fixed interrupts (temporary, we need to do a real fix for this)

TODO:

* Debugging, tracing support.
* Logging infra so we can may pass a loglevel like on Linux.

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [build]
-target = "x86_64-kernel"
+target = "x86_64-kernel.json"
 target-dir = "build/target"
 
 [unstable]
@@ -17,8 +17,5 @@ runner = "scripts/run_debug.sh"
 [target.'cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", target_os = "none", not(debug_assertions)))']
 runner = "scripts/run_release.sh"
 
-# [registry]
-# default = "gitea"
-
 [registries.gitea]
 index = "sparse+https://git.zxq5.dev/api/packages/OsDev/cargo/" # Sparse index

.idea/FoundryOS.iml

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
     <content url="file://$MODULE_DIR$">
       <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/kernel/src" isTestSource="false" />
       <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/lib_example/src" isTestSource="false" />
+      <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/libk/src" isTestSource="false" />
+      <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/libm/src" isTestSource="false" />
+      <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/kernel_fonts/src" isTestSource="false" />
       <excludeFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/target" />
     </content>
     <orderEntry type="inheritedJdk" />

.idea/codeStyles/codeStyleConfig.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<component name="ProjectCodeStyleConfiguration">
+  <state>
+    <option name="PREFERRED_PROJECT_CODE_STYLE" value="Default" />
+  </state>
+</component>

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 {
     "rust-analyzer.cargo.allTargets": false,
-    "rust-analyzer.cargo.target": "x86_64-kernel",
+    "rust-analyzer.cargo.target": "x86_64-kernel.json",
     "[rust]": {
         "editor.defaultFormatter": "rust-lang.rust-analyzer",
         "editor.formatOnSave": true
     },
     "rust-analyzer.check.command": "clippy",
+    "rust-analyzer.cargo.buildScripts.enable": true
 }

Cargo.lock

@@ -110,8 +110,11 @@ name = "foundry_os"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
- "libk",
+ "crossbeam",
+ "futures-util",
+ "libm",
  "limine",
+ "linked_list_allocator",
  "pc-keyboard",
  "pic8259",
  "spin",
@@ -148,20 +151,6 @@ version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b9e0384b61958566e926dc50660321d12159025e767c18e043daf26b70104c39"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "libk"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "crossbeam",
- "futures-util",
- "libm",
- "limine",
- "linked_list_allocator",
- "pc-keyboard",
- "spin",
- "x86_64",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "libm"
 version = "0.1.0"

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [workspace]
-members = ["kernel", "libk", "libm"]
+members = ["kernel", "libm"]
 resolver = "2"
 
 [workspace.package]

docs/.obsidian/appearance.json

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-{}
+{
+  "cssTheme": "Dark Moss"
+}

docs/.obsidian/community-plugins.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[]

docs/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-excalidraw-plugin/manifest.json

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "id": "obsidian-excalidraw-plugin",
+  "name": "Excalidraw",
+  "version": "2.8.3",
+  "minAppVersion": "1.1.6",
+  "description": "An Obsidian plugin to edit and view Excalidraw drawings",
+  "author": "Zsolt Viczian",
+  "authorUrl": "https://www.zsolt.blog",
+  "fundingUrl": "https://ko-fi.com/zsolt",
+  "helpUrl": "https://github.com/zsviczian/obsidian-excalidraw-plugin#readme",
+  "isDesktopOnly": false
+}

docs/.obsidian/workspace.json

@@ -4,41 +4,21 @@
     "type": "split",
     "children": [
       {
-        "id": "a20540b7c1ddbfca",
+        "id": "c178a2dff57ae0aa",
         "type": "tabs",
         "children": [
           {
-            "id": "e1fb15cab546d0b6",
+            "id": "6d395e6a4c72e1c8",
             "type": "leaf",
             "state": {
               "type": "markdown",
               "state": {
-                "file": "Usage/Building The Kernel.md",
+                "file": "Planning & To-Dos.md",
                 "mode": "source",
                 "source": false
               },
               "icon": "lucide-file",
-              "title": "Building The Kernel"
-            }
-          }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        "id": "6bf1f87bf81a3031",
-        "type": "tabs",
-        "children": [
-          {
-            "id": "add883d295e04659",
-            "type": "leaf",
-            "state": {
-              "type": "markdown",
-              "state": {
-                "file": "Usage/Building The Kernel.md",
-                "mode": "preview",
-                "source": false
-              },
-              "icon": "lucide-file",
-              "title": "Building The Kernel"
+              "title": "Planning & To-Dos"
             }
           }
         ]
@@ -73,7 +53,7 @@
             "state": {
               "type": "search",
               "state": {
-                "query": "tag:#usage",
+                "query": "",
                 "matchingCase": false,
                 "explainSearch": false,
                 "collapseAll": false,
@@ -98,8 +78,7 @@
       }
     ],
     "direction": "horizontal",
-    "width": 200,
-    "collapsed": true
+    "width": 307.5
   },
   "right": {
     "id": "baa2a8e61b737fa6",
@@ -177,7 +156,8 @@
       }
     ],
     "direction": "horizontal",
-    "width": 300
+    "width": 300,
+    "collapsed": true
   },
   "left-ribbon": {
     "hiddenItems": {
@@ -185,14 +165,21 @@
       "graph:Open graph view": false,
       "canvas:Create new canvas": false,
       "daily-notes:Open today's daily note": false,
-      "templates:Insert template": false,
-      "command-palette:Open command palette": false
+      "command-palette:Open command palette": false,
+      "templates:Insert template": false
     }
   },
-  "active": "add883d295e04659",
+  "active": "6d395e6a4c72e1c8",
   "lastOpenFiles": [
+    "Usage/Building The Kernel.md",
+    "Planning & To-Dos.md",
+    "structure/idk.canvas",
+    "structure/kernel.md",
+    "structure/libk.md",
+    "structure/libm.md",
+    "structure/libk",
+    "structure",
     "Usage",
-    "Welcome.md",
-    "Usage/Building The Kernel.md"
+    "Welcome.md"
   ]
 }

docs/Planning & To-Dos.md

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+> [!todo] Testing
+> - [ ] setup custom test frameworks (Use CrystalOS-V2 as a reference)
+> 	- [ ] write a sub-crate for tests
+> 	- [ ] implement several unit tests on things that we are likely to break often
+> - [ ] setup Git CI/CD pipeline with testing
+> 	- [ ] figure out how to run QEMU in the test environment
+> 	- [ ] write a script to run tests
+> 	- [ ] a release should only be published if all tests pass
+
+> [!todo] Memory
+> - [ ] make sure page tables are correct. we're still getting the annoying page fault errors for the APIC
+> - [ ] page allocator
+>   - [ ] e
+
+> [!todo] Allocator
+> - [x] learn about several allocator designs and decide on the optimal one
+> - [x] implementation
+> 	- [x] implement an allocate method
+> 	- [x] implement a deallocate method
+> 	- [x] set the global allocator
+> - [ ] testing
+> 	- [ ] write unit tests
+> 		- [ ] many allocations
+> 		- [ ] large allocations
+> 		- [ ] allocating more memory than is available
+> 	- [ ] pass unit tests
+
+> [!todo] Threading
+> - [ ] implement thread switching functionality
+> 	- [ ] switch stacks
+> - [ ] implement multi-threading
+> 	- [ ] figure out how to turn on another core
+> - [ ] Scheduler
+> 	- [ ] which task goes on which thread?
+> 		- [ ] round robin / time slicing algorithm
+> 	- [ ] switch tasks on a given core
+> 		- [ ] push registers
+> 		- [ ] switch stacks
+> 		- [ ] ensure the scheduler knows where to find the stack for each thread
+> 	- [ ] move a given task to a new core
+> 	- [ ] differentiate between kernel threads and user threads
+> - [ ] create syscall to create a new thread
+
+> [!todo] Filesystem 
+> - [ ] AHCI Implementation
+> 	- [ ] figure out what hard drives are attached
+> 	- [ ] read data
+> 	- [ ] write data
+> - [ ] FAT32 Implementation
+> 	- [ ] parse FAT header
+> 	- [ ] figure out where files are / what files are what
+> 	- [ ] parse file metadata / figure out type of file
+> 	- [ ] reading the entirety of a file into memory
+> - [ ] *(extension)* ext2 Implementation
+> - [ ] Syscall API
+> 	- [ ] provide a user program with file read / write access given a filename
+> 		- [ ] translate a filename into a disk location of data & the size of the data
+> 		- [ ] provide an interface to read from a file or write to a file
+
+> [!todo] APIC
+> - [ ] Enable APIC
+> 	- [x] Get apic location  from MSR
+> 	- [x] Enable APIC bit flag
+> 	- [x] Disable Legacy PIC
+> 	- [ ] Map physical APIC address to virtual memory
+> 
+>> [!error]
+>> Page fault exception occurs when APIC is activated
+>
+>- [ ] Setup Interrupt handlers to handle interrupts generated by the APIC
+>	- [ ] Timer Interrupts
+>	- [ ] Keyboard Interrupts
+
+> [!todo] Userspace (req: Threading, Filesystem)
+> - [ ] Load program into memory from disk
+> 	- [ ] requires:
+> 		- [ ] Program Loader
+> 			- [ ] Parse ELF File
+> 			- [ ] Load file into memory
+> 		- [ ] Filesystem
+> 		- [ ] Scheduler (to start and manage the process)
+> - [ ] Start a user process
+> 	- [ ] switch stacks
+> 	- [ ] jump to user code
+
+>[!todo] User Interface 
+>- This will be a library so that  programs in userspace can provide a user interface rather than relying on text commands from a basic terminal
+>- features required:
+>	- [ ] Rendering frames to a display buffer
+>		- [ ] requires: Frame rendering Syscall
+>	- [ ] I/O
+>		- [ ] syncio
+>			- [ ] keystrokes
+>		- [ ] asyncio
+>			- [ ] keystrokes
+>		- [ ] requires: I/O Syscalls
+>	- [ ] Window struct
+>		- [ ] stores it's size and location
+>		- [ ] handles rendering pixels to the screen
+>	- [ ] Widgets
+>		- [ ] textbox / label
+>		- [ ] single line text input
+>			- [ ] how do we capture keyboard inputs?
+>		- [ ] multiline text input
+>			- [ ] how do we capture keyboard inputs?
+>		- [ ] button
+>		- [ ] dialog
+>		- [ ] box widget
+>			- [ ] figure out how to nest other widgets inside it
+>```rust
+>pub struct Window {
+>	position;
+>	dimensions;
+>}
+>
+>impl Window {
+>	fn display(&self, frame: &Frame) -> Result<(), RenderError>;
+>}
+>
+>pub struct Frame<'a> {
+>	window: &'a Window,
+>	data: <"... a suitable type to store pixels">
+>}
+>
+>impl<'a> Frame<'a> {
+>	pub fn display(&self) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
+>		self.window.display(self)
+>	}
+>}
+>
+> pub trait Widget {
+> 	fn render(&self) -> Frame;
+> }
+>```
+

docs/structure/idk.canvas

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+{
+	"nodes":[
+		{"id":"8391ed519ab6cb3d","type":"group","x":-920,"y":600,"width":1595,"height":360,"label":"Hardware Layer"},
+		{"id":"967decfbdbf166e2","type":"group","x":-920,"y":120,"width":1595,"height":320,"label":"Kernel Layer (kernelspace)"},
+		{"id":"efd3cf75db396678","type":"group","x":-920,"y":-280,"width":1595,"height":240,"label":"System Layer (userspace)"},
+		{"id":"d577e6c4fa3d7479","type":"group","x":-920,"y":-600,"width":1595,"height":140,"label":"User Layer (userspace)"},
+		{"id":"549099b4188ff073","type":"text","text":"Interrupt handling & initialisation","x":-204,"y":320,"width":250,"height":60,"color":"2"},
+		{"id":"d0c73e9e86edba62","type":"text","text":"Kernel #kernel","x":-220,"y":260,"width":281,"height":140,"color":"2"},
+		{"id":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","type":"text","text":"libk #kernel","x":-880,"y":260,"width":280,"height":140,"color":"2"},
+		{"id":"4839a4f4f0980254","type":"text","text":"System Libraries #userspace","x":-220,"y":-240,"width":281,"height":160,"color":"3"},
+		{"id":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","type":"text","text":"Scheduler","x":-880,"y":160,"width":280,"height":60,"color":"2"},
+		{"id":"3d31fc276e0ba4a0","type":"text","text":"UI Shell #userspace","x":-880,"y":-560,"width":280,"height":60,"color":"4"},
+		{"id":"6b5e17c10589a7b6","type":"text","text":"Generic Application #userspace","x":-219,"y":-560,"width":281,"height":60,"color":"4"},
+		{"id":"0a47f47a2c7b3609","type":"text","text":"CPU #hardware","x":-880,"y":640,"width":280,"height":280,"color":"1"},
+		{"id":"a7002e4427f0540d","type":"text","text":"lib_io","x":-200,"y":-160,"width":122,"height":60,"color":"3"},
+		{"id":"e09d0bccffd19ed9","type":"text","text":"lib_ui","x":-78,"y":-160,"width":118,"height":60,"color":"3"},
+		{"id":"cbfeda8989b260d8","type":"text","text":"Userspace Drivers #userspace","x":360,"y":-240,"width":281,"height":160,"color":"3"},
+		{"id":"3acced35498279a0","type":"text","text":"Hardware #hardware\n- Display\n- Hard drives\n- Keyboard\n- Mouse","x":360,"y":640,"width":281,"height":280,"color":"1"},
+		{"id":"31548bb91b4977eb","type":"text","text":"Syscall API","x":-219,"y":160,"width":281,"height":60,"color":"2"},
+		{"id":"110b7bee2ba99819","type":"text","text":"Drivers & low level kernel libraries","x":-860,"y":320,"width":240,"height":60,"color":"2"}
+	],
+	"edges":[
+		{"id":"6a8d6b7540c2898d","fromNode":"3d31fc276e0ba4a0","fromSide":"right","toNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","toSide":"left","color":"3"},
+		{"id":"57aedf427a150ff1","fromNode":"6b5e17c10589a7b6","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","toSide":"top","color":"3","label":"Applications are statically \nlinked to system libraries"},
+		{"id":"d292a19f88032809","fromNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"31548bb91b4977eb","toSide":"top","color":"2","label":"system libraries make syscalls"},
+		{"id":"8b437f1c08e1caf2","fromNode":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","fromSide":"top","toNode":"3d31fc276e0ba4a0","toSide":"bottom","color":"4","label":"Scheduler Starts\nUI in userspace"},
+		{"id":"3e2c6f6d5dcd7613","fromNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","fromSide":"right","toNode":"cbfeda8989b260d8","toSide":"left","color":"3"},
+		{"id":"88f6e95c288c933d","fromNode":"31548bb91b4977eb","fromSide":"top","toNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","toSide":"bottom","color":"2"},
+		{"id":"156c8a89b537e219","fromNode":"cbfeda8989b260d8","fromSide":"left","toNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","toSide":"right","color":"3","label":"some libs talk to\nhardware through\nuserspace drivers"},
+		{"id":"0d04c5b0f76a5d9b","fromNode":"cbfeda8989b260d8","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"3acced35498279a0","toSide":"top","fromEnd":"arrow","color":"1","label":"Userspace drivers can talk\ndirectly to hardware so\nin the case of a driver crash\nthe kernel is unaffected"},
+		{"id":"e9f1afb45bf17b77","fromNode":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"3acced35498279a0","toSide":"left","fromEnd":"arrow","color":"1","label":"Libk handles most hardware\ninteraction, keeping the core kernel codebase as minimal\nas possible"},
+		{"id":"99414d640e519c8c","fromNode":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","fromSide":"right","toNode":"d0c73e9e86edba62","toSide":"left","fromEnd":"arrow","color":"2","label":"kernel static linked to libk\nmost kernel functionality\nisfound in libk"},
+		{"id":"85cd865c914dd125","fromNode":"549099b4188ff073","fromSide":"top","toNode":"d0c73e9e86edba62","toSide":"top","color":"2"},
+		{"id":"e882694ec774c0d6","fromNode":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","fromSide":"top","toNode":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","toSide":"bottom","color":"2"},
+		{"id":"c689b667be8cdfab","fromNode":"d0c73e9e86edba62","fromSide":"top","toNode":"31548bb91b4977eb","toSide":"bottom","color":"2"},
+		{"id":"0c9da0cce11e4bd1","fromNode":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","toSide":"top","color":"2"},
+		{"id":"c45efb0ad498f8a8","fromNode":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","fromSide":"right","toNode":"6b5e17c10589a7b6","toSide":"left","color":"4","label":"Scheduler\nstarts applications"},
+		{"id":"aee2cd6ef9682f0f","fromNode":"31548bb91b4977eb","fromSide":"left","toNode":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","toSide":"right","color":"2","label":"system libs can talk to\nthe scheduler to manage\nprocesses"},
+		{"id":"b1b2b96d8ac2b490","fromNode":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"0a47f47a2c7b3609","toSide":"top","fromEnd":"arrow","color":"1"}
+	]
+}

docs/structure/libm.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+- contains all proc macros for building the kernel
+
+## Current Features 
+### font importer:
+- a macro that takes a filename to a font file and turns it into a font.
+```rust 
+pub struct Font {
+	width: usize,
+	height: usize,
+	length: u16,
+	data: [[u8; 16]; 512],
+}
+
+pub static FONT_CP850_8X16: Font = 
+	Font::new(include_font!("./libk/resources/font/cp850-8x16.psf"));
+```

kernel/Cargo.toml

@@ -6,11 +6,24 @@ authors.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 limine = "0.3.1"
-libk = { path = "../libk" }
 x86_64 = "0.15.2"
 spin = "0.9.8"
 pic8259 = "0.11.0"
 pc-keyboard = "0.8.0"
+libm = { path = "../libm" }
+crossbeam = { version = "0.8.4", default-features = false, features = [
+    "alloc",
+    "crossbeam-queue",
+] }
+futures-util = { version = "0.3.31", default-features = false, features = [
+    "alloc",
+] }
+linked_list_allocator = { version = "0.10.5", features = ["use_spin"] }
+# gimli = { version = "0.31.1", default-features = false, features = ["read"] }
+# elf = { version = "0.7.4", default-features = false, features = ["nightly"] }
+# fallible-iterator = "0.3.0"
+# framehop = { version = "0.13.2", default-features = false }
+# object = { version = "0.36.7", default-features = false, features = ["read"] }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 cc = "1.2.14"

kernel/linker.ld

@@ -62,9 +62,8 @@ SECTIONS
         *(COMMON)
     } :data
 
-    /* Discard .note.* and .eh_frame* since they may cause issues on some hosts. */
+    /* Discard .note.* and ~~.eh_frame*~~ since they may cause issues on some hosts. */
     /DISCARD/ : {
-        *(.eh_frame*)
         *(.note .note.*)
     }
 }

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/apic/mod.rs

@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(unused)] // TODO: Remove this when ready.
-use core::arch::x86_64::__cpuid;
-
-use x86_64::{
-    PhysAddr, VirtAddr,
-    structures::paging::{Mapper, Size4KiB},
-};
-
-use crate::serial_print;
-
-use super::{cpu::model_specific_registers::*, mem::memmap::PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET};
-
-const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR: u32 = 0x1b;
-const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_BSP: u64 = 0x100;
-const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE: u64 = 0x800;
-const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_DISABLE: u64 = !IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE;
-
-const CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC: u64 = 1 << 9; // the cpuid instruction will return this flag if it supports APIC
-
-// const APIC_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS: Lazy<VirtAddr> = Lazy::new(|| {
-//     let apic_base = get_apic_base();
-//     let virt_addr = unsafe { phys_to_virt(apic_base) };
-
-//     virt_addr
-// });
-
-fn set_apic_base_enable(apic: PhysAddr) {
-    let rax = (apic.as_u64() & 0xfffff0000) | IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE;
-    cpu_set_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, rax);
-}
-
-fn set_apic_base_disable(apic: PhysAddr) {
-    let rax = (apic.as_u64() & 0xfffff0000) & IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_DISABLE;
-    cpu_set_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, rax);
-}
-
-fn get_apic_base() -> PhysAddr {
-    let mut value: u64 = 0;
-    cpu_get_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, &mut value);
-    PhysAddr::new(value & 0xfffff0000)
-}
-
-fn write_apic_register(apic_base: &VirtAddr, reg: u8, value: u32) {
-    let apic_base = apic_base.as_u64();
-    let reg_addr = (apic_base & 0xFFFFF0000) + reg as u64;
-    unsafe { *(reg_addr as *mut u32) = value };
-}
-
-fn read_apic_register(apic_base: &VirtAddr, reg: u8) -> u32 {
-    let apic_base = apic_base.as_u64();
-
-    serial_print!("got apic base");
-
-    let reg_addr = (apic_base & 0xFFFFF0000) + reg as u64;
-    unsafe { *(reg_addr as *const u32) }
-}
-
-pub fn check_apic() -> bool {
-    let res = unsafe { __cpuid(1) };
-    res.edx as u64 & CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC != 0
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-unsafe fn phys_to_virt(phys: PhysAddr) -> VirtAddr {
-    let phys = phys.as_u64();
-    phys.checked_add(*PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET).map_or_else(
-        || {
-            serial_print!("THIS IS A PROBLEM");
-            panic!("overflow")
-        },
-        |virt| {
-            serial_print!("map worked!");
-            VirtAddr::new(virt)
-        },
-    )
-}
-
-pub fn enable_apic(
-    _mapper: &mut impl Mapper<Size4KiB>,
-    // TODO: Fix this function.
-    // frame_allocator: &mut FoundryOSFrameAllocator,
-) {
-    unimplemented!();
-
-    // let apic_phys_addr = get_apic_base();
-    // set_apic_base_enable(apic_phys_addr);
-    // map virt address of apic
-
-    // let apic_virt = unsafe { phys_to_virt(apic_phys_addr) };
-    // let page: Page<Size4KiB> = Page::containing_address(apic_virt);
-    // let frame: PhysFrame<Size4KiB> = PhysFrame::containing_address(apic_phys_addr);
-    // let flags: PageTableFlags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
-
-    // unsafe {
-    //     match mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, frame_allocator) {
-    //         Ok(_) => {}
-    //         Err(why) => panic!("failed to map apic: {:?}", why),
-    //     }
-    // }
-
-    // // FIXME: this causes a page fault
-    // // TODO: map to virtual memor
-
-    // let reg = read_apic_register(&apic_virt, 0xF0);
-
-    // serial_print!("ok2");
-
-    // write_apic_register(&apic_virt, 0xF0, reg | 0x100);
-}
-
-pub struct Apic {}
-
-pub enum ApicVector {}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu.rs

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-pub mod model_specific_registers {
-    use core::arch::x86_64::__cpuid;
-    use spin::Lazy;
-    use x86_64::registers::model_specific::Msr;
-
-    const _CPUID_FLAG_MSR: u32 = 1 << 5;
-    static _EDX: Lazy<u32> = Lazy::new(|| unsafe { __cpuid(1).edx });
-
-    pub fn _cpu_has_msr() -> bool {
-        *_EDX & _CPUID_FLAG_MSR != 0
-    }
-
-    pub fn cpu_get_msr(msr: u32, value: &mut u64) {
-        let msr = Msr::new(msr);
-        unsafe {
-            *value = msr.read();
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn cpu_set_msr(msr: u32, value: u64) {
-        let mut msr = Msr::new(msr);
-        unsafe {
-            msr.write(value);
-        }
-    }
-}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/apic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#![expect(unused)]
+
+use core::arch::x86_64::__cpuid;
+
+use crate::arch::x86_64::{
+    cpu::msr::*,
+    memory::{
+        FRAME_ALLOCATOR, OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE, mapping::PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET,
+    },
+};
+
+use x86_64::structures::paging::Translate;
+use x86_64::{
+    PhysAddr, VirtAddr,
+    structures::paging::{Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, PhysFrame, Size4KiB},
+};
+
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR: u32 = 0x1b;
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_BSP: u64 = 0x100;
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE: u64 = 0x800;
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_DISABLE: u64 = !IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE;
+
+const CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC: u64 = 1 << 9; // the cpuid instruction will return this flag if it supports APIC
+
+// const APIC_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS: Lazy<VirtAddr> = Lazy::new(|| {
+//     let apic_base = get_apic_base();
+//     let virt_addr = unsafe { phys_to_virt(apic_base) };
+
+//     virt_addr
+// });
+
+fn set_apic_base_enable(apic: PhysAddr) {
+    let rax = (apic.as_u64() & 0xfffff0000) | IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE;
+    cpu_set_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, rax);
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn set_apic_base_disable(apic: PhysAddr) {
+    let rax = (apic.as_u64() & 0xfffff0000) & IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_DISABLE;
+    cpu_set_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, rax);
+}
+
+fn get_apic_base() -> PhysAddr {
+    let mut value: u64 = 0;
+    cpu_get_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, &mut value);
+
+    PhysAddr::new(value & 0xfffff0000)
+}
+
+fn write_apic_register(apic_base: &PhysAddr, reg: u64, value: u32) {
+    let apic_base = apic_base.as_u64();
+    let reg_addr = (apic_base & 0xFFFFF0000) + reg;
+
+    let virt_addr = unsafe { phys_to_virt(PhysAddr::new(reg_addr)) };
+
+    let phys_check =
+        OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock().translate(virt_addr);
+
+    unsafe { *(virt_addr.as_u64() as *mut u32) = value };
+}
+
+fn read_apic_register(apic_base: &PhysAddr, reg: u64) -> u32 {
+    let apic_base = apic_base.as_u64();
+    let reg_addr = (apic_base & 0xFFFFF0000) + reg;
+    let virt_addr = unsafe { phys_to_virt(PhysAddr::new(reg_addr)) };
+    unsafe { *(virt_addr.as_u64() as *const u32) }
+}
+
+pub fn check_apic() -> bool {
+    let res = unsafe { __cpuid(1) };
+    res.edx as u64 & CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC != 0
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn phys_to_virt(phys: PhysAddr) -> VirtAddr {
+    let phys = phys.as_u64();
+    phys.checked_add(*PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET)
+        .map_or_else(|| panic!("Overflow"), VirtAddr::new)
+}
+
+pub fn enable_apic() {
+    let apic_base_physical_addr = get_apic_base();
+    set_apic_base_enable(apic_base_physical_addr);
+
+    enable_timer();
+
+    write_apic_register(
+        &apic_base_physical_addr,
+        0xF0,
+        read_apic_register(&apic_base_physical_addr, 0xF0) | 0x1FF,
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn enable_timer() {
+    let apic_base = get_apic_base();
+    let current = read_apic_register(&apic_base, 0x320);
+    write_apic_register(&get_apic_base(), 0x320, (current & 0xFFFFFF00) | 0x20);
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod apic;
+mod msr;
+pub mod pic;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/msr.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#![expect(unused)]
+use core::arch::x86_64::__cpuid;
+use spin::Lazy;
+use x86_64::registers::model_specific::Msr;
+
+const CPUID_FLAG_MSR: u32 = 1 << 5;
+static EDX: Lazy<u32> = Lazy::new(|| unsafe { __cpuid(1).edx });
+
+pub fn cpu_has_msr() -> bool {
+    *EDX & CPUID_FLAG_MSR != 0
+}
+
+pub fn cpu_get_msr(msr: u32, value: &mut u64) {
+    let msr = Msr::new(msr);
+    unsafe {
+        *value = msr.read();
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn cpu_set_msr(msr: u32, value: u64) {
+    let mut msr = Msr::new(msr);
+    unsafe {
+        msr.write(value);
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/pic.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
+
 use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
 
 const CMD_INIT: u8 = 0x11;
@@ -40,7 +42,15 @@ pub struct ChainedPics {
 }
 
 impl ChainedPics {
-    pub const fn new(offset1: u8, offset2: u8) -> Self {
+    /// Construct a new `ChainedPics` given the base offsets of the two PICs.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function is unsafe because it requires you to pass valid offsets.
+    /// If you pass offsets that are out of range, or if you pass offsets that
+    /// conflict with one another, the resulting object will be useless and
+    /// will likely cause problems for your system.
+    pub const unsafe fn new(offset1: u8, offset2: u8) -> Self {
         Self {
             pics: [
                 Pic {
@@ -57,14 +67,20 @@ impl ChainedPics {
         }
     }
 
-    pub const fn new_contiguous(primary_offset: u8) -> Self {
-        Self::new(primary_offset, primary_offset + 8)
-    }
-
+    /// .
+    ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
-    /// This should be safe if called just once on initialisation, however
-    /// sending data to IO ports tends to have side-effects.
+    /// .
+    pub const unsafe fn new_contiguous(primary_offset: u8) -> Self {
+        unsafe { Self::new(primary_offset, primary_offset + 8) }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a new instance of [`ChainedPics`].
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// this is unsafe because it required writing to CPU I/O ports.
     pub unsafe fn initialize(&mut self) {
         unsafe {
             let mut wait_port: Port<u8> = Port::new(0x80);
@@ -106,12 +122,12 @@ impl ChainedPics {
     }
 
     /// Reads the interrupt masks of both PICs.
-    pub fn read_masks(&mut self) -> [u8; 2] {
+    pub unsafe fn read_masks(&mut self) -> [u8; 2] {
         unsafe { [self.pics[0].read_mask(), self.pics[1].read_mask()] }
     }
 
     /// Writes the interrupt masks of both PICs.
-    pub fn write_masks(&mut self, mask1: u8, mask2: u8) {
+    pub unsafe fn write_masks(&mut self, mask1: u8, mask2: u8) {
         unsafe {
             self.pics[0].write_mask(mask1);
             self.pics[1].write_mask(mask2);
@@ -119,8 +135,8 @@ impl ChainedPics {
     }
 
     /// Disables both PICs by masking all interrupts.
-    pub fn disable(&mut self) {
-        self.write_masks(u8::MAX, u8::MAX)
+    pub unsafe fn disable(&mut self) {
+        unsafe { self.write_masks(u8::MAX, u8::MAX) }
     }
 
     /// Do we handle this interrupt?
@@ -131,7 +147,7 @@ impl ChainedPics {
     /// Figure out which (if any) PICs in our chain need to know about this
     /// interrupt.  This is tricky, because all interrupts from `pics[1]`
     /// get chained through `pics[0]`.
-    pub fn notify_end_of_interrupt(&mut self, interrupt_id: u8) {
+    pub unsafe fn notify_end_of_interrupt(&mut self, interrupt_id: u8) {
         if self.handles_interrupt(interrupt_id) {
             if self.pics[1].handles_interrupt(interrupt_id) {
                 unsafe {

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/ascii/mod.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
-use core::fmt;
+use core::fmt::{self, Write};
 use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
 use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
 
-use super::framebuffer::{colour::Colour, display::FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER};
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::{
+    colour::Colour, display::FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER,
+};
 
 use crate::resources::font::{FONT_SPLEEN_8X16, Font};
+use crate::std::maths::geometry::Vec2;
 
 static FONT_WIDTH: u32 = 8;
 static FONT_HEIGHT: u32 = 16;
 
-pub static WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Writer>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(Writer::new()));
+pub static WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Writer>> =
+    Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(Writer::new()));
 
 pub fn screensize_chars() -> (u32, u32) {
     let writer = WRITER.lock();
@@ -22,11 +26,8 @@ pub struct Writer {
     screen_width: u32,
     /// Measured in chars not pixels.
     screen_height: u32,
-    /// 16 pixels tall.
     text_line: u32,
-    /// 8 pixels wide.
     text_col: u32,
-
     fg_color: Colour,
     bg_color: Colour,
 }
@@ -59,6 +60,15 @@ impl Writer {
         self.font = font;
     }
 
+    pub const fn set_pos(&mut self, coords: Vec2<u32>) {
+        self.text_col = coords.x();
+        self.text_line = coords.y();
+    }
+
+    pub const fn pos(&self) -> Vec2<u32> {
+        Vec2::new(self.text_col, self.text_line)
+    }
+
     /// This is sent when the user types a backspace.
     const BACKSPACE: u8 = 8;
 
@@ -71,21 +81,31 @@ impl Writer {
             return;
         }
 
-        // Get the character data from the font array. -- each byte is a row of pixels
-        let data: &[u8] = &self.font.glyphs[c as usize];
+        // Get the character data from the font array. -- each byte is a row of
+        // pixels
+        let data: &[u8] = self.font.glyph_for(c as u16);
 
         if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
             for (row, line) in data.iter().enumerate().take(16) {
                 for col in 0..8 {
                     let pixel_x: u32 = self.text_col * FONT_WIDTH + col;
-                    let pixel_y: u32 = self.text_line * FONT_HEIGHT + row as u32;
+                    let pixel_y: u32 =
+                        self.text_line * FONT_HEIGHT + row as u32;
 
                     if line & (0x80 >> col) != 0 {
                         // Write the foreground color
-                        writer.write_pixel(pixel_x as usize, pixel_y as usize, self.fg_color);
+                        writer.write_pixel(
+                            pixel_x as usize,
+                            pixel_y as usize,
+                            self.fg_color,
+                        );
                     } else {
                         // Write the background color
-                        writer.write_pixel(pixel_x as usize, pixel_y as usize, self.bg_color);
+                        writer.write_pixel(
+                            pixel_x as usize,
+                            pixel_y as usize,
+                            self.bg_color,
+                        );
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -117,8 +137,8 @@ impl Writer {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Handles the backspace character. TODO: Implement VT-100 style terminal control
-    /// codes alongside a shell. Not simple.
+    /// Handles the backspace character. TODO: Implement VT-100 style terminal
+    /// control codes alongside a shell. Not simple.
     pub fn backspace(&mut self) {
         if self.text_col > 0 {
             self.text_col -= 1;
@@ -145,7 +165,7 @@ impl Writer {
     }
 }
 
-impl core::fmt::Write for Writer {
+impl fmt::Write for Writer {
     fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> core::fmt::Result {
         self.write_string(s);
         Ok(())
@@ -164,19 +184,19 @@ fn write(args: fmt::Arguments, fg: Colour, bg: Colour) {
 }
 
 pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
-    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
         write(args, Colour::White, Colour::Black);
     })
 }
 
 pub fn _print_err(args: fmt::Arguments) {
-    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
         write(args, Colour::Red, Colour::Black);
     })
 }
 
 pub fn _print_log(args: fmt::Arguments) {
-    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
         write(args, Colour::Yellow, Colour::Black);
     })
 }
@@ -193,6 +213,34 @@ pub fn clear_screen() {
     });
 }
 
+/// Prints a string at a given `coords` before returning to original position.
+///
+/// These are 0 based indices and refer to character position, not pixel
+/// positions.
+pub fn _print_oneshot(
+    fg: Colour,
+    bg: Colour,
+    coords: Vec2<u32>,
+    args: fmt::Arguments,
+) {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+
+        // Save the old positions of `text_col` and `text_line`.
+        let old_pos = writer.pos();
+
+        // Also save the colors.
+        let old_fg_color = writer.fg_color;
+        let old_bg_color = writer.bg_color;
+
+        writer.set_pos(coords);
+        writer.set_colour(fg, bg);
+        writer.write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+        writer.set_colour(old_fg_color, old_bg_color);
+        writer.set_pos(old_pos);
+    });
+}
+
 pub fn reset_cursor() {
     interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
         let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
@@ -201,6 +249,15 @@ pub fn reset_cursor() {
     });
 }
 
+#[macro_export]
+/// Prints a coloured string at a position before restoring previous position
+/// and colour.
+macro_rules! print_oneshot {
+    ($position:expr, $fg:expr, $bg:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::ascii::_print_oneshot($fg, $bg, $position, format_args!($($arg)*));
+    };
+}
+
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! println_log {
 	() => ($crate::print_log!("\n"));
@@ -209,7 +266,7 @@ macro_rules! println_log {
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! print_log {
-	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::_print_log(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::prelude::_print_log(format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
@@ -220,16 +277,16 @@ macro_rules! println {
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! print {
-	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::_print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::prelude::_print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
-macro_rules! printlnerr {
+macro_rules! eprintln {
     () => ($crate::printerr!("\n"));
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::printerr!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::eprint!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
-macro_rules! printerr {
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::_print_err(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+macro_rules! eprint {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::prelude::_print_err(format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/framebuffer/colour.rs

@@ -19,9 +19,14 @@ impl From<Colour> for u32 {
     fn from(val: Colour) -> Self {
         match val {
             Colour::ARGB(a, r, g, b) => {
-                (a as u32) << 24 | (r as u32) << 16 | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32)
+                (a as u32) << 24
+                    | (r as u32) << 16
+                    | (g as u32) << 8
+                    | (b as u32)
+            }
+            Colour::RGB(r, g, b) => {
+                ((r as u32) << 16) | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32)
             }
-            Colour::RGB(r, g, b) => ((r as u32) << 16) | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32),
             Colour::HexARGB(hex) => hex,
             Colour::Black => 0xFF000000,
             Colour::Blue => 0xFF0000FF,
@@ -38,7 +43,9 @@ impl From<Colour> for u32 {
 impl core::fmt::Display for Colour {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            Self::ARGB(r, g, b, a) => write!(f, "RGBA(#{:x}{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b, a),
+            Self::ARGB(r, g, b, a) => {
+                write!(f, "RGBA(#{:x}{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b, a)
+            }
             Self::RGB(r, g, b) => write!(f, "RGB(#{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b),
             Self::HexARGB(hex) => write!(f, "Hex(#{:x})", hex),
             Self::Black => write!(f, "Black"),

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/framebuffer/display.rs

@@ -10,17 +10,19 @@ use core::panic;
 use limine::framebuffer::Framebuffer;
 use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
 
-pub static FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<FramebufferWriter>>> = Lazy::new(|| {
+pub static FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<FramebufferWriter>>> =
+    Lazy::new(|| {
         Mutex::new(FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST.get_response().map_or_else(
             || {
                 panic!("Framebuffer request failed");
             },
             |framebuffer_response| {
-            let framebuffer = framebuffer_response.framebuffers().next().unwrap();
+                let framebuffer =
+                    framebuffer_response.framebuffers().next().unwrap();
                 Some(FramebufferWriter::new(framebuffer))
             },
         ))
-});
+    });
 
 /// The updated writer stores necessary fields from the [Framebuffer].
 /// This ensures that the contained types are Send, as Framebuffer was
@@ -28,7 +30,8 @@ pub static FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<FramebufferWriter>>> = Lazy::ne
 ///
 /// It also avoids the requirement for lifetimes.
 ///
-/// Note this does not implement Writer as these functions only handle drawing pixels.
+/// Note this does not implement Writer as these functions only handle drawing
+/// pixels.
 pub struct FramebufferWriter {
     pitch: u64,
     bpp: u16,
@@ -61,9 +64,16 @@ impl FramebufferWriter {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn render_frame(&self, buffer: &[Colour; 1280 * 800]) {
-        for (y, row) in buffer.chunks(1280).enumerate() {
+    pub fn render_frame(&self, buffer: &[&[Colour]]) {
+        // TODO: this should return errors
+        for (y, &row) in buffer.iter().enumerate() {
+            if y >= self.height() as usize {
+                break;
+            }
             for (x, pixel) in row.iter().enumerate() {
+                if x >= self.width() as usize {
+                    break;
+                }
                 self.write_pixel(x, y, *pixel);
             }
         }

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/keyboard.rs

@@ -3,27 +3,27 @@ use core::{
     task::{Context, Poll},
 };
 
+use crate::println;
 use crossbeam::queue::ArrayQueue;
 use futures_util::{Stream, StreamExt, task::AtomicWaker};
 use pc_keyboard::{
     DecodedKey, HandleControl, KeyCode, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1,
-    layouts::{self, Uk105Key},
+    layouts::Uk105Key,
 };
 use spin::{Lazy, Mutex, Once};
 
-use crate::prelude::*;
-
 static KBD_QUEUE: Once<ArrayQueue<u8>> = Once::new();
 static WAKER: AtomicWaker = AtomicWaker::new();
 
-pub static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> = Lazy::new(|| {
+pub static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> =
+    Lazy::new(|| {
         Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(
             ScancodeSet1::new(),
             // TODO: Expose an API to change the default KB layout.
-        layouts::Uk105Key,
+            Uk105Key,
             HandleControl::Ignore,
         ))
-});
+    });
 pub static SCANCODE_STREAM: Lazy<Mutex<ScancodeStream>> =
     Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(ScancodeStream::new()));
 
@@ -63,7 +63,10 @@ impl Default for ScancodeStream {
 impl Stream for ScancodeStream {
     type Item = u8;
 
-    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+    fn poll_next(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
         let queue = KBD_QUEUE.get().unwrap();
 
         if let Some(scancode) = queue.pop() {

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pub mod ascii;
+pub mod framebuffer;
+pub mod keyboard;
+pub mod port;
+pub mod serial;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/serial.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ macro_rules! serial_println {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => (serial_print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }
 
-use super::port::{inb, outb};
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::port::{inb, outb};
 
 use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
 

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/gdt.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use x86_64::{
+    VirtAddr,
     instructions::tables::load_tss,
-    registers::segmentation::{Segment, CS, DS, ES, SS},
+    registers::segmentation::{CS, DS, ES, SS, Segment},
     structures::{
         gdt::{Descriptor, GlobalDescriptorTable, SegmentSelector},
         tss::TaskStateSegment,
     },
-    VirtAddr,
 };
 
 use spin::Lazy;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
-// use libk::drivers::mem::{FRAME_ALLOCATOR, OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE};
-use libk::prelude::*;
+use crate::{debug, serial_print};
 use pic8259::ChainedPics;
-use x86_64::structures::idt::{InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame, PageFaultErrorCode};
-
-use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+use x86_64::registers::control::Cr2;
+use x86_64::structures::idt::{
+    InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame, PageFaultErrorCode,
+};
+use x86_64::structures::paging::mapper::MapperFlushAll;
+use x86_64::structures::paging::{
+    FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, Size4KiB,
+};
 
 use super::gdt;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::{FRAME_ALLOCATOR, OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE};
+use crate::{println_log, serial_println};
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
 
 static IDT: Lazy<InterruptDescriptorTable> = Lazy::new(|| {
     let mut idt = InterruptDescriptorTable::new();
@@ -22,7 +29,8 @@ static IDT: Lazy<InterruptDescriptorTable> = Lazy::new(|| {
     idt.page_fault.set_handler_fn(page_fault_handler);
 
     idt[InterruptIndex::Timer.as_u8()].set_handler_fn(timer_interrupt_handler);
-    idt[InterruptIndex::Keyboard.as_u8()].set_handler_fn(keyboard_interrupt_handler);
+    idt[InterruptIndex::Keyboard.as_u8()]
+        .set_handler_fn(keyboard_interrupt_handler);
     idt
 });
 
@@ -60,7 +68,6 @@ pub fn enable_pic() {
     }
 }
 
-#[expect(unused)]
 pub fn disable_pic() {
     unsafe {
         PICS.lock().disable();
@@ -88,13 +95,16 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(
     panic!("Exception: Double Fault\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
 }
 
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(
+    _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+) {
     use pc_keyboard::{HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1, layouts};
     // use pc_keyboard::DecodedKey;
     use spin::Mutex;
     use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
 
-    static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> =
+        Lazy::new(|| {
             Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(
                 ScancodeSet1::new(),
                 layouts::Uk105Key,
@@ -106,7 +116,7 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStac
     let mut port = Port::new(0x60);
 
     let scancode: u8 = unsafe { port.read() };
-    libk::drivers::io::keyboard::add_scancode(scancode);
+    crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::keyboard::add_scancode(scancode);
 
     unsafe {
         PICS.lock()
@@ -114,7 +124,10 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStac
     }
 }
 
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(
+    _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+) {
+    // debug!("Timer Interrupt");
     unsafe {
         PICS.lock()
             .notify_end_of_interrupt(InterruptIndex::Timer.as_u8());
@@ -125,29 +138,29 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
     _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
     _error_code: PageFaultErrorCode,
 ) {
-    todo!("Get this working again.")
     // serial_println!("Exception: Page Fault");
     // serial_println!("Accessed Address: {:?}", Cr2::read());
-    // serial_println!("Error Code: {:?}", error_code);
-    // serial_println!("{:#?}", stack_frame);
+    // serial_println!("Error Code: {:?}", _error_code);
+    // serial_println!("{:#?}", _stack_frame);
 
-    // if let Some(frame_allocator) = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get() {
-    //     let mut f = frame_allocator.lock();
+    if let Some(frame_allocator) = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get() {
+        let mut f = frame_allocator.lock();
 
-    //     let frame = f.allocate_frame().unwrap();
-    //     let flags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
-    //     let page: Page<Size4KiB> = Page::containing_address(Cr2::read().unwrap());
+        let frame = f.allocate_frame().unwrap();
+        let flags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
+        let page: Page<Size4KiB> =
+            Page::containing_address(Cr2::read().unwrap());
 
-    //     unsafe {
-    //         let mut mapper = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+        unsafe {
+            let mut mapper = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
 
-    //         match mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, &mut *f) {
-    //             Ok(_) => {}
-    //             Err(why) => panic!("failed to map page: {:?}", why),
-    //         }
-    //     }
-    //     MapperFlushAll::new().flush_all();
-    // } else {
-    //     panic!("failed to get frame allocator");
-    // }
+            match mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, &mut *f) {
+                Ok(_) => {}
+                Err(why) => panic!("failed to map page: {:?}", why),
+            }
+        }
+        MapperFlushAll::new().flush_all();
+    } else {
+        panic!("failed to get frame allocator");
+    }
 }

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/mem/mod.rs

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-pub mod memmap;
-pub mod pmm;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/allocation/heap_alloc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::allocation::page_alloc::FoundryOSFrameAllocator;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::units::MemoryUnits;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::{
+    FRAME_ALLOCATOR, HEAP_SIZE, HEAP_VIRTUAL_SPACE,
+};
+use crate::debugln;
+use core::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
+use core::ptr;
+use spin::{Mutex, MutexGuard};
+use x86_64::VirtAddr;
+use x86_64::structures::paging::{
+    PageTableFlags, Size4KiB, mapper::MapToError,
+};
+
+/// We are currently using a linked list heap allocator which uses our
+/// underlying page allocator.
+#[global_allocator]
+/// This is now Rust's global allocator, so we can use stuff requiring heap
+/// allocations.
+static ALLOCATOR: Locked<FoundryAllocator> =
+    Locked::new(FoundryAllocator::new());
+
+/// Initializes the heap.
+///
+/// This function must be called once, before any functions that
+/// require a heap are called. It sets up the heap by allocating
+/// the necessary frames from the page allocator. The heap is
+/// then ready for use.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This function must be called only once, and must be called before any types
+/// are constructed that require dynamic memory allocation.
+///
+/// # Parameters
+///
+/// None
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns a `Result` containing a `MapToError` if the heap
+/// could not be initialized, or `Ok` if the heap was
+/// initialized successfully.
+pub unsafe fn init_heap() -> Result<(), MapToError<Size4KiB>> {
+    unsafe {
+        // code to allocate frames is now done in the page fault interrupt
+        // handler!
+        ALLOCATOR.lock().init(HEAP_VIRTUAL_SPACE, HEAP_SIZE);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Locked<T> {
+    inner: Mutex<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T> Locked<T> {
+    pub const fn new(inner: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Mutex::new(inner),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn lock(&self) -> MutexGuard<T> {
+        self.inner.lock()
+    }
+}
+
+const BLOCK_SIZES: &[usize] = &[8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096];
+
+struct ListNode {
+    next: Option<&'static mut ListNode>,
+}
+
+pub struct FoundryAllocator {
+    list_heads: [Option<&'static mut ListNode>; BLOCK_SIZES.len()],
+    fallback: Locked<FoundryFallbackAllocator>,
+}
+
+impl Default for FoundryAllocator {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FoundryAllocator {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        const EMPTY: Option<&'static mut ListNode> = None;
+        Self {
+            list_heads: [EMPTY; BLOCK_SIZES.len()],
+            fallback: Locked::new(FoundryFallbackAllocator::new()),
+        }
+    }
+    /// Initializes the fallback allocator with the given heap start address and
+    /// size.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function is unsafe because it does not check whether the given heap
+    /// start address and size are valid.
+    pub unsafe fn init(&mut self, heap_start: usize, heap_size: usize) {
+        debugln!("      => Start: {:?}", VirtAddr::new(heap_start as u64));
+        debugln!("      => Size: {}", MemoryUnits::from_bytes(heap_size));
+
+        unsafe {
+            self.fallback.lock().init(heap_start, heap_size);
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn fallback_alloc(&mut self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+        unsafe { self.fallback.alloc(layout) }
+    }
+
+    fn block_size(&self, layout: &Layout) -> Option<usize> {
+        let required_block_size = layout.size().max(layout.align());
+        BLOCK_SIZES.iter().position(|&s| s >= required_block_size)
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<FoundryAllocator> {
+    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+        let mut allocator = self.lock();
+
+        match allocator.block_size(&layout) {
+            Some(index) => {
+                match allocator.list_heads[index].take() {
+                    Some(node) => {
+                        allocator.list_heads[index] = node.next.take();
+                        let ptr = node as *mut ListNode as *mut u8;
+                        ensure_mapped(VirtAddr::new(ptr as u64));
+                        ptr
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        // no block exists in list => allocate new block
+                        let block_size = BLOCK_SIZES[index];
+                        // only works if all block sizes are a power of 2
+                        let block_align = block_size;
+                        let layout =
+                            Layout::from_size_align(block_size, block_align)
+                                .unwrap();
+                        unsafe { allocator.fallback_alloc(layout) }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            None => unsafe { allocator.fallback_alloc(layout) },
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
+        let mut allocator = self.lock();
+        match allocator.block_size(&layout) {
+            Some(idx) => {
+                let new_node = ListNode {
+                    next: allocator.list_heads[idx].take(),
+                };
+
+                let new_ptr = ptr as *mut ListNode;
+                unsafe { new_ptr.write(new_node) };
+                allocator.list_heads[idx] = Some(unsafe { &mut *new_ptr });
+            }
+            None => {
+                unsafe { allocator.fallback.dealloc(ptr, layout) };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct FallbackListNode {
+    size: usize,
+    next: Option<&'static mut FallbackListNode>,
+}
+
+impl FallbackListNode {
+    const fn new(size: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { size, next: None }
+    }
+
+    fn start_addr(&self) -> usize {
+        self as *const Self as usize
+    }
+
+    fn end_addr(&self) -> usize {
+        self.start_addr() + self.size
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct FoundryFallbackAllocator {
+    head: FallbackListNode,
+}
+
+impl Default for FoundryFallbackAllocator {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FoundryFallbackAllocator {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            head: FallbackListNode::new(0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Initializes the allocator with a given heap start address and size.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function is unsafe because it does not check whether the given heap
+    /// start address and size are valid.
+    pub unsafe fn init(&mut self, heap_start: usize, heap_size: usize) {
+        unsafe { self.add_region(heap_start, heap_size) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn add_region(&mut self, addr: usize, size: usize) {
+        unsafe {
+            let mut node = FallbackListNode::new(size);
+            node.next = self.head.next.take();
+
+            let virt_addr = VirtAddr::new(addr as u64);
+            ensure_mapped(virt_addr);
+
+            let node_ptr = addr as *mut FallbackListNode;
+            node_ptr.write(node);
+            self.head.next = Some(&mut *node_ptr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn find_region(
+        &mut self,
+        size: usize,
+        align: usize,
+    ) -> Option<(&'static mut FallbackListNode, usize)> {
+        let mut current = &mut self.head;
+        // look for a large enough memory region in linked list
+        while let Some(ref mut region) = current.next {
+            if let Ok(alloc_start) =
+                Self::alloc_from_region(region, size, align)
+            {
+                // region suitable for allocation -> remove node from list
+                let next = region.next.take();
+                let ret = Some((current.next.take().unwrap(), alloc_start));
+                current.next = next;
+                return ret;
+            } else {
+                // region not suitable -> continue with next region
+                current = current.next.as_mut().unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+    const fn align_up(addr: usize, align: usize) -> usize {
+        (addr + align - 1) & !(align - 1)
+    }
+
+    fn size_align(layout: Layout) -> (usize, usize) {
+        let layout = layout
+            .align_to(align_of::<ListNode>())
+            .expect("adjusting alignment failed")
+            .pad_to_align();
+        let size = layout.size().max(size_of::<ListNode>());
+        (size, layout.align())
+    }
+
+    fn alloc_from_region(
+        region: &FallbackListNode,
+        size: usize,
+        align: usize,
+    ) -> Result<usize, ()> {
+        let alloc_start = Self::align_up(region.start_addr(), align);
+        let alloc_end = alloc_start.checked_add(size).ok_or(())?;
+
+        if alloc_end > region.end_addr() {
+            return Err(());
+        }
+
+        let excess_size = region.end_addr() - alloc_end;
+        if excess_size > 0 && excess_size < size_of::<ListNode>() {
+            return Err(());
+        }
+
+        Ok(alloc_start)
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<FoundryFallbackAllocator> {
+    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+        let mut allocator = self.lock();
+        // perform layout adjustments
+        let (size, align) = FoundryFallbackAllocator::size_align(layout);
+
+        if let Some((region, alloc_start)) = allocator.find_region(size, align)
+        {
+            let alloc_end = alloc_start.checked_add(size).expect("overflow");
+            let excess_size = region.end_addr() - alloc_end;
+            if excess_size > 0 {
+                unsafe { allocator.add_region(alloc_end, excess_size) };
+            }
+            let ptr = alloc_start as *mut u8;
+            ensure_mapped(VirtAddr::new(ptr as u64));
+            ptr
+        } else {
+            ptr::null_mut()
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
+        let mut allocator = self.lock();
+
+        // perform layout adjustments
+        let (size, _) = FoundryFallbackAllocator::size_align(layout);
+        unsafe { allocator.add_region(ptr as usize, size) }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ensure_mapped(virt_addr: VirtAddr) {
+    if !FoundryOSFrameAllocator::is_mapped(virt_addr) {
+        let mut foundry_alloc = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get().unwrap().lock();
+        foundry_alloc
+            .allocate_page(
+                virt_addr,
+                PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE,
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/allocation/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod heap_alloc;
+pub(crate) mod page_alloc;
+pub mod stack_alloc;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/allocation/page_alloc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::{FRAME_ALLOCATOR, OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE};
+use limine::memory_map::EntryType;
+use limine::response::MemoryMapResponse;
+use spin::Mutex;
+use x86_64::structures::paging::mapper::{MapToError, TranslateResult};
+use x86_64::structures::paging::{
+    FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, PhysFrame, Size4KiB,
+    Translate,
+};
+use x86_64::{PhysAddr, VirtAddr};
+
+pub struct FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
+    memory_map: &'static MemoryMapResponse,
+    next: usize,
+}
+
+impl FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
+    /// Creates a new `FoundryOSFrameAllocator` from a memory map.
+    ///
+    /// This function takes a reference to a `MemoryMapResponse` and initializes
+    /// a `FoundryOSFrameAllocator` with it. The `next` field is set to 0,
+    /// indicating that the first frame to be allocated is the first frame
+    /// in the memory map.
+    pub fn init(memory_map: &'static MemoryMapResponse) {
+        FRAME_ALLOCATOR.call_once(|| {
+            Mutex::new(Self {
+                memory_map,
+                next: 0,
+            })
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn count_usable_frames(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.usable_frames().count() as u64
+    }
+
+    pub fn available_memory(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.memory_map
+            .entries()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|region| region.base..region.base + region.length)
+            .flat_map(|r| r.step_by(4096))
+            .count() as u64
+            * 4096
+    }
+
+    /// An iterator over all usable frames in the memory map.
+    ///
+    /// Yields one `PhysFrame` for each available 4KiB frame in the memory map.
+    ///
+    /// This function is used to allocate frames for the page map.
+    fn usable_frames(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PhysFrame> + use<> {
+        let regions = self.memory_map.entries().iter();
+        let usable_regions =
+            regions.filter(|region| region.entry_type == EntryType::USABLE);
+        let addr_ranges = usable_regions
+            .map(|region| region.base..region.base + region.length);
+        let frame_addresses = addr_ranges.flat_map(|r| r.step_by(4096));
+        frame_addresses.map(|addr| {
+            PhysFrame::from_start_address(PhysAddr::new(addr)).unwrap()
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_mapped(virt_addr: VirtAddr) -> bool {
+        let mapper = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+        matches!(mapper.translate(virt_addr), TranslateResult::Mapped { .. })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn allocate_page(
+        &mut self,
+        start_addr: VirtAddr,
+        flags: PageTableFlags,
+    ) -> Result<(), MapToError<Size4KiB>> {
+        let page = Page::containing_address(start_addr);
+        let frame = self
+            .allocate_frame()
+            .ok_or(MapToError::<Size4KiB>::FrameAllocationFailed)?;
+        let mut mapper = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+
+        unsafe { mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, self)? }.flush();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
+    /// Allocates a frame from the list of usable frames.
+    ///
+    /// This function returns the next available `PhysFrame` from the memory
+    /// map, if one exists. Once a frame is allocated, the internal counter
+    /// is incremented to point to the next frame for future allocations.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// - `Some(PhysFrame)`: If a usable frame is available.
+    /// - `None`: If there are no more usable frames to allocate.
+    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
+        let frame = self.usable_frames().nth(self.next);
+        self.next += 1;
+        frame
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/allocation/stack_alloc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::STACK_VIRTUAL_SPACE;
+use x86_64::VirtAddr;
+use x86_64::structures::paging::{
+    FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, Size4KiB, mapper,
+};
+
+fn reserve_stack_memory(size_in_pages: u64) -> Page {
+    use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+    static STACK_ALLOC_NEXT: AtomicU64 =
+        AtomicU64::new(STACK_VIRTUAL_SPACE as u64);
+    let start_addr =
+        VirtAddr::new(STACK_ALLOC_NEXT.fetch_add(
+            size_in_pages * Page::<Size4KiB>::SIZE,
+            Ordering::Relaxed,
+        ));
+    Page::from_start_address(start_addr)
+        .expect("`STACK_ALLOC_NEXT` not page aligned")
+}
+
+/// Allocates a stack in the virtual address space, mapped to physical pages.
+///
+/// This function allocates a stack in the virtual address space, mapped to
+/// physical pages. The stack is allocated as a sequence of pages, with the
+/// first page allocated as a guard page. The stack is then mapped to the
+/// allocated physical frame.
+///
+/// The function takes the size of the stack in pages, a mutable reference to a
+/// mapper, and a mutable reference to a frame allocator. It returns a `Result`
+/// containing a `StackBounds` struct, which contains the start and end virtual
+/// addresses of the allocated stack.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This function is unsafe because it maps physical frames to virtual addresses
+/// without any protection. This can lead to bugs if the physical frames are not
+/// correctly allocated, or if the virtual addresses are not correctly aligned.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// This function will panic if the allocation of the physical frame fails.
+pub unsafe fn alloc_stack(
+    size_in_pages: u64,
+    mapper: &mut impl Mapper<Size4KiB>,
+    frame_allocator: &mut impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB>,
+) -> Result<StackBounds, mapper::MapToError<Size4KiB>> {
+    unsafe {
+        use x86_64::structures::paging::PageTableFlags as Flags;
+
+        let guard_page = reserve_stack_memory(size_in_pages + 1);
+        let stack_start = guard_page + 1;
+        let stack_end = stack_start + size_in_pages;
+
+        for page in Page::range(stack_start, stack_end) {
+            let frame = frame_allocator
+                .allocate_frame()
+                .ok_or(mapper::MapToError::FrameAllocationFailed)?;
+            let flags = Flags::PRESENT | Flags::WRITABLE;
+            mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, frame_allocator)?.flush();
+        }
+
+        Ok(StackBounds {
+            start: stack_start.start_address(),
+            end: stack_end.start_address(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct StackBounds {
+    start: VirtAddr,
+    end: VirtAddr,
+}
+
+impl StackBounds {
+    pub const fn new(start: VirtAddr, end: VirtAddr) -> Self {
+        Self { start, end }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn start(&self) -> VirtAddr {
+        self.start
+    }
+
+    pub const fn end(&self) -> VirtAddr {
+        self.end
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/mapping.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ static HIGHER_HALF_DIRECT_MAP_REQUEST: HhdmRequest = HhdmRequest::new();
 
 #[used]
 #[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
-static KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST: KernelAddressRequest = KernelAddressRequest::new();
+pub static KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST: KernelAddressRequest =
+    KernelAddressRequest::new();
 
 /// ```rs
 /// let virt_addr = phys_addr + offset;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+pub mod allocation;
+pub mod mapping;
+pub mod units;
+
+use allocation::page_alloc::FoundryOSFrameAllocator;
+use spin::{Mutex, Once};
+use units::MemoryUnits::*;
+use x86_64::{
+    VirtAddr,
+    registers::control::Cr3,
+    structures::paging::{OffsetPageTable, PageTable},
+};
+
+/// Start address of the memory space where we store allocated stacks.
+pub const STACK_VIRTUAL_SPACE: usize = 0x5555_5555_0000;
+/// Start address of heap allocated memory.
+pub const HEAP_VIRTUAL_SPACE: usize = 0x4444_4444_0000;
+pub const HEAP_SIZE: usize = MiB(1).to_bytes();
+
+pub static FRAME_ALLOCATOR: Once<Mutex<FoundryOSFrameAllocator>> = Once::new();
+pub static OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE: Once<Mutex<OffsetPageTable>> = Once::new();
+
+/// Returns a mutable reference to the current level 4 page table.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// The caller must ensure that the level 4 page table is not modified
+/// simultaneously. The caller must also ensure that the physical memory offset
+/// is correct, to ensure that the correct virtual address is constructed.
+unsafe fn active_l4_table(
+    physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr,
+) -> &'static mut PageTable {
+    let (level_4_frame, _) = Cr3::read();
+
+    let phys_addr = level_4_frame.start_address();
+    let virt = phys_addr.as_u64() + physical_memory_offset.as_u64();
+    unsafe { &mut *(virt as *mut PageTable) }
+}
+
+/// Initializes the `OffsetPageTable` for the current CPU architecture.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This function must be called only once and should be called before any
+/// memory operations are performed that rely on virtual memory management.
+/// The provided `physical_memory_offset` must be accurate to ensure correct
+/// translation of physical addresses.
+///
+/// # Parameters
+///
+/// - `physical_memory_offset`: The offset to convert physical addresses to
+///   virtual addresses in the higher-half direct map.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns an `OffsetPageTable` that allows for manipulation of the page
+/// tables for the current CPU architecture.
+pub fn init_page_table(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) {
+    unsafe {
+        let l4_table = active_l4_table(physical_memory_offset);
+        let offset_table =
+            OffsetPageTable::new(l4_table, physical_memory_offset);
+        OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.call_once(|| Mutex::new(offset_table));
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/units.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+pub enum MemoryUnits {
+    B(usize),
+    KiB(usize),
+    MiB(usize),
+    GiB(usize),
+}
+
+impl MemoryUnits {
+    pub const fn to_bytes(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::B(b) => *b,
+            Self::KiB(kib) => *kib * 1024,
+            Self::MiB(mib) => *mib * 1024 * 1024,
+            Self::GiB(gib) => *gib * 1024 * 1024 * 1024,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn from_bytes(bytes: usize) -> Self {
+        if bytes < 1024 {
+            Self::B(bytes)
+        } else if bytes < 1024 * 1024 {
+            Self::KiB(bytes / 1024)
+        } else if bytes < 1024 * 1024 * 1024 {
+            Self::MiB(bytes / (1024 * 1024))
+        } else {
+            Self::GiB(bytes / (1024 * 1024 * 1024))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn convert(&mut self) {
+        match self {
+            Self::B(b) if *b > 1024 => *self = Self::KiB(*b / 1024),
+            Self::KiB(kib) if *kib > 1024 => *self = Self::MiB(*kib / 1024),
+            Self::MiB(mib) if *mib > 1024 => *self = Self::GiB(*mib / 1024),
+            _ => (),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for MemoryUnits {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::B(b) => write!(f, "{} B", b),
+            Self::KiB(kib) => write!(f, "{} KiB", kib),
+            Self::MiB(mib) => write!(f, "{} MiB", mib),
+            Self::GiB(gib) => write!(f, "{} GiB", gib),
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-pub mod apic;
 pub mod cpu;
+pub mod drivers;
 pub mod gdt;
 pub mod interrupts;
-pub mod mem;
+pub mod memory;
+pub mod processing;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/async_io/task.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 //!
 //! Written by @zxq5 for the most part with code from
 //! [here](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/).
-//!
-use crate::prelude::*;
+
+use alloc::boxed::Box;
 use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use alloc::task::Wake;
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ impl Executor {
                 Some(task) => task,
                 None => continue, // task no longer exists
             };
-            let waker = waker_cache
-                .entry(task_id)
-                .or_insert_with(|| TaskWaker::new_waker(task_id, task_queue.clone()));
+            let waker = waker_cache.entry(task_id).or_insert_with(|| {
+                TaskWaker::new_waker(task_id, task_queue.clone())
+            });
             let mut context = Context::from_waker(waker);
             match task.poll(&mut context) {
                 Poll::Ready(()) => {
@@ -128,7 +128,10 @@ impl TaskWaker {
         self.task_queue.push(self.task_id).expect("task_queue full");
     }
 
-    fn new_waker(task_id: TaskId, task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>) -> Waker {
+    fn new_waker(
+        task_id: TaskId,
+        task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>,
+    ) -> Waker {
         Waker::from(Arc::new(Self {
             task_id,
             task_queue,

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#![expect(unused)]
+pub mod async_io;
+mod taskrunner;
+pub mod threading;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/taskrunner/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use alloc::boxed::Box;
+
+pub struct Task {
+    pid: usize,
+    task: Box<dyn Fn() + Send + 'static>,
+}
+
+impl Task {
+    // pub const fn new() {}
+
+    pub const fn run() {}
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/deprecated.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+mod switch;
+mod deprecated;
+
 use core::arch::asm;
 
 #[repr(C)]

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::allocation::stack_alloc::StackBounds;
+use x86_64::VirtAddr;
+
+mod switch;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Thread {
+    id: ThreadId,
+    stack_ptr: Option<VirtAddr>,
+    stack_bounds: Option<StackBounds>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct ThreadId(u64);
+
+impl ThreadId {
+    pub const fn as_u64(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+        static NEXT_THREAD_ID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1);
+        Self(NEXT_THREAD_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed))
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/switch.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+.intel_syntax noprefix
+
+switch_thread:
+    pushfq
+
+    mov rax, rsp
+    mov rsp, rdi
+
+    mov rdi, rax
+    call add_paused_thread
+
+    popfq
+    ret

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/switch.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+

kernel/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #![no_std]
-#![feature(abi_x86_interrupt)]
+#![feature(abi_x86_interrupt, breakpoint)]
 #![warn(
     clippy::correctness,
     clippy::nursery,
@@ -13,99 +13,149 @@
 
 extern crate alloc;
 
-// use arch::x86_64::apic::enable_apic;
+use crate::{
+    arch::x86_64::{
+        // cpu::apic::enable_apic,
+        drivers::{
+            ascii::screensize_chars, framebuffer::display::screensize_px,
+        },
+        gdt,
+        interrupts,
+        memory::{
+            FRAME_ALLOCATOR,
+            allocation::{
+                heap_alloc::init_heap, page_alloc::FoundryOSFrameAllocator,
+            },
+            init_page_table, mapping,
+            units::MemoryUnits,
+        },
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+};
+
+use alloc::{boxed::Box, format};
 use core::arch::asm;
-// use libk::drivers::mem::pmm;
 use limine::BaseRevision;
+use x86_64::VirtAddr;
 
-// use libk::drivers::alloc::allocator::init_heap;
-use libk::prelude::*;
-
-mod arch;
+pub mod arch;
+/// Commonly used re-exports.
+pub mod prelude;
+pub mod resources;
+// We aren't using much of this right now.
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub mod std;
+mod step;
+pub mod util;
 
 /// Sets the base revision to the latest revision supported by the crate.
 /// See specification for further info.
-/// Be sure to mark all limine requests with #[used], otherwise they may be removed by the compiler.
+/// Be sure to mark all limine requests with #[used], otherwise they may be
+/// removed by the compiler.
 #[used]
-// The .requests section allows limine to find the requests faster and more safely.
+// The .requests section allows limine to find the requests faster and more
+// safely.
 #[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
 static BASE_REVISION: BaseRevision = BaseRevision::new();
 
-#[panic_handler]
-fn rust_panic(_info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
-    println!("Kernel panic: {}", _info);
-    serial_println!("Kernel panic: {}", _info);
-    hcf();
-}
-
 pub fn hcf() -> ! {
     loop {
         unsafe {
             #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
             asm!("hlt");
-            #[cfg(any(target_arch = "aarch64", target_arch = "riscv64"))]
-            asm!("wfi");
-            #[cfg(target_arch = "loongarch64")]
-            asm!("idle 0");
         }
     }
 }
 
-pub fn boot() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NoError {}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for NoError {
+    fn fmt(&self, _f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct NoTags;
+
+impl core::error::Error for NoError {}
+
+/// Panicking before this is initialised is unwise. We should probably extract
+/// very early init into it's own function because Stack Traces may require
+/// allocations etc.
+#[inline(never)]
+pub fn boot() -> Result<(), Box<dyn core::error::Error>> {
     if !BASE_REVISION.is_supported() {
-        return Err("base revision not supported");
+        return Err("Base revision not supported.".into());
     }
 
-    use arch::x86_64::{gdt, interrupts, mem::memmap};
-
-    let _memory_map = memmap::get_memory_map();
+    let memory_map = mapping::get_memory_map();
 
     print_log!("    Initialising Serial... ");
-    if libk::drivers::io::serial::init().is_err() {
-        println_log!("[Not Detected]")
+    let res = arch::x86_64::drivers::serial::init();
+    serial_print!("    Initialising Serial... ");
+    if res.is_err() {
+        debugln!("[Not Detected]")
     } else {
-        println_log!("[Success]");
+        debugln!("[Success]");
     }
 
-    print_log!("    Setting Up Global Descriptor Table... ");
+    debugln!(
+        "Display is {:?} chars, {:?} px.",
+        screensize_chars(),
+        screensize_px()
+    );
+
+    debug!("    Setting Up Global Descriptor Table... ");
     gdt::init();
-    println_log!("[Success]");
+    debugln!("[Success]");
 
-    print_log!("    Setting Up Interrupt Descriptor Table... ");
+    debug!("    Setting Up Interrupt Descriptor Table... ");
     interrupts::init_idt();
-    println_log!("[Success]");
+    debugln!("[Success]");
 
-    print_log!("    Initialising Memory Subsystem... ");
-    // let physical_memory_offset = VirtAddr::new(*memmap::PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET);
-    // pmm::init_page_table(physical_memory_offset);
-    println_log!("[Success]");
+    debugln!("    Initialising Memory Subsystem... ");
+    let physical_memory_offset =
+        VirtAddr::new(*mapping::PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET);
+    init_page_table(physical_memory_offset);
+    FoundryOSFrameAllocator::init(memory_map);
+    let available_bytes =
+        FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get().unwrap().lock().available_memory();
 
-    print_log!("    Setting Up Page Table... ");
-    // pmm::init_frame_allocator(memory_map);
-    println_log!("[Success]");
+    debugln!(
+        "      => Available Memory: {}",
+        MemoryUnits::from_bytes(available_bytes as usize)
+    );
 
-    print_log!("    Initialising Heap... ");
-    // TODO: Reenable the heap.
-    // if init_heap().is_err() {
-    // return Err("Failed to initialise heap: error");
-    // }
-    println_log!("[Success]");
+    // Allocations should be all fine past this point.
+    debugln!("    Initialising Heap... ");
+    match unsafe { init_heap() } {
+        Ok(_) => debugln!("    [Success]"),
+        Err(why) => return Err(format!("{:?}", why).into()),
+    }
 
-    print_log!("    Enabling PICs... ");
+    debug!("    Enabling PICs... ");
     interrupts::enable_pic();
-    println_log!("[Success]");
+    debugln!("[Success]");
 
-    // print_log!("    Disabling PICs... ");
+    // debug!("    Disabling PICs... ");
     // interrupts::disable_pic();
-    // println_log!("[Success]");
-    //
-    // print_log!("    Initialising APIC");
-    // enable_apic(&mut l4_table, &mut frame_allocator);
-    // println_log!("[Success]");
+    // debugln!("[Success]");
 
-    print_log!("    Enabling Interrupts... ");
+    // debug!("    Initialising APIC... ");
+    // enable_apic();
+    // debugln!("[Success]");
+
+    debug!("    Enabling Interrupts... ");
     x86_64::instructions::interrupts::enable();
-    println_log!("[Success]");
+    debugln!("[Success]");
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[panic_handler]
+fn panic(_info: &core::panic::PanicInfo<'_>) -> ! {
+    debugln!("{:?}", _info);
+
+    hcf()
+}

kernel/src/main.rs

@@ -3,11 +3,8 @@
 
 extern crate alloc;
 
-use libk::{
-    drivers::{
-        async_io::task::{Executor, Task},
-        io,
-    },
+use foundry_os::{
+    arch::x86_64::processing::async_io::task::{Executor, Task},
     prelude::*,
     util::shell::shell,
 };
@@ -18,23 +15,17 @@ extern "C" fn kmain() -> ! {
     if let Err(err) = foundry_os::boot() {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
+    println_log!(" [ Kernel Initialised Successfully ] ");
 
-    println_log!("[ Kernel Initialised Successfully ] ");
+    // println!("TESTING :: Allocation");
+    // let somevec = vec![0; 1_000_000];
+    // println!("{:?}", somevec);
+    // println!("{}", somevec.len());
+    // println!("PASSED!");
 
-    let dimensions = io::ascii::screensize_chars();
-    let dimensions2 = io::framebuffer::display::screensize_px();
-
-    println!("Dimensions: {}x{} (px)", dimensions2.0, dimensions2.1);
-    println!("Dimensions: {}x{} (chars)", dimensions.0, dimensions.1);
+    // test1();
 
     let mut executor = Executor::new();
-
-    let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(1000 * 1000);
-    for i in 0..1000 * 1000 {
-        v.push(i);
-    }
-    println!("v.len(): {}", v.len());
-
     executor.spawn(Task::new(shell()));
-    executor.run();
+    executor.run()
 }

kernel/src/prelude.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+pub use crate::{
+    arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour,
+    debug, debugln, eprint, eprintln, hcf, print, print_log, print_oneshot,
+    println, println_log, serial_print, serial_println,
+    std::debug::_debug,
+    std::io::{_print, _print_err, _print_log, _serial_write},
+};

kernel/src/resources/font/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+use libm::include_font;
+pub const FONT_SPLEEN_8X16: Font =
+    Font::new(include_font!("../../../resources/font/spleen-8x16.psf"));
+
+pub const FONT_CP850_8X16: Font =
+    Font::new(include_font!("../../../resources/font/cp850-8x16.psf"));
+
+// pub struct Font(pub [[u8; 16]; 512]);
+
+pub struct Font {
+    width: usize,
+    height: usize,
+    length: u16,
+    data: [[u8; 16]; 512],
+}
+
+impl Font {
+    pub const fn new(data: [[u8; 16]; 512]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            width: 8,
+            height: 16,
+            length: data.len() as u16,
+            data,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn glyph_for(&self, c: u16) -> &[u8] {
+        if c > self.length {
+            return &self.data[0];
+        }
+
+        &self.data[c as usize]
+    }
+
+    pub const fn width(&self) -> usize {
+        self.width
+    }
+
+    pub const fn height(&self) -> usize {
+        self.height
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Font {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        FONT_CP850_8X16
+    }
+}

kernel/src/std/application.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use alloc::string::String;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
 
-mod frame;
-mod render;
-mod window;
+pub mod frame;
+pub mod render;
+pub mod window;
 
 pub trait Application {
     type Output;
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ pub trait Application {
     fn run(
         &mut self,
         args: Vec<String>,
-    ) -> impl core::future::Future<Output = Result<Self::Output, Error>> + Send;
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Self::Output, Error>> + Send;
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]

kernel/src/std/application/frame.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+use super::{render::RenderError, window::Window};
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
+use crate::std::maths::geometry::Vec2;
+use alloc::{vec, vec::Vec};
+
+pub struct Frame<'f> {
+    data: Vec<Vec<Colour>>,
+    window: &'f Window,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Frame<'a> {
+    pub fn new(window: &'a Window) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: vec![
+                vec![Colour::Black; window.dimensions().x()];
+                window.dimensions().y()
+            ],
+            window,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(&self) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
+        let data: Vec<&[Colour]> =
+            self.data.iter().map(|v| v.as_slice()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        self.window
+            .render(data.as_slice())
+            .map_err(|_| RenderError::Generic)
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_pixel(
+        &mut self,
+        x: usize,
+        y: usize,
+        color: Colour,
+    ) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
+        if x >= self.window.dimensions().x()
+            || y >= self.window.dimensions().y()
+        {
+            return Err(RenderError::Generic);
+        }
+        self.data[y][x] = color;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub const fn dimensions(&self) -> Vec2<usize> {
+        self.window.dimensions()
+    }
+}

kernel/src/std/application/render.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
 use core::fmt::Display;
 
-use crate::drivers::io::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
-
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum RenderError {
     Generic,

kernel/src/std/application/window.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-use crate::{prelude::*, std::maths::geometry::Vec2};
-
-use super::render::{ColouredChar, RenderError};
+use super::render::RenderError;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::display::FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER;
+use crate::std::maths::geometry::Vec2;
+use alloc::string::String;
 
 pub struct Window {
     dimensions: Vec2<usize>,
@@ -21,8 +23,13 @@ impl Window {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn render(&self, _data: &[&[ColouredChar]]) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
-        todo!();
+    pub fn render(&self, _data: &[&[Colour]]) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
+        // TODO: error handling!! the kernel should return an error in some
+        // cases
+        if let Some(fb) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            fb.render_frame(_data);
+        }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     pub const fn is_bordered(&self) -> bool {

kernel/src/std/ascii.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use super::{
+    application::{frame::Frame, render::RenderError},
+    maths::geometry::Vec2,
+};
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
+use crate::resources::font::Font;
+
+pub struct Writer<'a> {
+    font: &'a Font,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Writer<'a> {
+    pub const fn new(font: &'a Font) -> Self {
+        Self { font }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_font(&mut self, font: &'a Font) {
+        self.font = font;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn font_size(&self) -> Vec2<usize> {
+        Vec2::new(self.font.width(), self.font.height())
+    }
+
+    pub fn render_glyph(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut Frame,
+        pos: Vec2<usize>,
+        c: u8,
+        scale: usize,
+    ) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
+        // get a reference to the character glyph from the font.
+        let data: &[u8] = self.font.glyph_for(c as u16);
+
+        if pos.x() + self.font.width() * scale > frame.dimensions().x()
+            || pos.y() + self.font.height() * scale > frame.dimensions().y()
+        {
+            return Err(RenderError::Generic);
+        }
+
+        for (row, line) in data.iter().enumerate().take(self.font.height()) {
+            for col in 0..self.font.width() {
+                let pixel_x: usize = pos.x() + col * scale;
+                let pixel_y: usize = pos.y() + row * scale;
+
+                if line & (0x80 >> col) != 0 {
+                    for i in 0..scale {
+                        for j in 0..scale {
+                            frame.write_pixel(
+                                pixel_x + i,
+                                pixel_y + j,
+                                Colour::White,
+                            )?;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

kernel/src/std/debug.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use crate::prelude::{_print_log, _serial_write};
+use core::fmt;
+use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! debugln {
+	() => ($crate::print_log!("\n"));
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::debug!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! debug {
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::prelude::_debug(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+pub fn _debug(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        _print_log(args);
+        _serial_write(args);
+    });
+}

kernel/src/std/elf/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+//! Basic ELF parsing functionality using the `elf` crate.
+//!
+//! This may be extended in the future to support loading programs, however we
+//! currently use this for getting the sizes of sections in our kernel ELF at
+//! runtime.
+//!
+//! This is used for implementing stacktraces in std::unwind.
+//!
+//! # TODO
+//!
+//! * Add support for loading binary programs (this should probably be written
+//!   in a different module)
+
+use alloc::{format, vec::Vec};
+use elf::{
+    ElfBytes, ParseError,
+    endian::LittleEndian,
+    parse::{ParseAt, ParsingTable},
+    section::{SectionHeader, SectionHeaderTable},
+    string_table::StringTable,
+    symbol::{Symbol, SymbolTable},
+};
+use limine::request::KernelFileRequest;
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
+/// The length of the ELF header in bytes.
+pub const ELF_HEADER_LEN: usize = 64;
+
+/// Information about our own ELF file to make ELF parsing easier, such as the
+/// length of the file and a pointer to the contents.
+#[used]
+pub static KERNEL_FILE_REQUEST: KernelFileRequest = KernelFileRequest::new();
+
+/// A list of errors that may occur when parsing ELF files.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ElfError {
+    /// Returned if a section did not exist in [ElfReader::get_section_size].
+    SectionNotExists,
+    /// Returned if we failed to fetch the symbol table.
+    Symtab,
+    /// Parse errors returned by the `elf` crate.
+    OtherParseError(elf::ParseError),
+}
+
+impl From<elf::ParseError> for ElfError {
+    fn from(err: elf::ParseError) -> Self {
+        Self::OtherParseError(err)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ElfReader {
+    /// The underlying bytes for the ELF file.
+    pub bytes: &'static [u8],
+    /// Structure returned by the `elf` crate having parsed the ELF header.
+    pub elf: ElfBytes<'static, LittleEndian>,
+    /// A sorted list of symbols to binary search.
+    pub sorted_syms: Vec<Symbol>,
+    /// The string table for looking up symbol names.
+    pub symbol_strtab: StringTable<'static>,
+}
+
+impl ElfReader {
+    /// Parses the ELF file for the kernel, this uses data from Limine's Kernel
+    /// File Request to get a slice over the whole executable file.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// Assumes a properly formed ELF file, and that Limine returns a correct
+    /// pointer to the start of the file as well as a valid length in bytes.
+    ///
+    /// Both of these should be satisfied, but this function is marked unsafe
+    /// just in case, because we are derefererencing arbitrary pointers.
+    pub unsafe fn new() -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
+        // Store this for use with other libraries.
+        let bytes = get_elf_slice();
+
+        let elf: ElfBytes<'static, LittleEndian> =
+            elf::ElfBytes::minimal_parse(bytes)?;
+
+        let Some((symtab, strtab)) = elf.symbol_table()? else {
+            return Err(ElfError::Symtab);
+        };
+
+        // Sort the symtab for later use and store the strtab.
+        let mut symbols = symtab.into_iter().collect::<Vec<Symbol>>();
+        symbols.sort_by_key(|sym| sym.st_value);
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            elf,
+            sorted_syms: symbols,
+            symbol_strtab: strtab,
+            bytes,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_symbol_table(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<
+        Option<(SymbolTable<'static, LittleEndian>, StringTable<'static>)>,
+        ElfError,
+    > {
+        Ok(self.elf.symbol_table()?)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the section size of `section_name` in bytes.
+    pub fn get_section_size(
+        &self,
+        section_name: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<u64, ElfError> {
+        Ok(self.get_section_header(section_name)?.sh_size)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the start address of the section `section_name` in memory.
+    pub fn get_section_addr(
+        &self,
+        section_name: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<*const u8, ElfError> {
+        Ok(self.get_section_header(section_name)?.sh_addr as *const u8)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the section header of `section_name`.
+    pub fn get_section_header(
+        &self,
+        section_name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<SectionHeader, ElfError> {
+        let section_hdr = self
+            .elf
+            .section_header_by_name(section_name)
+            .map_err(|_e| ElfError::SectionNotExists)?;
+
+        section_hdr.ok_or(ElfError::SectionNotExists)
+    }
+
+    pub fn search_symbol(&self, address: u64) -> Option<elf::symbol::Symbol> {
+        let entries = self.sorted_syms.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let idx = entries
+            .as_slice()
+            .binary_search_by_key(&address, |sym| sym.st_value)
+            .ok()?;
+
+        Some(entries[idx].clone())
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_symbol_name(
+        &self,
+        sym: elf::symbol::Symbol,
+    ) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        self.symbol_strtab.get(sym.st_name as usize).ok()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Gets a slice of the bytes of the kernel ELF file.
+pub fn get_elf_slice() -> &'static [u8] {
+    let response = KERNEL_FILE_REQUEST
+        .get_response()
+        .expect("Didn't get the kernel file from Limine. That's odd.");
+
+    // We fetch these from Limine and use them to parse our own ELF file.
+    let file = response.file();
+    let file_start_ptr = file.addr();
+    let file_size = file.size() as usize;
+
+    // Safety: This slice should contain the whole bytes of the ELF file.
+    (unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(file_start_ptr, file_size) }) as _
+}

kernel/src/std/io/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+pub use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::{
+    ascii::{_print, _print_err, _print_log},
+    serial::_serial_write,
+};
+
+pub mod stdin;

kernel/src/std/io/stdin.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::{
+    ascii::WRITER,
+    keyboard::{KeyStroke, get_keystroke_async, get_keystroke_optional},
+};
+use alloc::string::String;
+
+/// Reads a line of input from standard input asynchronously, returning a
+/// `String` containing the input line. Does not include the newline
+/// character at the end of the line.
+///
+/// If the user presses the abort key (usually Ctrl+C), the returned string
+/// will be empty.
+pub async fn read_line() -> String {
+    let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+
+    let mut buff = String::new();
+    loop {
+        match get_keystroke_async().await {
+            KeyStroke::Char(c) => match c {
+                '\n' => {
+                    writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
+                    return buff;
+                }
+                '\r' => {
+                    writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
+                    return buff;
+                }
+                '\x08' => {
+                    if !buff.is_empty() {
+                        buff.pop();
+                        writer.backspace();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                c => {
+                    writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
+                    buff.push(c)
+                }
+            },
+            KeyStroke::Enter => {
+                writer.write_glyph(b'\n');
+                return buff;
+            }
+            KeyStroke::Backspace => {
+                if !buff.is_empty() {
+                    buff.pop();
+                    writer.backspace();
+                }
+            }
+            _ => continue,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reads a character from standard input and blocks the current task until
+/// a character is available.
+///
+/// # Note
+///
+/// This function is not yet implemented.
+pub async fn async_keystroke() -> KeyStroke {
+    get_keystroke_async().await
+}
+
+/// Attempt to read a character from standard input without blocking the
+/// current task.
+///
+/// If no character is available, returns `None`.
+///
+/// # Note
+///
+/// This function is not yet implemented.
+pub fn keystroke() -> Option<KeyStroke> {
+    get_keystroke_optional()
+}

kernel/src/std/maths/geometry.rs

@@ -42,6 +42,14 @@ impl<T: Coordinate> Vec2<T> {
     pub const fn y(&self) -> T {
         self.y
     }
+
+    pub const fn set_x(&mut self, x: T) {
+        self.x = x;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_y(&mut self, y: T) {
+        self.y = y;
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: Coordinate> AddAssign for Vec2<T> {
@@ -71,3 +79,9 @@ impl<T: Coordinate> DivAssign<T> for Vec2<T> {
         self.y /= rhs;
     }
 }
+
+impl<T: Coordinate> From<Vec2<T>> for (T, T) {
+    fn from(value: Vec2<T>) -> Self {
+        (value.x, value.y)
+    }
+}

kernel/src/std/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 pub mod application;
+pub mod ascii;
+pub mod debug;
 pub mod io;
 pub mod maths;

kernel/src/step.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/* //! Defines the [Step] struct which may be used when initialising the system.
+//!
+//! # Warning
+//!
+//! Use of alloc is currently required, so early initialisation will need a
+//! different method. We should possibly abstract some functionality so that
+//! consumers don't need to worry or care about the difference.
+use alloc::{borrow::ToOwned, boxed::Box, string::String, vec::Vec};
+
+use crate::{arch::x86_64::drivers::ascii::WRITER, prelude::*};
+
+/// Represents a [Step] when initialising the system.
+///
+/// Handles printing various information to the framebuffer using steps.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rs
+/// // Setup a Step for Foo.
+/// let foo_step: Step<Foo, FooError> = Step::new("foo", Foo::init()).register_tag(|foo| { foo.bar().to_string() });
+/// // This returns a Result<T, E>
+/// let foo = foo_step.run()?;
+/// ```
+///
+/// # TODOs
+///
+/// * If T = Option<T> and None is returned, we print `"[Not found]"`, otherwise
+///   `"[Success]`".
+pub struct Step<T: Clone + ToOwned> {
+    /// The initialisation function for the Step, usually this is a closure.
+    init_fn: fn() -> T,
+    /// A list of tag generator functions to display under the Step on success.
+    /// They are displayed like:
+    /// ```
+    ///     Initialising module... [Success]
+    ///         => Some information here.
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # TODOs
+    ///
+    /// * Support tags without alloc being initialised.
+    tags: Vec<Box<dyn Fn(T) -> String>>,
+    /// The name of the module being initialised.
+    task: &'static str,
+}
+
+// This impl block might be so horrible it needs its own file.
+impl<T: ToOwned + Clone> Step<T> {
+    pub fn new(
+        task: &'static str,
+        init_fn: fn() -> T,
+        tags: Vec<Box<dyn Fn(T) -> String>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            init_fn,
+            tags,
+            task,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Runs the initialisation function and logs where required.
+    ///
+    /// This function is a little messy but it just handles pretty printing the
+    /// [Step] to the terminal for us.
+    pub fn run(self) -> T {
+        print_log!("    {}", self.task);
+        let mut success_position = WRITER.lock().pos();
+        success_position.set_x(success_position.x() + 1);
+
+        let ret = (self.init_fn)();
+
+        println!();
+
+        for tag in &self.tags[..] {
+            // Calls the closure on the return value.
+            println_log!("      => {}", (tag)(ret.clone()));
+        }
+
+        // Print whether or not the step succeeded.
+        print_oneshot!(
+            success_position,
+            Colour::Green,
+            Colour::Black,
+            "[Success]"
+        );
+
+        ret
+    }
+
+    /// Registers a 'tag' or note to display under the line which says
+    /// `Initialising module... [Success]`.
+    ///
+    /// # Notes
+    ///
+    /// The tag is a closure taking in a reference to T and returning a
+    /// presumably formatted String.
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    pub fn register_tag(&mut self, tag: Box<dyn Fn(T) -> String>) -> &Self {
+        self.tags.push(tag);
+
+        self
+    }
+}
+ */

kernel/src/util/editor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::keyboard::{KeyStroke, get_keystroke_async};
+use crate::resources::font::Font;
+use crate::serial_print;
+use crate::serial_println;
+use crate::std::application::{
+    Application, Error, frame::Frame, render::RenderError, window::Window,
+};
+use crate::std::ascii::Writer;
+use crate::std::maths::geometry::Vec2;
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+pub struct Editor {
+    cursor_line: usize,
+    cursor_col: usize,
+
+    mode: Mode,
+    buffer: String,
+    window: Window,
+}
+
+impl Default for Editor {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Editor {
+    const PADDING: usize = 8;
+
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            cursor_line: 0,
+            cursor_col: 0,
+
+            mode: Mode::Nor,
+            buffer: String::new(),
+            window: Window::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn render(&'a self) -> Result<Frame<'a>, RenderError> {
+        let mut frame = Frame::new(&self.window);
+        let font = Font::default();
+        let writer = Writer::new(&font);
+
+        let (width, height) = writer.font_size().into();
+
+        let mut col = 0;
+        let mut line = 0;
+        let mut scale = 1;
+
+        for ch in self.buffer.chars() {
+            if ch == '\n' {
+                line += scale;
+                col = 0;
+                scale = 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if width * (col + 1) > frame.dimensions().x() - 2 * Self::PADDING {
+                line += scale;
+                col = 0;
+            }
+
+            writer.render_glyph(
+                &mut frame,
+                Vec2::new(
+                    col * width + Self::PADDING,
+                    line * height + Self::PADDING,
+                ),
+                ch as u8,
+                scale,
+            )?;
+            col += scale;
+        }
+
+        writer
+            .render_glyph(
+                &mut frame,
+                Vec2::new(
+                    self.cursor_col * width + Self::PADDING,
+                    self.cursor_line * height + Self::PADDING,
+                ),
+                b'_',
+                scale,
+            )
+            .expect("TODO: panic message");
+
+        Ok(frame)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
+    fn get_lines(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        self.buffer.split('\n').collect::<Vec<&str>>()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
+    fn move_cursor(&mut self, x: i32, y: i32) {
+        self.cursor_line = self
+            .cursor_line
+            .checked_add_signed(y as isize)
+            .unwrap_or(self.cursor_line);
+        self.cursor_col = self
+            .cursor_col
+            .checked_add_signed(x as isize)
+            .unwrap_or(self.cursor_col);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
+    fn delete_char(&mut self) {
+        let i = self.get_char_idx();
+        self.buffer.remove(i);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
+    fn insert_char(&mut self, c: char) {
+        let i = self.get_char_idx();
+        self.buffer.insert(i, c);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
+    fn splitline(&mut self) {
+        let i = self.get_char_idx();
+        self.buffer.insert(i, '\n');
+    }
+
+    fn get_char_idx(&self) -> usize {
+        let frame = Frame::new(&self.window);
+        let font = Font::default();
+        let writer = Writer::new(&font);
+        let (width, _height) = writer.font_size().into();
+
+        let mut col = 0;
+        let mut line = 0;
+        let mut scale = 1;
+
+        for (i, ch) in self.buffer.chars().enumerate() {
+            if ch == '\n' {
+                line += scale;
+                col = 0;
+                scale = 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if width * (col + 1) > frame.dimensions().x() - 2 * Self::PADDING {
+                line += scale;
+                col = 0;
+            }
+
+            if col == self.cursor_col && line == self.cursor_line {
+                return i;
+            }
+
+            col += scale;
+        }
+
+        0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Application for Editor {
+    type Output = ();
+    async fn run(
+        &mut self,
+        _args: Vec<alloc::string::String>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Output, Error> {
+        self.window.set_dimensions(Vec2::new(1280, 800));
+        self.window.set_position(Vec2::new(0, 0));
+        self.window.open();
+
+        self.buffer = "Hello world, this is a test init. idk test \n ewntuiewi gjk gfdfg gndf ngdfgnmdfg ndfgmndfg gdfndfnkg njkdgjkndfjnkg ngnjfgnfgnfg fgn fn gfj gnfg jnfgjfngjk fgnjfgnjk jnkdgjnkdfg gfnd njkgdfgjn d fjnkgjkndfgjkndfgjn gndfjnk njkgdfng jnkfgdjknd jnfkgnjk".to_string();
+
+        loop {
+            if let Err(_err) = self.render().and_then(|frame| frame.render()) {
+                // TODO: Handle error
+                return Err(Error::ApplicationFailed(
+                    "Rendering failed".to_string(),
+                ));
+            }
+
+            let keystroke = get_keystroke_async().await;
+
+            match self.mode {
+                Mode::Nor => match keystroke {
+                    KeyStroke::Char('i') => self.mode = Mode::Ins,
+                    KeyStroke::Char('`') => return Ok(()),
+                    _ => {}
+                },
+                Mode::Ins => {
+                    match keystroke {
+                        KeyStroke::Char(c) => {
+                            match c {
+                                // escape
+                                '\x1B' => self.mode = Mode::Nor,
+                                // delete
+                                '\x7F' => self.delete_char(),
+                                // backspace
+                                '\x08' => {
+                                    self.move_cursor(-1, 0);
+                                    self.delete_char();
+                                }
+                                // enter
+                                '\n' => self.splitline(),
+                                _ => {
+                                    self.insert_char(c);
+                                    self.move_cursor(1, 0);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        KeyStroke::Left => {
+                            serial_println!("Left\n");
+                            self.move_cursor(-1, 0);
+                        }
+                        KeyStroke::Right => {
+                            serial_println!("Right\n");
+                            self.move_cursor(1, 0);
+                        }
+                        KeyStroke::Up => {
+                            serial_println!("Up\n");
+                            self.move_cursor(0, -1);
+                        }
+                        KeyStroke::Down => {
+                            serial_println!("Down\n");
+                            self.move_cursor(0, 1);
+                        }
+                        KeyStroke::None => {}
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum Mode {
+    Nor,
+    Ins,
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for Mode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Nor => write!(f, "Normal"),
+            Self::Ins => write!(f, "Insert"),
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/util/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod editor;
+pub mod shell;

kernel/src/util/shell.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 // use x86_64::registers::rflags::read;
 
-use crate::{drivers::io::ascii::clear_screen, prelude::stdin::read_line, print, println};
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::ascii::clear_screen;
+use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::std::application::Application;
+use crate::std::io::stdin::read_line;
+use crate::util::editor::Editor;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
 
 static FETCH: &str = "
         $$$$$$$$\\                                  $$\\                     
@@ -31,6 +36,10 @@ pub async fn shell() {
             "fetch" => {
                 println!("{}", FETCH);
             }
+            "editor" => {
+                let mut editor = Editor::new();
+                editor.run(Vec::new()).await.unwrap();
+            }
             "clear" => clear_screen(),
             _ => {
                 println!("Unknown command: {}", line);

libk/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "libk"
-publish = ["gitea"]
-version.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-description = "A library crate used to write the kernel for Foundry OS."
-
-[dependencies]
-limine = "0.3.1"
-x86_64 = "0.15.2"
-crossbeam = { version = "0.8.4", default-features = false, features = [
-    "alloc",
-    "crossbeam-queue",
-] }
-pc-keyboard = "0.8.0"
-spin = "0.9.8"
-futures-util = { version = "0.3.31", default-features = false, features = [
-    "alloc",
-] }
-linked_list_allocator = "0.10.5"
-libm = { path = "../libm" }

libk/README.md

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-# libk is for the code that did not make the kernel*
-
-\*crate, lol.
-
-libk is an attempt to move away from the godforsaken git submodules that plagued our forefathers. Now we have a crate containing a bunch of code that didn't quite make the core kernel crate, which should be:
-
-* simpler to maintain
-* has a catchier name
-* less fighting with Cargo.toml manifests
-
-## TODO:
-
-A lot of things must be improved and worked on, feel free to add extra TODOs below.
-
-[] Create a kernel logging abstraction similar to Linux. (this should probably just use the serial drivers)
-
-The rationale behind this is that we want some sort of debug log/tracing support so we aren't just printf debugging forever.
-
-## Authors
-
-Again, write your name below if you like:
-
-* @zxq5 (wrote most of the libraries as of 23/02/25)
-* @nullndvoid (made this lushious library crate)

libk/src/drivers/io/mod.rs

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-pub mod ascii;
-pub mod framebuffer;
-pub mod keyboard;
-pub mod port;
-pub mod serial;
-
-// Re-exported macro definitions.
-
-pub use crate::print;
-pub use crate::print_log;
-pub use crate::printerr;
-pub use crate::println;
-pub use crate::println_log;
-pub use crate::printlnerr;
-
-pub use crate::serial_print;
-pub use crate::serial_println;

libk/src/drivers/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-pub mod async_io;
-pub mod io;
-pub mod pic;

libk/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-#![no_std]
-#![warn(
-    clippy::correctness,
-    clippy::nursery,
-    clippy::unnecessary_cast,
-    clippy::all,
-    clippy::suspicious,
-    clippy::perf,
-    rustdoc::missing_errors_doc,
-    rustdoc::missing_panics_doc,
-    tail_expr_drop_order
-)]
-
-extern crate alloc;
-
-pub mod drivers;
-pub mod resources;
-pub mod threads;
-pub mod util;
-
-#[allow(unused)] // We aren't using much of this right now.
-pub mod std;
-
-/// Re-exports most of the IO macros as well as standard allocation stuff
-#[allow(unused)]
-pub mod prelude {
-    pub use crate::std::io::*;
-    pub use alloc::{
-        boxed::Box,
-        string::{String, ToString},
-        vec::Vec,
-    };
-}
-
-pub use crate::drivers::io::{
-    ascii::{_print, _print_log},
-    serial::_serial_write,
-};
-
-pub type FoundryAllocator = linked_list_allocator::LockedHeap;
-
-#[global_allocator]
-/// This is now Rust's global allocator, so we can use stuff requiring heap allocations.
-static ALLOCATOR: FoundryAllocator = FoundryAllocator::empty();
-
-pub const HEAP_START: usize = 0x4444_4444_0000;
-pub const HEAP_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 1024 * 1024;

libk/src/resources/font/ibm_vga_8x16.rs

@@ -1,578 +0,0 @@
-pub static FONT: [u8; 288 * 16] = [
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 0
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x33, 0x3f, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x70, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 1
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x81, 0xa5, 0x81, 0x81, 0xbd, 0x99, 0x81, 0x81, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 2
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xff, 0xdb, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 3
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 4
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 5
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 6
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 7
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 8
-    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xc3, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-    0xff, // 9
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x42, 0x42, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 10
-    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0x99, 0xbd, 0xbd, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-    0xff, // 11
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x0e, 0x1a, 0x32, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 12
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 13
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0x63, 0x7f, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x67, 0xe7, 0xe6, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 14
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0xdb, 0x3c, 0xe7, 0x3c, 0xdb, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 15
-    0x00, 0x80, 0xc0, 0xe0, 0xf0, 0xf8, 0xfe, 0xf8, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0xc0, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 16
-    0x00, 0x02, 0x06, 0x0e, 0x1e, 0x3e, 0xfe, 0x3e, 0x1e, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 17
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 18
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 19
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0x7b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 20
-    0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x0c, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 21
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 22
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 23
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 24
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 25
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x0c, 0xfe, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 26
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x60, 0xfe, 0x60, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 27
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 28
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x28, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 29
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x38, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 30
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 31
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 32
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 33
-    0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x24, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 34
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 35
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0x7c, 0x06, 0x06, 0x86, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 36
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc2, 0xc6, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc6, 0x86, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 37
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x76, 0xdc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 38
-    0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 39
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 40
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 41
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x3c, 0xff, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 42
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 43
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 44
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 45
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 46
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc0, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 47
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 48
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x38, 0x78, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 49
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 50
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0x06, 0x06, 0x3c, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 51
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x1c, 0x3c, 0x6c, 0xcc, 0xfe, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x1e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 52
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xfc, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 53
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x60, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xfc, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 54
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0x06, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 55
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 56
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7e, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 57
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 58
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 59
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 60
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 61
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 62
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 63
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xde, 0xde, 0xde, 0xdc, 0xc0, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 64
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 65
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 66
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc2, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 67
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xf8, 0x6c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x6c, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 68
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x66, 0x62, 0x68, 0x78, 0x68, 0x60, 0x62, 0x66, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 69
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x66, 0x62, 0x68, 0x78, 0x68, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 70
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xde, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x66, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 71
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 72
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 73
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 74
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xe6, 0x66, 0x66, 0x6c, 0x78, 0x78, 0x6c, 0x66, 0x66, 0xe6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 75
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xf0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x62, 0x66, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 76
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xee, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xd6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 77
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xe6, 0xf6, 0xfe, 0xde, 0xce, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 78
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 79
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 80
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xd6, 0xde, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x0e, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 81
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x6c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0xe6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 82
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x38, 0x0c, 0x06, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 83
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x7e, 0x5a, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 84
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 85
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 86
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xfe, 0xee, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 87
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x38, 0x7c, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 88
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 89
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0x86, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc2, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 90
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 91
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xc0, 0xe0, 0x70, 0x38, 0x1c, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 92
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 93
-    0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 94
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 95
-    0x30, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 96
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 97
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x78, 0x6c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 98
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 99
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x1c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x3c, 0x6c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 100
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 101
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 102
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0xcc, 0x78,
-    0x00, // 103
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x6c, 0x76, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0xe6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 104
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 105
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x06, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c,
-    0x00, // 106
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x66, 0x6c, 0x78, 0x78, 0x6c, 0x66, 0xe6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 107
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 108
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xec, 0xfe, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 109
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xdc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 110
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 111
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xdc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0,
-    0x00, // 112
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x1e,
-    0x00, // 113
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xdc, 0x76, 0x66, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 114
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x38, 0x0c, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 115
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x30, 0x30, 0xfc, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x36, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 116
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 117
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 118
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 119
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 120
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7e, 0x06, 0x0c, 0xf8,
-    0x00, // 121
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xcc, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 122
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x70, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 123
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 124
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x0e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 125
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 126
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 127
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 128
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 129
-    0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 130
-    0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0xe6, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 131
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 132
-    0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x0c, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 133
-    0x00, 0x3c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 134
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x6c, 0xd8, 0x6c, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 135
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 136
-    0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 137
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 138
-    0x00, 0x70, 0xd8, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc8, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 139
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x60, 0x60, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 140
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0x7b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 141
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 142
-    0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 143
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd8, 0x6c, 0x36, 0x6c, 0xd8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 144
-    0x00, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc2, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0x18, 0x30, 0x66, 0xce, 0x9e, 0x3e, 0x06, 0x06, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 145
-    0x00, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc2, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xdc, 0x86, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x3e, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 146
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 147
-    0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 148
-    0x38, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 149
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x6c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xfe, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xce, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 150
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc2, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x0c, 0x06, 0x7c, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 151
-    0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x66, 0x60, 0x7c, 0x60, 0x60, 0x66, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 152
-    0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xe6, 0xf6, 0xfe, 0xde, 0xce, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 153
-    0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 154
-    0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 155
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xd8, 0xcc, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 156
-    0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 157
-    0x00, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 158
-    0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 159
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 160
-    0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 161
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x36, 0x7e, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0x6e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 162
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x60, 0x60, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x0c, 0x06, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 163
-    0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 164
-    0x00, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 165
-    0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 166
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 167
-    0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 168
-    0x00, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 169
-    0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 170
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 171
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0xdc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 172
-    0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 173
-    0x00, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 174
-    0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 175
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 176
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 177
-    0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 178
-    0x00, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 179
-    0x00, 0x30, 0x78, 0xcc, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 180
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 181
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7e, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x78,
-    0x00, // 182
-    0x00, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 183
-    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 184
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 185
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 186
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 187
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xee, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 188
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xdc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 189
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x3e, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 190
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x1c, 0x30, 0x60, 0x60, 0x7c, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x30, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 191
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 192
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 193
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 194
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x06, 0x7e, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xf3, 0x7e, 0x60, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 195
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 196
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 197
-    0x00, 0xd8, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 198
-    0x00, 0xf8, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xf8, 0xc4, 0xcc, 0xde, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 199
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x60, 0xfe, 0x60, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 200
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 201
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x0c, 0xfe, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 202
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 203
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x28, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 204
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 205
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 206
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 207
-    0x00, 0x0f, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0xec, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x3c, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 208
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 209
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 210
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 211
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 212
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 213
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 214
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 215
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 216
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 217
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 218
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 219
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 220
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 221
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 222
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xf8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 223
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 224
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 225
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 226
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 227
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 228
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 229
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xff, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 230
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 231
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 232
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 233
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 234
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x30, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 235
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xf8, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 236
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 237
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x06, 0xf6, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 238
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 239
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x3f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 240
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37, 0x30, 0x3f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 241
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 242
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 243
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xf6, 0x06, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 244
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 245
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 246
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37, 0x30, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 247
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 248
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xf6, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 249
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xf6, 0x06, 0xf6, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 250
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 251
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 252
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0xf7, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 253
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 254
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 255
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xf7, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 256
-    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xff, 0x18, 0xff, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
-    0x18, // 257
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xff, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 258
-    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xf7, 0x00, 0xf7, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
-    0x36, // 259
-    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 260
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-    0xff, // 261
-    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-    0xff, // 262
-    0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0,
-    0xf0, // 263
-    0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f,
-    0x0f, // 264
-    0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11,
-    0x44, // 265
-    0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55,
-    0xaa, // 266
-    0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd,
-    0x77, // 267
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 268
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 269
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x38, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 270
-    0x00, 0x80, 0xc0, 0xe0, 0xf0, 0xf8, 0xfe, 0xf8, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0xc0, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 271
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 272
-    0x00, 0x02, 0x06, 0x0e, 0x1e, 0x3e, 0xfe, 0x3e, 0x1e, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 273
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x42, 0x42, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 274
-    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xc3, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-    0xff, // 275
-    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0x99, 0xbd, 0xbd, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-    0xff, // 276
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x81, 0xa5, 0x81, 0x81, 0xbd, 0x99, 0x81, 0x81, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 277
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xff, 0xdb, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 278
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0xdb, 0x3c, 0xe7, 0x3c, 0xdb, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 279
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 280
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x0e, 0x1a, 0x32, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 281
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 282
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 283
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 284
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 285
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x33, 0x3f, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x70, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 286
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0x63, 0x7f, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x67, 0xe7, 0xe6, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, // 287
-];

libk/src/resources/font/mod.rs

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-// use libm::include_font;
-
-use libm::include_font;
-
-pub mod ibm_vga_8x16;
-
-pub static FONT_SPLEEN_8X16: Font =
-    Font::new(include_font!("./libk/resources/font/spleen-8x16.psf"));
-
-pub static FONT_CP850_8X16: Font = Font::new(include_font!("./libk/resources/font/cp850-8x16.psf"));
-
-pub struct Font {
-    pub glyphs: [[u8; 16]; 512],
-}
-
-impl Default for Font {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new([[0; 16]; 512])
-    }
-}
-
-impl Font {
-    pub const fn new(glyphs: [[u8; 16]; 512]) -> Self {
-        Self { glyphs }
-    }
-}

libk/src/std/application/frame.rs

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-use super::{
-    render::{ColouredChar, RenderError},
-    window::Window,
-};
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-
-pub struct Frame<'f> {
-    data: Vec<Vec<ColouredChar>>,
-    window: &'f Window,
-}
-
-impl Frame<'_> {
-    pub fn render(&self) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
-        let data: Vec<&[ColouredChar]> = self.data.iter().map(|v| v.as_slice()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        self.window
-            .render(data.as_slice())
-            .map_err(|_| RenderError::Generic)
-    }
-}

libk/src/std/io.rs

@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-pub use crate::drivers::io::{
-    ascii::{_print, _print_err, _print_log},
-    print, print_log, printerr, println, println_log, printlnerr,
-    serial::_serial_write,
-    serial_print, serial_println,
-};
-
-pub mod stdin {
-    use alloc::string::String;
-
-    use crate::drivers::io::{
-        ascii::WRITER,
-        keyboard::{KeyStroke, get_keystroke_async, get_keystroke_optional},
-    };
-
-    /// Reads a line of input from standard input asynchronously, returning a `String` containing
-    /// the input line. Does not include the newline character at the end of the line.
-    ///
-    /// If the user presses the abort key (usually Ctrl+C), the returned string will be empty.
-    ///
-    /// This function is currently unimplemented.
-    pub async fn read_line() -> String {
-        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
-
-        let mut buff = String::new();
-        loop {
-            match get_keystroke_async().await {
-                KeyStroke::Char(c) => match c {
-                    '\n' => {
-                        writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
-                        return buff;
-                    }
-                    '\r' => {
-                        writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
-                        return buff;
-                    }
-                    '\x08' => {
-                        if !buff.is_empty() {
-                            buff.pop();
-                            writer.backspace();
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    c => {
-                        writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
-                        buff.push(c)
-                    }
-                },
-                KeyStroke::Enter => {
-                    writer.write_glyph(b'\n');
-                    return buff;
-                }
-                KeyStroke::Backspace => {
-                    if !buff.is_empty() {
-                        buff.pop();
-                        writer.backspace();
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => continue,
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Reads a character from standard input and blocks the current task until a character is
-    /// available.
-    ///
-    /// # Note
-    ///
-    /// This function is not yet implemented.
-    pub async fn async_keystroke() -> KeyStroke {
-        get_keystroke_async().await
-    }
-
-    /// Attempt to read a character from standard input without blocking the current task.
-    ///
-    /// If no character is available, returns `None`.
-    ///
-    /// # Note
-    ///
-    /// This function is not yet implemented.
-    pub fn keystroke() -> Option<KeyStroke> {
-        get_keystroke_optional()
-    }
-}

libk/src/util/mod.rs

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-pub mod shell;

libm/rust-toolchain.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "nightly"
+targets = ["x86_64-linux-gnu"]

libm/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![feature(proc_macro_span)]
 #![warn(
     clippy::correctness,
     clippy::nursery,
@@ -9,29 +11,41 @@
     rustdoc::missing_panics_doc
 )]
 
-use std::fs::File;
-use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom};
-
-use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::quote;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use syn::{LitStr, parse_macro_input};
-
 extern crate proc_macro;
 
 #[proc_macro]
+/// Expects the file path to be relative to the current file so this works
+/// similarly to the standard Rust include! macros.
 pub fn include_font(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let span = Span::call_site();
+    let source_file = span.source_file();
+
+    if !source_file.is_real() {
+        panic!(
+            "We can't handle finding files if the source file does not exist. TODO: Can we?"
+        )
+    }
+
     let filename = parse_macro_input!(item as LitStr);
-    let file_path = filename.value();
+    let source_filepath: PathBuf = source_file.path();
+    let file_path = format!(
+        "{}/{}",
+        source_filepath.parent()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Expected to find the calling source file in a folder like src! Got: {}", source_filepath.display())).display(),
+        filename.value()
+    );
 
-    println!("Loading font: [{}]", file_path);
-
-    let font_bytes = match load_file(file_path) {
+    let font_bytes = match std::fs::read(file_path) {
         Ok(bytes) => bytes,
         Err(why) => panic!("{}", why),
     };
 
-    let font_data = match Font::new(font_bytes) {
-        Ok(font) => font.0,
+    let font_data = match FontBuilder::load(font_bytes) {
+        Ok(font) => font.data,
         Err(why) => panic!("{}", why),
     };
 
@@ -47,18 +61,48 @@ pub fn include_font(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 
 struct Font([[u8; 16]; 512]);
 
-impl Font {
-    const MAGIC: u16 = 0x3604;
+struct FontData {
+    width: u8,
+    height: u8,
+    length: u16,
+    pub data: [[u8; 16]; 512],
+}
+enum FontBuilder {
+    Psf1(FontData),
+    Psf2(FontData),
+}
 
-    pub fn new(data: [u8; (32 + 2) * 512 + 4]) -> Result<Self, &'static str> {
-        let magic: u16 = (data[0] as u16) << 8 | data[1] as u16;
+impl FontBuilder {
+    const PSF1_MAGIC: u16 = 0x3604;
+    const PSF2_MAGIC: u32 = 0x72b54a86;
+
+    fn revision(data: &[u8]) -> u8 {
+        if (data[0] as u16) << 8 | data[1] as u16 == Self::PSF1_MAGIC {
+            1
+        } else if (data[0] as u32) << 24
+            | (data[1] as u32) << 16
+            | (data[2] as u32) << 8
+            | data[3] as u32
+            == Self::PSF2_MAGIC
+        {
+            2
+        } else {
+            0
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn load(data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<FontData, &'static str> {
+        match Self::revision(&data[0..4]) {
+            1 => Self::parse_psf1(&data),
+            2 => Self::parse_psf2(&data),
+            _ => panic!("invalid font revision result"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_psf1(data: &[u8]) -> Result<FontData, &'static str> {
         let mode = data[2];
         let size = data[3];
 
-        if magic != Self::MAGIC {
-            return Err("Magic value is invalid!");
-        }
-
         let has_512_glyphs = (mode & 0x01) != 0;
         let mut glyphs = [[0; 16]; 512];
         let glyph_count = if has_512_glyphs { 512 } else { 256 };
@@ -71,29 +115,15 @@ impl Font {
             glyphs[i] = buff;
         }
 
-        Ok(Self(glyphs))
+        Ok(FontData {
+            width: 8,
+            height: size,
+            length: glyph_count,
+            data: glyphs,
+        })
+    }
+
+    const fn parse_psf2(_data: &[u8]) -> Result<FontData, &'static str> {
+        Err("PSF2 support is not implemented yet!")
     }
 }
-
-type FileContents = [u8; (32 + 2) * 512 + 4];
-fn load_file(filename: String) -> Result<FileContents, std::io::Error> {
-    let mut buf = [0; (32 + 2) * 512 + 4];
-    let mut f = File::open(filename).unwrap();
-    f.seek(SeekFrom::Start(0)).unwrap();
-
-    loop {
-        match f.read(&mut buf) {
-            Ok(read) => {
-                if read == 0 {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            Err(why) => {
-                eprintln!("Failed to read PS1 font file: {}", why);
-                return Err(why);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(buf)
-}

rustfmt.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+wrap_comments = true
+max_width = 80
+comment_width = 80
+format_code_in_doc_comments = true
+doc_comment_code_block_width = 80

scripts/run_debug.sh

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ else
 fi
 
 # Set up test-specific flags
-if [ $is_test -eq 1 ]; then
+if [$is_test]; then
     test_flags="-device isa-debug-exit,iobase=0xf4,iosize=0x04 -display none"
     serial_flags="-serial stdio"
 else
@@ -94,6 +94,15 @@ check_test_res() {
 
 trap 'check_test_res "tests completed"' ERR
  
+
+# NOTE(ali): For some reason the values in `boot_flags` were causing issues
+# 	     on WSL, so they've been eradicated.
+systemInfo=$(uname -r)
+if [[ $systemInfo == *"WSL"* ]]; then
+    echo "Running on WSL2"
+    boot_flags=""
+fi
+
 cd "$project_root"
 qemu-system-x86_64 -M q35 \
     -cdrom "$build_dir/image.iso" \