- optimised main emulator loop, allowing updates only once every roughly 32,000 instructions.

- optimised memory access patterns, removing unecessary mutability and accesses.
- replaced the standard HashMap with an implementation that uses a faster hashing algorithm.

results:

before:
    - our benchmark program with ~4m instructions would take around for their data to make it to the UI, and a bit over 200ms to actually run

after:
    - our benchmark program with ~4m instructions can run in around 75ms, and the UI receives the update almost instantly.

conclusion:
- emulator performance should be around 2-3x faster than before.

Cargo.lock

@@ -783,9 +783,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "discord-presence"
-version = "1.6.0"
+version = "2.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f91d7c2fc01ffdc327e2b66d65dd59b8bd3f31a17e88811ce0540412fa0b84c1"
+checksum = "91948dab8ccaaefeb7be5f21714ed774411df66830def1f99dd74e7a85f5f111"
 dependencies = [
  "byteorder",
  "bytes",
@@ -1027,6 +1027,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "eframe",
  "egui",
  "egui_file",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
  "serde",
  "toml",
  "winit",

Cargo.toml

@@ -15,3 +15,7 @@ panic = "abort" # Cranelift does not support stack unwinds.
 lto = false
 debug = true
 incremental = false           # sccache does not support caching incremental crates.
+
+[profile.release]
+debug = true
+lto = "fat"

clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+disallowed-types = ["std::collections::HashMap", "std::collections::HashSet"]

emulator/Cargo.toml

@@ -19,10 +19,11 @@ assembler = { path = "../assembler" }
 dsa_editor = { path = "../dsa_editor" }
 egui = "0.31.1"
 dirs = "6.0.0"
-discord-presence = { version = "1.6.0", optional = true }
+discord-presence = { version = "2.0.0", optional = true }
 toml = { version = "0.8.23", optional = true }
 serde = { version = "1.0.219", features = ["derive"], optional = true }
 egui_file = "0.22.1"
+rustc-hash = "2.1.1"
 
 [features]
 default = ["config"]

emulator/src/emulator/system/emulator.rs

@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ pub fn run_emulator(
     let mut update = false;
 
     loop {
-        let cmd = if running == Running::Running || step > 0 {
+        let cmd = if step > 0 {
+            None
+        } else if running == Running::Running && step == 0 {
             match cmd_rx.try_recv() {
                 Ok(cmd) => Some(cmd),
                 Err(mpsc::TryRecvError::Empty) => {
@@ -52,10 +54,15 @@ pub fn run_emulator(
             }
         };
 
+        if running == Running::Running && step == 0 {
+            step = 32768;
+        }
+
         if let Some(cmd) = cmd {
             match cmd {
                 Command::Start => {
                     running = Running::Running;
+                    step = 32768;
 
                     // Update RPC with current state. TODO: Make this only occur on state
                     // changes.
@@ -71,9 +78,11 @@ pub fn run_emulator(
                 }
                 Command::Stop => {
                     running = Running::Paused;
+                    step = 0;
                 }
                 Command::Reset(x) => {
                     running = Running::Paused;
+                    step = 0;
 
                     match x {
                         0 => {
@@ -95,20 +104,12 @@ pub fn run_emulator(
                 }
                 Command::Step(x) => {
                     step = x;
+                    running = Running::Paused;
                 }
                 Command::Write(offset, data) => {
                     update = true;
 
-                    processor
+                    processor.memory.write_range(offset, data);
-                        .memory
-                        .write_range(offset, data)
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-                            report_err(
-                                state_tx,
-                                "Failed to write memory range!",
-                                &mut processor,
-                            );
-                        });
                 }
                 Command::Interrupt(_interrupt) => {
                     update = true;
@@ -118,14 +119,7 @@ pub fn run_emulator(
                 Command::MemRequest(new, size) if update => {
                     addr = new;
                     let _ = state_tx.send(StateUpdate::MemoryView(
-                        processor.memory.read_range(addr, size).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+                        processor.memory.read_range(addr, size),
-                            report_err(
-                                state_tx,
-                                "Failed to read memory range!",
-                                &mut processor,
-                            );
-                            Vec::new()
-                        }),
                     ));
                 }
                 Command::DisplayRequest if update => {
@@ -163,26 +157,16 @@ pub fn run_emulator(
                     let _ = state_tx.send(StateUpdate::Instructions(instruction_count));
                 }
                 Command::WriteBlock(addr, block) => {
-                    processor
+                    processor.memory.write_range(addr, block.to_vec());
-                        .memory
-                        .write_range(addr, block.to_vec())
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-                            report_err(
-                                state_tx,
-                                "Failed to write memory block!",
-                                &mut processor,
-                            );
-                        });
                 }
 
                 _ => {}
             }
         }
 
-        if step > 0 {
+        if running == Running::Paused && step > 0 {
             step -= 1;
             update = true;
-            running = Running::Paused;
 
             // Execute one cycle.
             match processor.cycle() {
@@ -207,6 +191,7 @@ pub fn run_emulator(
         }
 
         if running == Running::Running {
+            step -= 1;
             update = true;
 
             // Execute one cycle.
@@ -230,6 +215,7 @@ pub fn run_emulator(
             history.push(instruction);
             if matches!(instruction.1, Instruction::Halt) {
                 running = Running::Halted;
+                step = 0;
             }
 
             instruction_count += 1;

emulator/src/emulator/system/memory.rs

@@ -1,53 +1,51 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
 
 use crate::emulator::system::model::ProcessorError;
 
 pub trait MemoryUnit: Send + Sync {
     fn reset(&mut self);
-    fn read_byte(&mut self, addr: u32) -> Result<u8, ProcessorError>;
+    fn read_byte(&mut self, addr: u32) -> u8;
-    fn write_byte(&mut self, addr: u32, value: u8) -> Result<(), ProcessorError>;
+    fn write_byte(&mut self, addr: u32, value: u8);
     fn read_word(&mut self, addr: u32) -> Result<u32, ProcessorError>;
     fn write_word(&mut self, addr: u32, value: u32) -> Result<(), ProcessorError>;
 
-    fn read_range(&mut self, addr: u32, size: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ProcessorError> {
+    fn read_range(&mut self, addr: u32, size: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
         let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(size as usize);
         for i in 0..size {
-            data.push(self.read_byte(addr + i)?);
+            data.push(self.read_byte(addr + i));
         }
-        Ok(data)
+        data
     }
 
-    fn write_range(&mut self, addr: u32, value: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), ProcessorError> {
+    fn write_range(&mut self, addr: u32, value: Vec<u8>) {
         for (i, byte) in value.into_iter().enumerate() {
-            self.write_byte(addr + i as u32, byte)?;
+            self.write_byte(addr + i as u32, byte);
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn read_block(&mut self, addr: u32) -> Result<[u8; 256], ProcessorError> {
+    fn read_block(&mut self, addr: u32) -> &[u8; 256];
-        let mut data = [0; 256];
-        for (i, byte) in data.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-            *byte = self.read_byte(addr + i as u32)?;
-        }
-        Ok(data)
-    }
 
-    fn write_block(&mut self, addr: u32, data: [u8; 256]) -> Result<(), ProcessorError> {
+    fn write_block(&mut self, addr: u32, data: &[u8; 256]) {
         for (i, byte) in data.iter().enumerate() {
-            self.write_byte(addr + i as u32, *byte)?;
+            self.write_byte(addr + i as u32, *byte);
         }
-        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
 pub struct MainStore {
-    pub data: HashMap<u32, Block>,
+    pub data: FxHashMap<u32, Block>,
 }
 
 pub struct Block {
     data: [u8; 256],
 }
 
+impl Default for Block {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { data: [0; 256] }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Default for MainStore {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self::new()
@@ -58,79 +56,73 @@ impl MainStore {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
-            data: HashMap::new(),
+            data: FxHashMap::default(),
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     const fn segment_addr(addr: u32) -> (u32, u8) {
         (addr / 256, (addr % 256) as u8)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn mut_block(&mut self, addr: u32) -> &mut Block {
-        self.data
+        self.data.entry(addr).or_default()
-            .entry(addr)
-            .or_insert_with(|| Block { data: [0; 256] });
-
-        self.data.get_mut(&addr).map_or_else(
-            || panic!("Could not fetch block with address {addr:x?}"),
-            |block| block,
-        )
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn block(&mut self, addr: u32) -> &Block {
-        self.data
+        self.data.entry(addr).or_default()
-            .entry(addr)
-            .or_insert_with(|| Block { data: [0; 256] });
-
-        self.data.get(&addr).map_or_else(
-            || panic!("Could not fetch block with address {addr:x?}"),
-            |block| block,
-        )
     }
 }
 
 impl MemoryUnit for MainStore {
+    #[inline]
     fn reset(&mut self) {
         self.data.clear();
     }
 
-    fn read_byte(&mut self, addr: u32) -> Result<u8, ProcessorError> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_byte(&mut self, addr: u32) -> u8 {
         let (block_addr, offset) = Self::segment_addr(addr);
         let block = self.block(block_addr);
-        Ok(block.data[offset as usize])
+        block.data[offset as usize]
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn read_word(&mut self, addr: u32) -> Result<u32, ProcessorError> {
         if addr % 4 != 0 {
             return Err(ProcessorError::BadMemoryAccess(addr));
         }
 
         let (block_addr, offset) = Self::segment_addr(addr);
-        let block = self.mut_block(block_addr);
+        let offset = offset as usize;
-        let mut bytes = [0; 4];
+        let block = self.block(block_addr);
-        bytes[0] = block.data[offset as usize];
+        Ok(u32::from_be_bytes(
-        bytes[1] = block.data[(offset + 1) as usize];
+            block.data[offset..=offset + 3]
-        bytes[2] = block.data[(offset + 2) as usize];
+                .try_into()
-        bytes[3] = block.data[(offset + 3) as usize];
+                .expect("Failed to read word!"),
-        Ok(u32::from_be_bytes(bytes))
+        ))
     }
 
-    fn read_range(&mut self, addr: u32, size: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ProcessorError> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_range(&mut self, addr: u32, size: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
         let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(size as usize);
         for i in 0..size {
-            data.push(self.read_byte(addr + i)?);
+            data.push(self.read_byte(addr + i));
         }
 
-        Ok(data)
+        data
     }
 
-    fn write_byte(&mut self, addr: u32, value: u8) -> Result<(), ProcessorError> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn write_byte(&mut self, addr: u32, value: u8) {
         let (block_addr, offset) = Self::segment_addr(addr);
         let block = self.mut_block(block_addr);
         block.data[offset as usize] = value;
-        Ok(())
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn write_word(&mut self, addr: u32, value: u32) -> Result<(), ProcessorError> {
         if addr % 4 != 0 {
             return Err(ProcessorError::BadMemoryAccess(addr));
@@ -138,33 +130,36 @@ impl MemoryUnit for MainStore {
 
         let (block_addr, offset) = Self::segment_addr(addr);
         let block = self.mut_block(block_addr);
-        block.data[offset as usize] = (value >> 24) as u8;
+        block.data[offset as usize..=(offset + 3) as usize]
-        block.data[(offset + 1) as usize] = (value >> 16) as u8;
+            .copy_from_slice(&value.to_be_bytes());
-        block.data[(offset + 2) as usize] = (value >> 8) as u8;
-        block.data[(offset + 3) as usize] = value as u8;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn write_range(&mut self, addr: u32, value: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), ProcessorError> {
+    #[inline]
-        for (i, byte) in value.into_iter().enumerate() {
+    fn write_range(&mut self, addr: u32, value: Vec<u8>) {
-            let (block_addr, offset) = Self::segment_addr(addr + i as u32);
+        let mut current_block_addr = addr / 256;
-            let block = self.mut_block(block_addr);
+        let mut current_block = self.mut_block(current_block_addr);
-            block.data[offset as usize] = byte;
+        let mut offset = addr % 256;
+        for byte in value {
+            current_block.data[offset as usize] = byte;
+            offset += 1;
+            if offset >= 256 {
+                offset = 0;
+                current_block_addr += 1;
+                current_block = self.mut_block(current_block_addr);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-        Ok(())
+    #[inline]
-    }
+    fn read_block(&mut self, addr: u32) -> &[u8; 256] {
-
-    fn read_block(&mut self, addr: u32) -> Result<[u8; 256], ProcessorError> {
         let (block_addr, _) = Self::segment_addr(addr);
-        let block = self.block(block_addr);
+        &self.block(block_addr).data
-        Ok(block.data)
     }
 
-    fn write_block(&mut self, addr: u32, data: [u8; 256]) -> Result<(), ProcessorError> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn write_block(&mut self, addr: u32, data: &[u8; 256]) {
         let (block_addr, _) = Self::segment_addr(addr);
-        let block = self.mut_block(block_addr);
+        let _ = self.data.insert(block_addr, Block { data: *data });
-        block.data = data;
-        Ok(())
     }
 }

emulator/src/emulator/system/processor/mod.rs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl Processor {
         // Get value from PCX.
         let addr = self.fetch()?;
         // Increment PCX.
-        self.advance();
+        self.advance()?;
 
         // Set MAR to the previous value of PCX.
         *self.reg(Register::Mar)? = addr;
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl Processor {
     }
 
     pub fn display(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ProcessorError> {
-        self.memory.read_range(0x20000, 2000)
+        Ok(self.memory.read_range(0x20000, 2000))
     }
 
     pub fn cmp(&mut self, a: u32, b: u32) {
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ impl Processor {
         let addr = self.get(Register::Spr)?;
         let size = n * 4;
         // returns the stack
-        self.memory.read_range(
+        Ok(self.memory.read_range(
             max(addr, 0),    // ensures that we cannot read from a negative address
             min(size, addr), // ensures we don't read above the top of the stack
-        )
+        ))
     }
 }
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl Executable for Instruction {
             Self::LoadByte(a) => {
                 *cpu.reg(a.r2)? = u32::from(
                     cpu.memory
-                        .read_byte(cpu.get(a.r1)? + u32::from(a.immediate))?,
+                        .read_byte(cpu.get(a.r1)? + u32::from(a.immediate)),
                 );
             }
 
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ impl Executable for Instruction {
             Self::LoadByteSigned(a) => {
                 *cpu.reg(a.r2)? = sign_extend(u32::from(
                     cpu.memory
-                        .read_byte(cpu.get(a.r1)? + u32::from(a.immediate))?,
+                        .read_byte(cpu.get(a.r1)? + u32::from(a.immediate)),
                 ));
             }
 
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ impl Executable for Instruction {
                 cpu.memory.write_byte(
                     cpu.get(a.r2)? + u32::from(a.immediate),
                     cpu.get(a.r1)? as u8,
-                )?;
+                );
             }
 
             // Stores a half-word from SrcReg in memory address (base + offset) The
@@ -266,9 +266,9 @@ impl Executable for Instruction {
                 // split the value into bytes and then write two bytes
                 let bytes = (cpu.get(a.r1)? as u16).to_le_bytes();
                 cpu.memory
-                    .write_byte(cpu.get(a.r2)? + u32::from(a.immediate), bytes[0])?;
+                    .write_byte(cpu.get(a.r2)? + u32::from(a.immediate), bytes[0]);
                 cpu.memory
-                    .write_byte(cpu.get(a.r2)? + u32::from(a.immediate) + 1, bytes[1])?;
+                    .write_byte(cpu.get(a.r2)? + u32::from(a.immediate) + 1, bytes[1]);
             }
 
             // Stores a word from SrcReg in memory address (base + offset) The effective

emulator/src/emulator/system/processor/tests.rs

@@ -81,9 +81,7 @@ fn test_mov_signed_instruction() {
 fn test_load_byte_instruction() {
     let mut cpu = create_test_processor();
     let addr = 0x100;
-    cpu.memory
+    cpu.memory.write_byte(addr, 0xAB);
-        .write_byte(addr, 0xAB)
-        .expect("Failed to write byte to memory");
     *cpu.reg(Register::Rg1).expect("Failed to get register Rg1") = addr - 4;
 
     let load_byte_instr = Instruction::LoadByte(ITypeArgs::new(
@@ -105,9 +103,7 @@ fn test_load_byte_instruction() {
 fn test_load_byte_signed_instruction() {
     let mut cpu = create_test_processor();
     let addr = 0x100;
-    cpu.memory
+    cpu.memory.write_byte(addr, 0xFF);
-        .write_byte(addr, 0xFF)
-        .expect("Failed to write byte to memory");
     *cpu.reg(Register::Rg1).expect("Failed to get register Rg1") = addr;
 
     let load_byte_signed_instr = Instruction::LoadByteSigned(ITypeArgs::new(
@@ -189,7 +185,7 @@ fn test_store_byte_instruction() {
     store_byte_instr.execute(&mut cpu).expect(
         "Emulator was slain by losing the game while attempting to execute instruction",
     );
-    assert_eq!(cpu.memory.read_byte(addr).expect("Emulator was slain by losing the game while attempting to execute instruction"), 0xAB);
+    assert_eq!(cpu.memory.read_byte(addr), 0xAB);
 }
 
 #[test]