to client: {}", e),
+                ErrorType::IoError,
+            )
+        })?;
+
+    if response.status().is_success() {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(DsxError::with_context(
+            response.text().unwrap(),
+            ErrorType::IoError,
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn pull(repo_dir: &Path) -> Result<(), DsxError> {
+    let config_file = fs::read_to_string(repo_dir.join("Dsx.toml"))?;
+    let config: DsxConfig = toml::from_str(&config_file).expect("Failed to parse config");
+
+    let repo_url =
+        Url::parse(&config.remote_url.expect(
+            "Repository URL is not set in Dsx.toml, set it with the key 'remote'",
+        ))
+        .unwrap();
+
+    clone(repo_dir, &repo_url)
+}
+
+pub fn clone(repo_dir: &Path, url: &Url) -> Result<(), DsxError> {
+    let mut url = url.clone();
+    url.path_segments_mut().unwrap().push("pull");
+
+    let client = reqwest::blocking::Client::new();
+    let response = client.get(url).send().map_err(|e| {
+        DsxError::with_context(
+            format!("failed to stream from client: {e}"),
+            ErrorType::IoError,
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    if !response.status().is_success() {
+        return Err(DsxError::with_context(
+            response.text().unwrap(),
+            ErrorType::IoError,
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let tmp_file = std::env::temp_dir().join("dsx-pull.tar.gz");
+    std::fs::write(&tmp_file, response.bytes().unwrap())
+        .map_err(|e| DsxError::with_context(e.to_string(), ErrorType::IoError))?;
+    unpack_tarball(&tmp_file, repo_dir)?;
+    fs::remove_file(tmp_file)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn unpack_tarball(
+    archive: &std::path::Path,
+    dest: &std::path::Path,
+) -> Result<(), DsxError> {
+    let file = File::open(archive)
+        .map_err(|e| DsxError::with_context(e.to_string(), ErrorType::IoError))?;
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(dest)?;
+
+    let gz = GzDecoder::new(file);
+    let mut tar = tar::Archive::new(gz);
+    tar.unpack(dest)
+        .map_err(|e| DsxError::with_context(e.to_string(), ErrorType::TarError))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn pack_tarball(src_dir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DsxError> {
+    let buf = Vec::new();
+    let gz = GzEncoder::new(buf, Compression::default());
+    let mut tar = Builder::new(gz);
+    tar.append_dir_all(".", src_dir)?;
+    let gz = tar.into_inner()?;
+    Ok(gz.finish()?)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DsxError {
+    pub message: String,
+    pub r#type: ErrorType,
+}
+
+impl DsxError {
+    pub fn new(message: impl AsRef<str>) -> Self {
+        DsxError {
+            message: message.as_ref().to_string(),
+            r#type: ErrorType::Generic,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_context(message: impl AsRef<str>, r#type: ErrorType) -> Self {
+        DsxError {
+            message: message.as_ref().to_string(),
+            r#type,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::io::Error> for DsxError {
+    fn from(err: std::io::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::with_context(err.to_string(), ErrorType::IoError)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+pub enum ErrorType {
+    BuildFailed,
+    IoError,
+
+    #[default]
+    Generic,
+    TarError,
+}

dsx/dsx/src/templates.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+pub trait Template {
+    fn lib(project: &str) -> String;
+    fn bin(project: &str) -> String;
+
+    fn create(project: &str, lib: bool) -> String {
+        if lib {
+            Self::lib(project)
+        } else {
+            Self::bin(project)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Dsa;
+pub struct Dsc;
+
+impl Template for Dsa {
+    fn lib(project: &str) -> String {
+        format!(
+            r#"//
+lib.dsa
+// usage:
+//
+// include {project} "<relative path>"
+//
+// usage for {project}_main:
+// push (arg1)
+// push (arg0)
+// call {project}::{project}_main
+// pop (arg0)
+// pop (arg1)
+
+// Example data declarations
+// dw example_data: 0x0000
+
+// Main function template
+{project}_main:
+    // the correct way to start a function as defined by the calling convention
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    // explanation of how to access args
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8  // arg 0
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 12 // arg 1
+
+    // your code goes here
+    // Example: load example_data into rg1
+    // ldw example_data, rg1
+
+    // the correct way to end a function as defined by the calling convention
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return
+"#,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn bin(project: &str) -> String {
+        format!(
+            r#"
+// GENERATED BY DSX-BUILD
+// Generated at: {timestamp}
+// Project name: {project}
+
+// Imports
+include print: "./lib/print.dsa"
+
+// Globals & Reserved Memory
+dw stack: 0x10000
+db message: "Process Exited with code:"
+
+// Entry Point
+_init:
+    ldw stack, bpr
+    mov bpr, spr
+    push zero
+    call main
+    call print::print_newline
+    lwi message, rg0
+    push rg0
+    call print::print
+    pop zero
+    call print::print_hex_word
+    pop zero
+    hlt
+
+main:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    // Your code goes here
+
+    // Return zero
+    stw zero, bpr, 8
+
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return"#,
+            timestamp = chrono::Utc::now().format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl Template for Dsc {
+    fn lib(project: &str) -> String {
+        format!(
+            r#"
+// GENERATED BY DSX-BUILD
+// Generated at: {timestamp}
+// Project name: {project}
+
+// Imports
+include print: "./lib/print.dsa";
+
+// Main Function
+fn {project}_main() -> u32 {{
+    return 0;
+}}"#,
+            timestamp = chrono::Utc::now().format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn bin(project: &str) -> String {
+        format!(
+            r#"
+// GENERATED BY DSX-BUILD
+// Generated at: {timestamp}
+// Project name: {project}
+
+// Imports
+include print: "./lib/print.dsa";
+
+// Main Function
+fn main() -> u32 {{
+    return 0;
+}}"#,
+            timestamp = chrono::Utc::now().format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+        )
+    }
+}

dsx/dsx/templates/dsa/maths.dsa

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// multiply.dsa
+// usage:
+//
+// include multiply "<relative path>"
+//
+// usage for multiply:
+// push (arg1)
+// push (arg0)
+// call multiply::multiply
+// pop (arg0)
+// pop (arg1)
+
+multiply:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8  // load op 2
+    ldw bpr, rg1, 12 // load op 1
+    lwi 0, rg2       // initialise rg2 to zero
+
+_multiply_loop:
+    add rg2, rg0, rg2
+    dec rg1
+
+    cmp rg1, zero
+    jgt _multiply_loop
+
+_multiply_end:
+    stw rg2, bpr, 8
+
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return
+
+divmod:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg1, 8  // load op 2
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 12 // load op 1
+
+    lli 0, rg3
+
+_divmod_loop:
+    cmp rg0, rg1
+    jlt _divmod_end
+
+    sub rg0, rg1, rg0
+    inc rg3
+
+    jmp _divmod_loop
+
+_divmod_end:
+    // store div in first arg
+    // store mod in second arg
+    stw rg3, bpr, 8
+    stw rg0, bpr, 12
+
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return
+
+// multiply.dsa - improved version
+// Multiplies two 32-bit numbers using shift-and-add
+//
+// Usage:
+// push operand2  (multiplier)
+// push operand1  (multiplicand)
+// call multiply::multiply
+// pop result
+// pop zero       (discard second argument)
+
+new_multiply:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8     // rg0 = multiplicand
+    ldw bpr, rg1, 12    // rg1 = multiplier
+
+    lli 0, rg2          // rg2 = result (accumulator)
+    lli 32, rg3         // rg3 = bit counter
+
+mult_loop:
+    // Check if lowest bit of multiplier is 1
+    lli 1, acc
+    and rg1, acc, acc   // acc = rg1 & 1
+    cmp acc, zero
+    jeq skip_add        // if (rg1 & 1) == 0, skip addition
+
+    // Add multiplicand to result
+    add rg2, rg0, rg2
+
+skip_add:
+    shl rg0, 1          // shift multiplicand left
+    shr rg1, 1          // shift multiplier right
+
+    dec rg3
+    cmp rg3, zero
+    jgt mult_loop
+
+    stw rg2, bpr, 8     // store result
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return

dsx/dsx/templates/dsa/print.dsa

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+// lib:
+// print.dsa
+
+// usage:
+//
+// include print "<relative path>""
+//
+// usage for print:
+//      push (register containing address of string)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::print
+//
+// usage for reset:
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::reset
+//
+// usage for clear:
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::clear
+//
+// usage for print_byte:
+//      push (register containing byte)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::print_byte
+//
+// usage for print_word:
+//      push (register containing word)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::print_word
+//
+// usage for print_num:
+//      push (register containing number to print in decimal)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::print_num
+//
+
+include maths "./maths.dsa"
+
+dw display: 0x20000
+dw current: 0x20000
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the string at addr(arg[0]) to the screen. (no trailing whitespace unless explicitly provided)
+print:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+_print_loop:
+    ldb rg0, acc
+    cmp acc, zero
+    jeq _end
+    stb acc, rg1
+
+    addi rg0, 1
+    addi rg1, 1
+
+    jmp _print_loop
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+println:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+_println_loop:
+    ldb rg0, acc
+    cmp acc, zero
+    jeq _println_end
+    stb acc, rg1
+
+    addi rg0, 1
+    addi rg1, 1
+
+    jmp _println_loop
+
+_println_end:
+    call print_newline
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the value of arg[0] to the screen.
+print_word:
+    // initialise
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    // load byte into acc
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+    addi rg1, 3
+
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    subi rg1, 1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    subi rg1, 1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    subi rg1, 1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+
+    addi rg1, 4
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the last byte of arg[0] to the screen.
+print_byte:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    addi rg1, 1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the value of arg[0] to the screen in hex.
+print_hex_word:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 8
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 9
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 10
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 11
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the last byte of arg[0] to the screen in hex.
+print_hex_byte:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    jmp _end
+
+// function body
+_print_hex_byte:
+    // mask to get lower nibble
+    lli 0xF, rg2
+    // save rg0 state
+    push rg0
+
+    shr rg0, 4
+    and rg0, rg2, rg0
+    call _print_hex_nibble
+    pop rg0
+
+    and rg0, rg2, rg0
+    call _print_hex_nibble
+    return
+
+// print a hex digit
+_print_hex_nibble:
+    lli 10, rg3
+    cmp rg0, rg3
+    jlt _print_hex_nibble_number
+    addi rg0, 0x37, rg0
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    addi rg1, 1
+    return
+
+// helper function.
+_print_hex_nibble_number:
+    addi rg0, 0x30, rg0
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    addi rg1, 1
+    return
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// print whitespace
+print_whitespace:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw current, rg1
+    lli 0x20, rg0
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    addi rg1, 1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// print newline
+print_newline:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    // load variables into registers
+    ldw display, rg0
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+    // get the offset from the display base
+    sub rg1, rg0, rg0
+
+    lwi 80, rg2
+    pusha 3
+    push rg0
+    push rg2
+    call maths::divmod
+    pop zero  // result
+    pop rg3 // remainder
+    popa 3
+
+    sub rg1, rg3, rg2
+    addi rg2, 80, rg1
+
+    // _end saves the display state
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints arg[0] as a decimal number to the screen.
+print_num:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8      // load number to print
+    lli 0, rg5           // rg5 = digit counter
+
+    // check if number is zero
+    cmp rg0, zero
+    jne _print_num_extract_digits
+
+    // special case: print '0' for zero
+    lli 0x30, rg6
+    push rg6             // push digit to stack buffer
+    lli 1, rg5           // we have 1 digit
+    jmp _print_num_output
+
+_print_num_extract_digits:
+    // divide by 10 repeatedly to get digits
+    cmp rg0, zero
+    jeq _print_num_output
+
+    // call divmod(rg0, 10)
+    push rg0             // dividend
+    lli 10, rg1
+    push rg1             // divisor (10)
+    call maths::divmod
+    pop rg0              // quotient (continue dividing this)
+    pop rg1              // remainder (the digit)
+
+    // convert digit to ASCII and push to stack buffer
+    addi rg1, 0x30, rg6  // convert to ASCII
+    push rg6             // push digit to stack
+    inc rg5              // increment digit counter
+
+    jmp _print_num_extract_digits
+
+_print_num_output:
+    // now print digits (pop them off in reverse order)
+    ldw current, rg1     // get display pointer
+
+_print_num_output_loop:
+    // check if we've printed all digits
+    cmp rg5, zero
+    jeq _print_num_done
+
+    // pop digit and print it
+    pop rg6
+    stb rg6, rg1
+    addi rg1, 1
+    dec rg5
+
+    jmp _print_num_output_loop
+
+_print_num_done:
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// resets the cursor position on the screen to 0x20000. (0,0)
+reset:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+    ldw display, rg1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// clears the screen
+clear:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+    // display size = 2000 bytes / 500 words
+    lli 500 rg0
+    ldw display, rg1
+
+_clear_loop:
+    dec rg0
+    stw zero, rg1
+    addi rg1, 4
+    cmp rg0, zero
+    jgt _clear_loop
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// return
+_end:
+    stw rg1, current
+
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return

dsx/dsx/templates/dsa/serial.dsa

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+// lib:
+// print_serial.dsa
+
+// usage:
+//
+// include print_serial "<relative path>"
+//
+// usage for print:
+//      push (register containing address of string)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print
+//
+// usage for print_byte:
+//      push (register containing byte)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_byte
+//
+// usage for print_word:
+//      push (register containing word)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_word
+//
+// usage for print_hex_byte:
+//      push (register containing byte)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_hex_byte
+//
+// usage for print_hex_word:
+//      push (register containing word)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_hex_word
+//
+// usage for print_num:
+//      push (register containing number to print in decimal)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_num
+//
+// usage for println:
+//      push (register containing address of string)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::println
+//
+
+include maths "../maths.dsa"
+
+dw serial: 0x207D0      // 0x20000 + 2000
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the string at addr(arg[0]) to the serial port.
+print:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+_print_loop:
+    ldb rg0, acc
+    cmp acc, zero
+    jeq _end
+    stb acc, rg1
+
+    addi rg0, 1
+    jmp _print_loop
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the string at addr(arg[0]) followed by a newline to the serial port.
+println:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+_println_loop:
+    ldb rg0, acc
+    cmp acc, zero
+    jeq _println_end
+    stb acc, rg1
+
+    addi rg0, 1
+    jmp _println_loop
+
+_println_end:
+    lli 0x0A, rg2       // newline character
+    stb rg2, rg1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the word in arg[0] as 4 raw bytes to the serial port.
+print_word:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the last byte of arg[0] to the serial port.
+print_byte:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the value of arg[0] to the serial port in hex.
+print_hex_word:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 8
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 9
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 10
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 11
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the last byte of arg[0] to the serial port in hex.
+print_hex_byte:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    jmp _end
+
+// function body
+_print_hex_byte:
+    lli 0xF, rg2
+    push rg0
+
+    shr rg0, 4
+    and rg0, rg2, rg0
+    call _print_hex_nibble
+    pop rg0
+
+    and rg0, rg2, rg0
+    call _print_hex_nibble
+    return
+
+// print a hex digit
+_print_hex_nibble:
+    lli 10, rg3
+    cmp rg0, rg3
+    jlt _print_hex_nibble_number
+    addi rg0, 0x37, rg0
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    return
+
+_print_hex_nibble_number:
+    addi rg0, 0x30, rg0
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    return
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints arg[0] as a decimal number to the serial port.
+print_num:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lli 0, rg5
+
+    cmp rg0, zero
+    jne _print_num_extract_digits
+
+    lli 0x30, rg6
+    push rg6
+    lli 1, rg5
+    jmp _print_num_output
+
+_print_num_extract_digits:
+    cmp rg0, zero
+    jeq _print_num_output
+
+    push rg0
+    lli 10, rg1
+    push rg1
+    call maths::divmod
+    pop rg0
+    pop rg1
+
+    addi rg1, 0x30, rg6
+    push rg6
+    inc rg5
+
+    jmp _print_num_extract_digits
+
+_print_num_output:
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+_print_num_output_loop:
+    cmp rg5, zero
+    jeq _print_num_done
+
+    pop rg6
+    stb rg6, rg1
+    dec rg5
+
+    jmp _print_num_output_loop
+
+_print_num_done:
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// return
+_end:
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return

dsx/dsx_common/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "dsx_common"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+compiler = { path = "../../core/compiler" }
+assembler = { path = "../../core/assembler" }
+common = { path = "../../core/dsa_common" }
+
+chrono = "0.4.44"
+serde = { version = "1.0.228", features = ["derive"] }
+toml = "1.0.3"
+walkdir = "2.5.0"

dsx/dsx_common/src/builder.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+use std::{
+    env, fs, io,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    process::Command,
+};
+
+use crate::config::DsxConfig;
+
+use assembler::prelude::Assembler;
+use common::build::{BuildError, Builder};
+use compiler::Compiler;
+
+pub struct BuildContext {
+    pub project_dir: PathBuf,
+    pub build_dir: PathBuf,
+    pub artifact_dir: PathBuf,
+}
+
+// ----------  build ----------------------------------------------------------
+pub fn build_project(ctx: BuildContext) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
+    // variables
+    let binary_path = ctx.artifact_dir.join("out.dsb");
+    let main_path = ctx.build_dir.join("main.dsa");
+    let config_path = ctx.project_dir.join("Dsx.toml");
+
+    let src_dir = ctx.project_dir.join("src");
+
+    let config: DsxConfig =
+        toml::from_str(&fs::read_to_string(&config_path)?).map_err(|deser_err| {
+            io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, deser_err.to_string())
+        })?;
+
+    if !src_dir.exists() {
+        return Err(BuildError::Generic(String::from(
+            "Source Directory does not exist",
+        )));
+    }
+
+    // make sure there's a main file to assemble later.
+    if !main_exists(&src_dir)? {
+        return Err(BuildError::Generic(String::from(
+            "No main.dsa or main.dsc file found in top level of src directory.",
+        )));
+    }
+
+    // detect src.
+    let (has_dsa, has_dsc) = detect_source_language(&src_dir);
+
+    // create a build dir and copy all files across
+    fs::create_dir_all(&ctx.build_dir)?;
+    copy_recursively(&src_dir, &ctx.build_dir)?;
+
+    if has_dsc {
+        build_all_dsc(&ctx.build_dir)?;
+    }
+
+    // Replace .dsc with .dsa only in include statements, recursively for each file.
+
+    let status = Command::new("bash").args([
+        "-c",
+        &format!(
+            "find \"{}\" -type f -name '*.dsa' -exec sed -i '/^include/ s/\\.dsc/.dsa/g' {{}} +",
+            ctx.build_dir.display()
+        ),
+    ]).status()?;
+
+    if !status.success() {
+        return Err(BuildError::IoError(String::from(
+            "Failed to execute build command command",
+        )));
+    }
+
+    // assemble result
+    {
+        fs::create_dir_all(&ctx.artifact_dir)?;
+        let mut asm = Assembler::new(&main_path);
+        asm.start(());
+        asm.write_result(&binary_path)?;
+    }
+
+    println!("Build finished. Binary at {}", binary_path.display());
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ----- Helpers -------------------------------
+
+struct BuildStep;
+impl BuildStep {
+    pub fn compiling(path: &Path) {
+        println!("Compiling {}", path.display());
+    }
+
+    pub fn assembling(path: &Path) {
+        println!("Assembling {}", path.display());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Checks what source languages are used in the project.
+fn detect_source_language(src_dir: &Path) -> (bool, bool) {
+    let mut contains_dsc = false;
+    let mut contains_dsa = false;
+
+    for entry in walkdir::WalkDir::new(src_dir).into_iter().flatten() {
+        match entry.path().extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) {
+            Some("dsc") => contains_dsc = true,
+            Some("dsa") => contains_dsa = true,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    (contains_dsa, contains_dsc)
+}
+
+// Checks if either main.dsa or main.dsc exist in the source directory
+fn main_exists(src_dir: &Path) -> Result<bool, std::io::Error> {
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(src_dir).into_iter().flatten() {
+        match entry?.path().file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) {
+            Some("main.dsc") => return Ok(true),
+            Some("main.dsa") => return Ok(true),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(false)
+}
+
+// Copy contents of one directory to another
+fn copy_recursively(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+    if src.is_file() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(dst.parent().unwrap())?;
+        fs::copy(src, dst)?;
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if src.is_dir() {
+        for entry in fs::read_dir(src)? {
+            let entry = entry?;
+            let child_src = entry.path();
+            let child_dst = dst.join(entry.file_name());
+            copy_recursively(&child_src, &child_dst)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn build_all_dsc(path: &Path) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
+    if path.is_dir() {
+        for entry in fs::read_dir(path)? {
+            let entry = entry?;
+            build_all_dsc(&entry.path())?;
+        }
+
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("dsc") {
+        let input_path = path;
+        let output_path = path.with_extension("dsa");
+
+        let is_lib = !(input_path.file_stem().unwrap().to_str().unwrap() == "main");
+
+        let mut compiler = Compiler::new(input_path);
+        compiler.start(is_lib);
+        compiler.write_result(output_path.clone())?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

dsx/dsx_common/src/common/templates.rs

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn main() -> u32 {{
 }
 
 pub fn create_print_lib() -> String {
-    format!(
+    String::from(
         r#"
 // lib:
 // print.dsa
@@ -473,12 +473,12 @@ _end:
     mov bpr, spr
     pop bpr
     return
-"#
+"#,
     )
 }
 
 pub fn create_maths_lib() -> String {
-    format!(
+    String::from(
         r#"
 // multiply.dsa
 // usage:
@@ -584,6 +584,6 @@ skip_add:
     mov bpr, spr
     pop bpr
     return
-"#
+"#,
     )
 }

dsx/dsx_common/src/config.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct DsxConfig {
+    pub name: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[serde(rename = "remote")]
+    pub remote_url: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub binaries: Vec<Binary>,
+    // todo!
+    // #[serde(default)]
+    // pub libraries: Vec<Library>,
+}
+
+impl DsxConfig {
+    pub fn new(name: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            description: None,
+            remote_url: None,
+            binaries: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Binary {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub path: String,
+}
+
+impl Binary {
+    pub fn new(name: &str, path: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            path: path.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}

dsx/dsx_common/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod builder;
+pub mod config;

dsx/dsx_repo_data/repos/test/Package.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+id = "test"
+latest_build_date = "2026-02-25 14:39:49"
+latest_build_status = "success"
+latest_build_id = "test"

dsx/dsx_repo_data/repos/test/repo/Dsx.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+name = "test"
+binaries = []
+remote = "http://localhost:8000/api/pkg/test"

dsx/dsx_repo_data/repos/test/repo/src/lib/arena_alloc.dsc

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Arena Allocator
+// Supports multiple arenas that can be destroyed independently
+// Much more practical than a simple bump allocator
+
+// Global heap management
+static heap_start: u32 = 0x30000;
+static heap_end: u32 = 0x40000;
+static heap_current: u32 = 0x30000;
+
+// Arena structure (stored at the start of each arena):
+// [0-3]: start_address (u32)
+// [4-7]: current_position (u32)
+// [8-11]: end_address (u32)
+// Total header size: 12 bytes
+
+// Create a new arena with given size
+// Returns pointer to arena handle (or 0 if failed)
+fn new(size: u32) -> u32 {
+    let total_size: u32 = size + 12;
+    let arena_ptr: u32 = heap_current;
+    let new_current: u32 = arena_ptr + total_size;
+
+    // Check if we have space
+    if new_current > heap_end {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // Calculate arena data region
+    let data_start: u32 = arena_ptr + 12;
+    let data_end: u32 = arena_ptr + total_size;
+
+    // Initialize arena header
+    // Note: In real implementation, you'd use pointer writes here
+    // For now, using placeholder comments:
+    *arena_ptr = data_start;        // start_address
+    *(arena_ptr + 4) = data_start;  // current_position
+    *(arena_ptr + 8) = data_end;    // end_address
+
+    heap_current = new_current;
+
+    return arena_ptr;
+}
+
+// Allocate from an arena
+// Returns pointer to allocated memory (or 0 if failed)
+fn alloc(arena: u32, size: u32) -> u32 {
+    // Read current position from arena
+    let current: u32 = *(arena + 4);
+    let end: u32 = *(arena + 8);
+
+    let new_current: u32 = current + size;
+
+    // Check if arena has space
+    if new_current > end {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // Update current position in arena
+    *(arena + 4) = new_current;
+
+    return current;
+}
+
+// Destroy an arena (in bump allocator, this is a no-op)
+// In a real allocator, you'd mark the memory as free
+fn destroy(arena: u32) {
+    // In a true allocator, mark memory as reusable
+    // For bump allocator, we can't reclaim memory
+    // unless we destroy ALL arenas and reset
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// Reset entire heap (destroys ALL arenas)
+fn reset_all() {
+    heap_current = heap_start;
+    return 0;
+}

dsx/dsx_repo_data/repos/test/repo/src/lib/maths.dsa

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// multiply.dsa
+// usage:
+//
+// include multiply "<relative path>"
+//
+// usage for multiply:
+// push (arg1)
+// push (arg0)
+// call multiply::multiply
+// pop (arg0)
+// pop (arg1)
+
+multiply:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8  // load op 2
+    ldw bpr, rg1, 12 // load op 1
+    lwi 0, rg2       // initialise rg2 to zero
+
+_multiply_loop:
+    add rg2, rg0, rg2
+    dec rg1
+
+    cmp rg1, zero
+    jgt _multiply_loop
+
+_multiply_end:
+    stw rg2, bpr, 8
+
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return
+
+divmod:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg1, 8  // load op 2
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 12 // load op 1
+
+    lli 0, rg3
+
+_divmod_loop:
+    cmp rg0, rg1
+    jlt _divmod_end
+
+    sub rg0, rg1, rg0
+    inc rg3
+
+    jmp _divmod_loop
+
+_divmod_end:
+    // store div in first arg
+    // store mod in second arg
+    stw rg3, bpr, 8
+    stw rg0, bpr, 12
+
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return
+
+// multiply.dsa - improved version
+// Multiplies two 32-bit numbers using shift-and-add
+//
+// Usage:
+// push operand2  (multiplier)
+// push operand1  (multiplicand)
+// call multiply::multiply
+// pop result
+// pop zero       (discard second argument)
+
+new_multiply:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8     // rg0 = multiplicand
+    ldw bpr, rg1, 12    // rg1 = multiplier
+
+    lli 0, rg2          // rg2 = result (accumulator)
+    lli 32, rg3         // rg3 = bit counter
+
+mult_loop:
+    // Check if lowest bit of multiplier is 1
+    lli 1, acc
+    and rg1, acc, acc   // acc = rg1 & 1
+    cmp acc, zero
+    jeq skip_add        // if (rg1 & 1) == 0, skip addition
+
+    // Add multiplicand to result
+    add rg2, rg0, rg2
+
+skip_add:
+    shl rg0, 1          // shift multiplicand left
+    shr rg1, 1          // shift multiplier right
+
+    dec rg3
+    cmp rg3, zero
+    jgt mult_loop
+
+    stw rg2, bpr, 8     // store result
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return

dsx/dsx_repo_data/repos/test/repo/src/lib/print.dsa

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+// lib:
+// print.dsa
+
+// usage:
+//
+// include print "<relative path>""
+//
+// usage for print:
+//      push (register containing address of string)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::print
+//
+// usage for reset:
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::reset
+//
+// usage for clear:
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::clear
+//
+// usage for print_byte:
+//      push (register containing byte)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::print_byte
+//
+// usage for print_word:
+//      push (register containing word)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::print_word
+//
+// usage for print_num:
+//      push (register containing number to print in decimal)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print::print_num
+//
+
+include maths "./maths.dsa"
+
+dw display: 0x20000
+dw current: 0x20000
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the string at addr(arg[0]) to the screen. (no trailing whitespace unless explicitly provided)
+print:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+_print_loop:
+    ldb rg0, acc
+    cmp acc, zero
+    jeq _end
+    stb acc, rg1
+
+    addi rg0, 1
+    addi rg1, 1
+
+    jmp _print_loop
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+println:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+_println_loop:
+    ldb rg0, acc
+    cmp acc, zero
+    jeq _println_end
+    stb acc, rg1
+
+    addi rg0, 1
+    addi rg1, 1
+
+    jmp _println_loop
+
+_println_end:
+    call print_newline
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the value of arg[0] to the screen.
+print_word:
+    // initialise
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    // load byte into acc
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+    addi rg1, 3
+
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    subi rg1, 1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    subi rg1, 1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    subi rg1, 1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+
+    addi rg1, 4
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the last byte of arg[0] to the screen.
+print_byte:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    addi rg1, 1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the value of arg[0] to the screen in hex.
+print_hex_word:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 8
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 9
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 10
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 11
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the last byte of arg[0] to the screen in hex.
+print_hex_byte:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    jmp _end
+
+// function body
+_print_hex_byte:
+    // mask to get lower nibble
+    lli 0xF, rg2
+    // save rg0 state
+    push rg0
+
+    shr rg0, 4
+    and rg0, rg2, rg0
+    call _print_hex_nibble
+    pop rg0
+
+    and rg0, rg2, rg0
+    call _print_hex_nibble
+    return
+
+// print a hex digit
+_print_hex_nibble:
+    lli 10, rg3
+    cmp rg0, rg3
+    jlt _print_hex_nibble_number
+    addi rg0, 0x37, rg0
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    addi rg1, 1
+    return
+
+// helper function.
+_print_hex_nibble_number:
+    addi rg0, 0x30, rg0
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    addi rg1, 1
+    return
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// print whitespace
+print_whitespace:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw current, rg1
+    lli 0x20, rg0
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    addi rg1, 1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// print newline
+print_newline:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    // load variables into registers
+    ldw display, rg0
+    ldw current, rg1
+
+    // get the offset from the display base
+    sub rg1, rg0, rg0
+
+    lwi 80, rg2
+    pusha 3
+    push rg0
+    push rg2
+    call maths::divmod
+    pop zero  // result
+    pop rg3 // remainder
+    popa 3
+
+    sub rg1, rg3, rg2
+    addi rg2, 80, rg1
+
+    // _end saves the display state
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints arg[0] as a decimal number to the screen.
+print_num:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8      // load number to print
+    lli 0, rg5           // rg5 = digit counter
+
+    // check if number is zero
+    cmp rg0, zero
+    jne _print_num_extract_digits
+
+    // special case: print '0' for zero
+    lli 0x30, rg6
+    push rg6             // push digit to stack buffer
+    lli 1, rg5           // we have 1 digit
+    jmp _print_num_output
+
+_print_num_extract_digits:
+    // divide by 10 repeatedly to get digits
+    cmp rg0, zero
+    jeq _print_num_output
+
+    // call divmod(rg0, 10)
+    push rg0             // dividend
+    lli 10, rg1
+    push rg1             // divisor (10)
+    call maths::divmod
+    pop rg0              // quotient (continue dividing this)
+    pop rg1              // remainder (the digit)
+
+    // convert digit to ASCII and push to stack buffer
+    addi rg1, 0x30, rg6  // convert to ASCII
+    push rg6             // push digit to stack
+    inc rg5              // increment digit counter
+
+    jmp _print_num_extract_digits
+
+_print_num_output:
+    // now print digits (pop them off in reverse order)
+    ldw current, rg1     // get display pointer
+
+_print_num_output_loop:
+    // check if we've printed all digits
+    cmp rg5, zero
+    jeq _print_num_done
+
+    // pop digit and print it
+    pop rg6
+    stb rg6, rg1
+    addi rg1, 1
+    dec rg5
+
+    jmp _print_num_output_loop
+
+_print_num_done:
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// resets the cursor position on the screen to 0x20000. (0,0)
+reset:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+    ldw display, rg1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// clears the screen
+clear:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+    // display size = 2000 bytes / 500 words
+    lli 500 rg0
+    ldw display, rg1
+
+_clear_loop:
+    dec rg0
+    stw zero, rg1
+    addi rg1, 4
+    cmp rg0, zero
+    jgt _clear_loop
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// return
+_end:
+    stw rg1, current
+
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return

dsx/dsx_repo_data/repos/test/repo/src/lib/serial.dsa

@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+// lib:
+// print_serial.dsa
+
+// usage:
+//
+// include print_serial "<relative path>"
+//
+// usage for print:
+//      push (register containing address of string)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print
+//
+// usage for print_byte:
+//      push (register containing byte)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_byte
+//
+// usage for print_word:
+//      push (register containing word)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_word
+//
+// usage for print_hex_byte:
+//      push (register containing byte)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_hex_byte
+//
+// usage for print_hex_word:
+//      push (register containing word)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_hex_word
+//
+// usage for print_whitespace:
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_whitespace
+//
+// usage for print_newline:
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_newline
+//
+// usage for print_num:
+//      push (register containing number to print in decimal)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::print_num
+//
+// usage for println:
+//      push (register containing address of string)
+//      push pcx
+//      jmp print_serial::println
+//
+
+include maths "./maths.dsa"
+
+dw serial: 0x207D0      // 0x20000 + 2000
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the string at addr(arg[0]) to the serial port.
+print:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+_print_loop:
+    ldb rg0, acc
+    cmp acc, zero
+    jeq _end
+    stb acc, rg1
+
+    addi rg0, 1
+    jmp _print_loop
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the string at addr(arg[0]) followed by a newline to the serial port.
+println:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+_println_loop:
+    ldb rg0, acc
+    cmp acc, zero
+    jeq _println_end
+    stb acc, rg1
+
+    addi rg0, 1
+    jmp _println_loop
+
+_println_end:
+    lli 0x0A, rg2       // newline character
+    stb rg2, rg1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the word in arg[0] as 4 raw bytes to the serial port.
+print_word:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    shr rg0, 8
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the last byte of arg[0] to the serial port.
+print_byte:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the value of arg[0] to the serial port in hex.
+print_hex_word:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 8
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 9
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 10
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    ldb bpr, rg0, 11
+    push rg0
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    addi spr, 4
+
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints the last byte of arg[0] to the serial port in hex.
+print_hex_byte:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+    call _print_hex_byte
+    jmp _end
+
+// function body
+_print_hex_byte:
+    lli 0xF, rg2
+    push rg0
+
+    shr rg0, 4
+    and rg0, rg2, rg0
+    call _print_hex_nibble
+    pop rg0
+
+    and rg0, rg2, rg0
+    call _print_hex_nibble
+    return
+
+// print a hex digit
+_print_hex_nibble:
+    lli 10, rg3
+    cmp rg0, rg3
+    jlt _print_hex_nibble_number
+    addi rg0, 0x37, rg0
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    return
+
+_print_hex_nibble_number:
+    addi rg0, 0x30, rg0
+    stb rg0, rg1
+    return
+
+// print a single space
+print_whitespace:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    lli 0x20, rg0
+    ldw serial, rg1
+    stb rg0, rg1
+
+    jmp _end
+
+// print a single space
+print_newline:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    lli 0x0A, rg0
+    ldw serial, rg1
+    stb rg0, rg1
+
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// prints arg[0] as a decimal number to the serial port.
+print_num:
+    push bpr
+    mov spr, bpr
+
+    ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+    lli 0, rg5
+
+    cmp rg0, zero
+    jne _print_num_extract_digits
+
+    lli 0x30, rg6
+    push rg6
+    lli 1, rg5
+    jmp _print_num_output
+
+_print_num_extract_digits:
+    cmp rg0, zero
+    jeq _print_num_output
+
+    push rg0
+    lli 10, rg1
+    push rg1
+    call maths::divmod
+    pop rg0
+    pop rg1
+
+    addi rg1, 0x30, rg6
+    push rg6
+    inc rg5
+
+    jmp _print_num_extract_digits
+
+_print_num_output:
+    lwi 0x207D0, rg1
+
+_print_num_output_loop:
+    cmp rg5, zero
+    jeq _print_num_done
+
+    pop rg6
+    stb rg6, rg1
+    dec rg5
+
+    jmp _print_num_output_loop
+
+_print_num_done:
+    jmp _end
+
+// ------------------------------------------
+// return
+_end:
+    mov bpr, spr
+    pop bpr
+    return

dsx/dsx_repo_data/repos/test/repo/src/main.dsc

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+include serial: "./lib/serial.dsa";
+include print: "./lib/print.dsa";
+include arena: "./lib/arena_alloc.dsc";
+
+fn main() {
+    let x: u32 = 0;
+    let y: u32 = &x;
+
+    let alloc: u32 = arena::new(512);
+    let ptr1: u32 = arena::alloc(alloc, 32);
+    let ptr2: u32 = arena::alloc(alloc, 32);
+
+    serial::print_hex_word(alloc);
+    serial::print_newline();
+    serial::print_hex_word(ptr1);
+    serial::print_newline();
+    serial::print_hex_word(ptr2);
+    serial::print_newline();
+    serial::print_num(*ptr2);
+    serial::print_newline();
+    *ptr2 = 42;
+
+    serial::print_hex_word(ptr2);
+    serial::print_whitespace();
+    serial::print_num(*ptr2);
+    serial::print_newline();
+    serial::println("end");
+
+    return 0;
+}

dsx/dsx_server/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+[package]
+name = "dsx_server"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "dsx-server"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+compiler = { path = "../../core/compiler" }
+assembler = { path = "../../core/assembler" }
+common = { path = "../../core/dsa_common" }
+dsx_common = { path = "../dsx_common" }
+
+dotenv = "0.15.0"
+rocket = { version = "0.5.1", features = ["json"] }
+rocket_dyn_templates = { version = "0.2.0", features = ["tera"] }
+serde = { version = "1.0.228", features = ["derive"] }
+toml = "1.0.3"
+tracing = "0.1.44"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.22", features = ["env-filter"] }
+chrono = "0.4.43"
+tar = "0.4.44"
+flate2 = "1.1.9"
+walkdir = "2.5.0"
+tokio = { version = "1.49.0", features = ["rt"] }

dsx/dsx_server/bacon.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+default_job = "check"
+env.CARGO_TERM_COLOR = "always"
+
+[jobs.check]
+command = ["cargo", "check"]
+need_stdout = false
+
+[jobs.check-all]
+command = ["cargo", "check", "--all-targets"]
+need_stdout = false
+
+# Run clippy on the default target
+[jobs.clippy]
+command = ["cargo", "clippy"]
+need_stdout = false
+
+[jobs.clippy-all]
+command = ["cargo", "clippy", "--all-targets"]
+need_stdout = false
+
+# Run clippy in pedantic mode
+# The 'dismiss' feature may come handy
+[jobs.pedantic]
+command = [
+	"cargo", "clippy",
+	"--",
+	"-W", "clippy::pedantic",
+]
+need_stdout = false
+
+# This job lets you run
+# - all tests: bacon test
+# - a specific test: bacon test -- config::test_default_files
+# - the tests of a package: bacon test -- -- -p config
+[jobs.test]
+command = ["cargo", "test"]
+need_stdout = true
+
+[jobs.nextest]
+command = [
+    "cargo", "nextest", "run",
+    "--hide-progress-bar", "--failure-output", "final"
+]
+need_stdout = true
+analyzer = "nextest"
+
+[jobs.doc]
+command = ["cargo", "doc", "--no-deps"]
+need_stdout = false
+
+# If the doc compiles, then it opens in your browser and bacon switches
+# to the previous job
+[jobs.doc-open]
+command = ["cargo", "doc", "--no-deps", "--open"]
+need_stdout = false
+on_success = "back" # so that we don't open the browser at each change
+
+# You can run your application and have the result displayed in bacon,
+# if it makes sense for this crate.
+[jobs.run]
+command = [
+    "cargo", "run", "--bin", "dsx-server"
+    # put launch parameters for your program behind a `--` separator
+]
+need_stdout = true
+allow_warnings = true
+background = true
+
+# Run your long-running application (eg server) and have the result displayed in bacon.
+# For programs that never stop (eg a server), `background` is set to false
+# to have the cargo run output immediately displayed instead of waiting for
+# program's end.
+# 'on_change_strategy' is set to `kill_then_restart` to have your program restart
+# on every change (an alternative would be to use the 'F5' key manually in bacon).
+# If you often use this job, it makes sense to override the 'r' key by adding
+# a binding `r = job:run-long` at the end of this file .
+# A custom kill command such as the one suggested below is frequently needed to kill
+# long running programs (uncomment it if you need it)
+[jobs.run-long]
+command = [
+    "cargo", "run",
+    # put launch parameters for your program behind a `--` separator
+]
+need_stdout = true
+allow_warnings = true
+background = false
+on_change_strategy = "kill_then_restart"
+# kill = ["pkill", "-TERM", "-P"]
+
+# This parameterized job runs the example of your choice, as soon
+# as the code compiles.
+# Call it as
+#    bacon ex -- my-example
+[jobs.ex]
+command = ["cargo", "run", "--example"]
+need_stdout = true
+allow_warnings = true
+
+# You may define here keybindings that would be specific to
+# a project, for example a shortcut to launch a specific job.
+# Shortcuts to internal functions (scrolling, toggling, etc.)
+# should go in your personal global prefs.toml file instead.
+[keybindings]
+# alt-m = "job:my-job"
+c = "job:clippy-all" # comment this to have 'c' run clippy on only the default target
+p = "job:pedantic"

dsx/dsx_server/doc/endpoints.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+
+# Endpoints
+
+let n be the repo name.
+
+## Web view
+GET  /packages/                       # home page listing packages - simple search bar.
+GET  /packages?q=<query>              # search for a package
+GET  /packages/<name>                 # main page for a repository, shows status, files, name etc.
+GET  /packages/<name>/~repo/<path>    # path for a file within a repo
+GET  /packages/<name>/~repo?q=<query> # search within a package's files
+GET  /packages/<name>/~artifact/      # page listing repo artifacts by date
+GET  /packages/<name>/~artifact/<id>  # page for a specific artifact and status/logs
+
+## API
+POST /api/pkg                         # create repo
+GET  /api/pkg/<name>                  # repo status/metadata
+POST /api/pkg/<name>/push             # upload source tarball
+GET  /api/pkg/<name>/pull             # download source tarball
+GET  /api/pkg/<name>/artifact         # download compiled binary

dsx/dsx_server/doc/structure.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Folder structure
+
+data/
+  repos/
+    <repo_name>/
+      repo/
+        Dsx.toml
+        README.md
+        src/
+      artifacts/
+        <repo_name>.dsb
+        <repo_name-lib>.dsb
+      docs/
+        <repo_name-lib>.md
+  index/

dsx/dsx_server/src/error.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+use common::build::BuildError;
+use rocket::response::Responder;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Responder)]
+pub enum ApiError {
+    #[response(status = 404)]
+    NotFound(String),
+
+    #[response(status = 500)]
+    InternalServerError(()),
+
+    #[response(status = 500)]
+    ServerError(String),
+
+    #[response(status = 401)]
+    Unauthorized(String),
+    #[response(status = 403)]
+    Forbidden(String),
+
+    #[response(status = 400)]
+    BadRequest(String),
+}
+
+impl From<std::io::Error> for ApiError {
+    fn from(err: std::io::Error) -> Self {
+        ApiError::InternalServerError(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<BuildError> for ApiError {
+    fn from(err: BuildError) -> Self {
+        match err {
+            BuildError::IoError(err) => ApiError::ServerError(err.to_string()),
+            BuildError::Generic(err) => ApiError::ServerError(err),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<DsxError> for ApiError {
+    fn from(err: DsxError) -> Self {
+        ApiError::ServerError(format!("{:?}: {}", err.r#type, err.message))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DsxError {
+    pub message: String,
+    pub r#type: ErrorType,
+}
+
+impl DsxError {
+    pub fn new(message: impl AsRef<str>) -> Self {
+        DsxError {
+            message: message.as_ref().to_string(),
+            r#type: ErrorType::Generic,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_context(message: impl AsRef<str>, r#type: ErrorType) -> Self {
+        DsxError {
+            message: message.as_ref().to_string(),
+            r#type,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::io::Error> for DsxError {
+    fn from(err: std::io::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::with_context(err.to_string(), ErrorType::IoError)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+pub enum ErrorType {
+    BuildFailed,
+    IoError,
+
+    #[default]
+    Generic,
+    TarError,
+}

dsx/dsx_server/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate rocket;
+
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
+
+use rocket::Data;
+use rocket::data::ToByteUnit;
+use rocket::serde::json::Json;
+use rocket::{fs::FileServer, serde::Deserialize};
+
+use rocket_dyn_templates::tera::{Function, Value};
+use rocket_dyn_templates::{Template, context, tera};
+
+use dotenv::dotenv;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use tracing::warn;
+
+use crate::error::ApiError;
+use crate::model::{Package, PackageMeta};
+use dsx_common::config::DsxConfig;
+
+mod error;
+mod model;
+
+mod routes;
+
+fn language_colour() -> impl Function {
+    Box::new(
+        move |args: &std::collections::HashMap<String, Value>| -> tera::Result<Value> {
+            match args.get("lang") {
+                Some(Value::String(lang)) => match lang.as_str() {
+                    // language syntax colour
+                    "dsc" => Ok(Value::String("#000000".to_string())),
+                    "dsa" => Ok(Value::String("#3776AB".to_string())),
+                    _ => Ok(Value::String("#FFFFFF".to_string())),
+                },
+                Some(_) => Err(tera::Error::msg("Invalid argument type")),
+                None => Ok(Value::String("#FFFFFF".to_string())),
+            }
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+#[launch]
+fn rocket() -> _ {
+    if dotenv().is_err() {
+        eprintln!("Failed to load .env file");
+    }
+
+    use routes::api;
+    use routes::pages;
+
+    rocket::build()
+        .mount(
+            "/packages",
+            routes![
+                pages::search_packages,
+                pages::package_main,
+                pages::repo_file,
+                pages::search_repo_files,
+                pages::list_artifacts,
+                pages::artifact_detail,
+            ],
+        )
+        .mount(
+            "/api",
+            routes![
+                api::create_repo,
+                api::get_pkg,
+                api::push_tarball,
+                api::pull_tarball,
+                api::download_artifact
+            ],
+        )
+        .attach(Template::custom(|tera| {
+            tera.tera
+                .register_function("language_colour", language_colour());
+        }))
+        .mount("/static", FileServer::from("./static"))
+}

dsx/dsx_server/src/model.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
+
+use chrono::Utc;
+use dsx_common::builder::{self, BuildContext};
+use dsx_common::config::DsxConfig;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use walkdir::WalkDir;
+
+pub static DATA_DIR: LazyLock<PathBuf> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    PathBuf::from(std::env::var("DATA_DIR").unwrap_or("./data".to_string()))
+});
+
+use crate::error::{ApiError, DsxError, ErrorType};
+
+// stored as a Package.toml above the repository root.
+// not directly modifiable by the user/maintainer.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct PackageMeta {
+    pub id: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub latest_build_date: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub latest_build_status: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub latest_build_id: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub detected_languages: Option<Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Package {
+    pub config: DsxConfig,
+    pub language: String,
+    pub meta: PackageMeta,
+    pub files: Vec<FileObj>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct FileObj {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub path: String,
+    pub is_dir: bool,
+    pub size: u64,
+    pub extension: String,
+}
+
+enum BuildStatus {
+    // if we don't know the build state, or no build has run before.
+    None,
+
+    // waiting for build
+    Pending,
+
+    // build
+    Building,
+
+    // build result
+    Success,
+    Failure,
+    Error,
+}
+
+pub struct PackageHandle {
+    // id of the package
+    pub package_id: String,
+
+    config: Option<DsxConfig>,
+    meta: Option<PackageMeta>,
+
+    // build info
+    build_state: BuildStatus,
+}
+
+impl PackageHandle {
+    const META_PATH: &'static str = "Package.toml";
+    const CONFIG_PATH: &'static str = "repo/Dsx.toml";
+    const ARTIFACTS_DIR: &'static str = "artifacts";
+
+    pub fn new(package_id: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        PackageHandle {
+            package_id: package_id.into(),
+            config: None,
+            meta: None,
+            build_state: BuildStatus::None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn load(&mut self) -> Result<&mut Self, DsxError> {
+        self.get_config()?;
+        self.get_meta()?;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn tarball(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DsxError> {
+        let src_dir = self.path().join("repo");
+        pack_tarball(&src_dir)
+    }
+
+    pub fn unpack(&mut self, archive: &Path) -> Result<&mut Self, DsxError> {
+        let dest = DATA_DIR.join("repos").join(&self.package_id).join("repo");
+        unpack_tarball(archive, &dest)?;
+        self.load()
+    }
+
+    pub fn path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        DATA_DIR.join("repos").join(&self.package_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn build(&mut self) -> Result<&mut Self, DsxError> {
+        let ctx = BuildContext {
+            project_dir: self.path().join("repo"),
+            build_dir: self.path().join("build"),
+            artifact_dir: self.path().join("artifacts"),
+        };
+
+        self.build_state = BuildStatus::Building;
+
+        let id = self.package_id.clone();
+        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+            let id = id;
+
+            let res = match builder::build_project(ctx) {
+                Ok(_) => "success",
+                Err(_) => "failure",
+            };
+
+            let mut handle = PackageHandle::new(&id);
+            let mut meta = handle.get_meta().unwrap();
+            meta.latest_build_date =
+                Some(Utc::now().format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S").to_string());
+            meta.latest_build_status = Some(res.to_string());
+            meta.latest_build_id = Some(id);
+            handle.set_meta(meta)
+        });
+
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_config(&mut self) -> Result<DsxConfig, DsxError> {
+        let config_path = self.path().join(Self::CONFIG_PATH);
+
+        let config = fs::read_to_string(&config_path).map_err(|e| {
+            warn!("unable to read Dsx.toml, {e}");
+            DsxError::with_context("Unable to read Dsx.toml", ErrorType::IoError)
+        })?;
+
+        let config: DsxConfig = toml::from_str(&config).map_err(|e| {
+            warn!("unable to parse Dsx.toml: {e}");
+            DsxError::new("Unable to parse Dsx.toml")
+        })?;
+
+        self.config = Some(config.clone());
+        Ok(config)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_meta(&mut self) -> Result<PackageMeta, DsxError> {
+        let meta_path = self.path().join(Self::META_PATH);
+
+        let meta = fs::read_to_string(&meta_path).map_err(|e| {
+            warn!("unable to read Package.toml, {e}");
+            DsxError::with_context("Unable to read Package.toml", ErrorType::IoError)
+        })?;
+
+        let meta: PackageMeta = toml::from_str(&meta).map_err(|e| {
+            warn!("unable to parse Package.toml: {e}");
+            DsxError::new("Unable to parse Package.toml")
+        })?;
+
+        self.meta = Some(meta.clone());
+        Ok(meta)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_meta(&mut self, meta: PackageMeta) -> Result<(), DsxError> {
+        self.meta = Some(meta);
+        self.save_meta()
+    }
+
+    fn save_meta(&self) -> Result<(), DsxError> {
+        let meta_path = self.path().join(Self::META_PATH);
+        let str = toml::to_string(&self.meta.as_ref().unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        fs::write(&meta_path, str).map_err(|e| {
+            warn!("unable to write Package.toml, {e}");
+            DsxError::with_context("Unable to write Package.toml", ErrorType::IoError)
+        })?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_languages(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<String>, DsxError> {
+        self.get_meta()?;
+
+        if let Some(languages) = &self.meta.as_ref().unwrap().detected_languages {
+            return Ok(languages.clone());
+        }
+
+        let mut langs = Vec::new();
+
+        for entry in WalkDir::new(self.path().join("repo/src"))
+            .into_iter()
+            .flatten()
+        {
+            if entry.file_type().is_file() {
+                let path = entry.path();
+                let extension = path.extension().and_then(|ext| ext.to_str());
+                if let Some(ext) = extension {
+                    match ext {
+                        "dsa" | "dsc" => langs.push(ext.to_string()),
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.meta.as_mut().unwrap().detected_languages = Some(langs.clone());
+
+        Ok(langs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_artifact(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DsxError> {
+        println!(
+            "{}",
+            self.path()
+                .join(Self::ARTIFACTS_DIR)
+                .join("out.dsb")
+                .display()
+        );
+
+        let artifact_path = self.path().join(Self::ARTIFACTS_DIR).join("out.dsb");
+        fs::read(artifact_path).map_err(|e| {
+            warn!("unable to read artifact for repo: {e}");
+            DsxError::new("Unable to read artifact")
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn file_tree(&self, subpath: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Vec<FileObj>, DsxError> {
+        let repo = self.path().join("repo").join(subpath);
+
+        let dir = fs::read_dir(repo).map_err(|e| {
+            warn!("unable to read files for repo, {e}");
+            DsxError::new("Unable to read files in repository")
+        })?;
+
+        let mut files = Vec::new();
+
+        // for entry in WalkDir::new(repo_path.join("repo")).max_depth(1) {
+        for entry in dir {
+            let entry = entry.map_err(|e| {
+                warn!("unable to read file entry for repo, {e}");
+                DsxError::new("Internal error")
+            })?;
+
+            // remove root of DATA_DIR/repos/<name>/repo
+            let path = entry.path();
+
+            let metadata = fs::metadata(&path).map_err(|e| {
+                warn!("unable to read file metadata for repo, {e}");
+                DsxError::new("Internal error")
+            })?;
+            let is_dir = metadata.is_dir();
+            let size = metadata.len();
+            let extension = path
+                .extension()
+                .map_or(String::new(), |ext| ext.to_string_lossy().to_string());
+            files.push(FileObj {
+                path: path
+                    .strip_prefix(self.path().join("repo"))
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .to_string_lossy()
+                    .to_string(),
+                name: path.file_name().unwrap().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                is_dir,
+                size,
+                extension,
+            });
+        }
+
+        Ok(files)
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Tar helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+use flate2::read::GzDecoder;
+use flate2::{Compression, write::GzEncoder};
+use std::fs::File;
+use tar::Builder;
+
+fn unpack_tarball(
+    archive: &std::path::Path,
+    dest: &std::path::Path,
+) -> Result<(), DsxError> {
+    let file = File::open(archive)
+        .map_err(|e| DsxError::with_context(e.to_string(), ErrorType::IoError))?;
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(dest)?;
+
+    let gz = GzDecoder::new(file);
+    let mut tar = tar::Archive::new(gz);
+    tar.unpack(dest)
+        .map_err(|e| DsxError::with_context(e.to_string(), ErrorType::TarError))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn pack_tarball(src_dir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DsxError> {
+    let buf = Vec::new();
+    let gz = GzEncoder::new(buf, Compression::default());
+    let mut tar = Builder::new(gz);
+    tar.append_dir_all(".", src_dir)?;
+    let gz = tar.into_inner()?;
+    Ok(gz.finish()?)
+}

dsx/dsx_server/src/routes/api.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+use std::fs;
+
+use dsx_common::config::DsxConfig;
+use rocket::{Data, data::ToByteUnit, serde::json::Json};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+use crate::{
+    error::ApiError,
+    model::{DATA_DIR, PackageHandle, PackageMeta},
+};
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+#[serde(crate = "rocket::serde")]
+pub struct NewRepo<'r> {
+    name: &'r str,
+}
+
+// Create repo
+#[post("/pkg", data = "<repo>")]
+pub fn create_repo(repo: Json<NewRepo<'_>>) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    let path = DATA_DIR.join("repos").join(repo.name);
+
+    if repo.name.is_empty() {
+        return Err("Repository name cannot be empty!");
+    }
+
+    if path.exists() {
+        tracing::info!(
+            "Attempt to create repository '{}' which already exists.",
+            repo.name
+        );
+        return Err("This repository already exists!");
+    }
+
+    if let Err(e) = fs::create_dir_all(path) {
+        tracing::error!(
+            "Attempted to create package with name {} - Error: {e},",
+            repo.name
+        );
+        return Err("Internal server error");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// Repo status/metadata
+#[get("/pkg/<id>")]
+pub fn get_pkg(id: &str) -> Result<Json<(PackageMeta, DsxConfig)>, ApiError> {
+    let mut handle = PackageHandle::new(id);
+    let meta = handle.get_meta()?;
+    let config = handle.get_config()?;
+    Ok(Json((meta, config)))
+}
+
+// Upload source tarball
+#[post("/pkg/<id>/push", data = "<data>")]
+pub async fn push_tarball(id: &str, data: Data<'_>) -> Result<(), ApiError> {
+    let mut handle = PackageHandle::new(id);
+    let repo = handle.path();
+
+    let tmp_path = repo.join("upload.tar.gz");
+    let stream = data
+        .open(256.mebibytes())
+        .into_file(&tmp_path)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| ApiError::ServerError(e.to_string()))?;
+
+    if !stream.is_complete() {
+        return Err(ApiError::BadRequest("Incomplete upload".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    // Unpack over the existing repo dir.
+    // if the repo is already deleted that's fine so ignore err
+    if handle.path().exists() {
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(repo.join("repo"));
+    }
+
+    handle.unpack(&tmp_path)?;
+    fs::remove_file(&tmp_path).ok();
+
+    // we don't care if there's an error in the build.
+    let _ = handle.build();
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// Download source tarball
+#[get("/pkg/<id>/pull")]
+pub fn pull_tarball(
+    id: &str,
+) -> Result<(rocket::http::ContentType, Vec<u8>), Json<ApiError>> {
+    if let Ok(tarball) = PackageHandle::new(id).tarball() {
+        Ok((
+            rocket::http::ContentType::new("application", "octet-stream"),
+            tarball,
+        ))
+    } else {
+        Err(Json(ApiError::NotFound(format!(
+            "repo with id {id} does not exist"
+        ))))
+    }
+}
+
+// Download compiled binary
+#[get("/pkg/<id>/artifact")]
+pub fn download_artifact(
+    id: &str,
+) -> Result<(rocket::http::ContentType, Vec<u8>), Json<ApiError>> {
+    if let Ok(artifact) = PackageHandle::new(id).get_artifact() {
+        Ok((
+            rocket::http::ContentType::new("application", "octet-stream"),
+            artifact,
+        ))
+    } else {
+        Err(Json(ApiError::NotFound(format!(
+            "repo with id {id} does not have a valid artifact"
+        ))))
+    }
+}