Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin' into unified

- fixed the apic code that caused a page fault. it now writes the correct values at the correct physical address
- improved startup logging including displaying how much RAM is installed.

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [build]
-target = "x86_64-kernel"
+target = "x86_64-kernel.json"
 target-dir = "build/target"
 
 [unstable]
@@ -9,5 +9,16 @@ build-std-features = ["compiler-builtins-mem"]
 [env]
 RUST_TARGET_PATH = { value = "kernel", relative = true }
 
-[target.x86_64-kernel]
+# Run in debug mode.
-runner = "scripts/run.sh"
+[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", target_os = "none", debug_assertions))']
+runner = "scripts/run_debug.sh"
+
+# Otherwise we run in release mode.
+[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", target_os = "none", not(debug_assertions)))']
+runner = "scripts/run_release.sh"
+
+# [registry]
+# default = "gitea"
+
+[registries.gitea]
+index = "sparse+https://git.zxq5.dev/api/packages/OsDev/cargo/" # Sparse index

.gitmodules

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-[submodule "lib/lib_application"]
-	path = lib/lib_application
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_application.git
-[submodule "lib/lib_ascii"]
-	path = lib/lib_ascii
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_ascii.git
-[submodule "lib/lib_framebuffer"]
-	path = lib/lib_framebuffer
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_framebuffer.git
-[submodule "lib/lib_serial"]
-	path = lib/lib_serial
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_serial.git
-[submodule "lib/lib_alloc"]
-	path = lib/lib_alloc
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_alloc.git

.idea/FoundryOS.iml

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
     <content url="file://$MODULE_DIR$">
       <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/kernel/src" isTestSource="false" />
       <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/lib_example/src" isTestSource="false" />
+      <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/libk/src" isTestSource="false" />
+      <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/libm/src" isTestSource="false" />
+      <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/kernel_fonts/src" isTestSource="false" />
       <excludeFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/target" />
     </content>
     <orderEntry type="inheritedJdk" />

.idea/codeStyles/codeStyleConfig.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<component name="ProjectCodeStyleConfiguration">
+  <state>
+    <option name="PREFERRED_PROJECT_CODE_STYLE" value="Default" />
+  </state>
+</component>

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 {
     "rust-analyzer.cargo.allTargets": false,
-    "rust-analyzer.cargo.target": "x86_64-kernel",
+    "rust-analyzer.cargo.target": "x86_64-kernel.json",
     "[rust]": {
         "editor.defaultFormatter": "rust-lang.rust-analyzer",
         "editor.formatOnSave": true
-    }
+    },
-}
+    "rust-analyzer.check.command": "clippy",
-
+    "rust-analyzer.cargo.buildScripts.enable": true
+}

Cargo.lock

@@ -22,23 +22,107 @@ checksum = "8f68f53c83ab957f72c32642f3868eec03eb974d1fb82e453128456482613d36"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.14"
+version = "1.2.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c3d1b2e905a3a7b00a6141adb0e4c0bb941d11caf55349d863942a1cc44e3c9"
+checksum = "c736e259eea577f443d5c86c304f9f4ae0295c43f3ba05c21f1d66b5f06001af"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam"
+version = "0.8.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1137cd7e7fc0fb5d3c5a8678be38ec56e819125d8d7907411fe24ccb943faca8"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-epoch",
+ "crossbeam-queue",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-epoch"
+version = "0.9.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5b82ac4a3c2ca9c3460964f020e1402edd5753411d7737aa39c3714ad1b5420e"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-queue"
+version = "0.3.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0f58bbc28f91df819d0aa2a2c00cd19754769c2fad90579b3592b1c9ba7a3115"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-utils"
+version = "0.8.21"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d0a5c400df2834b80a4c3327b3aad3a4c4cd4de0629063962b03235697506a28"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling"
+version = "0.20.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6f63b86c8a8826a49b8c21f08a2d07338eec8d900540f8630dc76284be802989"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core",
+ "darling_macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_core"
+version = "0.20.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "95133861a8032aaea082871032f5815eb9e98cef03fa916ab4500513994df9e5"
+dependencies = [
+ "fnv",
+ "ident_case",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "strsim",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_macro"
+version = "0.20.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d336a2a514f6ccccaa3e09b02d41d35330c07ddf03a62165fcec10bb561c7806"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "elf"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4445909572dbd556c457c849c4ca58623d84b27c8fff1e74b0b4227d8b90d17b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "fnv"
+version = "1.0.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3f9eec918d3f24069decb9af1554cad7c880e2da24a9afd88aca000531ab82c1"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "foundry_os"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
- "lib_alloc",
+ "crossbeam",
- "lib_ascii",
+ "elf",
- "lib_framebuffer",
+ "futures-util",
- "lib_serial",
+ "gimli",
+ "libm",
  "limine",
+ "linked_list_allocator",
  "pc-keyboard",
  "pic8259",
  "spin",
@@ -46,54 +130,49 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "lazy_static"
+name = "futures-core"
-version = "1.5.0"
+version = "0.3.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
+checksum = "05f29059c0c2090612e8d742178b0580d2dc940c837851ad723096f87af6663e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-task"
+version = "0.3.31"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f90f7dce0722e95104fcb095585910c0977252f286e354b5e3bd38902cd99988"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-util"
+version = "0.3.31"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9fa08315bb612088cc391249efdc3bc77536f16c91f6cf495e6fbe85b20a4a81"
 dependencies = [
- "spin",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-task",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "pin-utils",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "lib_alloc"
+name = "gimli"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.31.1"
-dependencies = [
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
- "linked_list_allocator",
+checksum = "07e28edb80900c19c28f1072f2e8aeca7fa06b23cd4169cefe1af5aa3260783f"
- "x86_64",
-]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "lib_application"
+name = "ident_case"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "1.0.1"
-dependencies = [
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
- "lib_ascii",
+checksum = "b9e0384b61958566e926dc50660321d12159025e767c18e043daf26b70104c39"
-]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "lib_ascii"
+name = "libm"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
- "lazy_static",
+ "darling",
- "lib_framebuffer",
+ "proc-macro2",
- "spin",
+ "quote",
- "x86_64",
+ "syn",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lib_framebuffer"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "limine",
- "spin",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lib_serial"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "lazy_static",
- "spin",
- "x86_64",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -139,6 +218,36 @@ dependencies = [
  "x86_64",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pin-project-lite"
+version = "0.2.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3b3cff922bd51709b605d9ead9aa71031d81447142d828eb4a6eba76fe619f9b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pin-utils"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b870d8c151b6f2fb93e84a13146138f05d02ed11c7e7c54f8826aaaf7c9f184"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro2"
+version = "1.0.93"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "60946a68e5f9d28b0dc1c21bb8a97ee7d018a8b322fa57838ba31cc878e22d99"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quote"
+version = "1.0.38"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0e4dccaaaf89514f546c693ddc140f729f958c247918a13380cccc6078391acc"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.19"
@@ -175,6 +284,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "lock_api",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "strsim"
+version = "0.11.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7da8b5736845d9f2fcb837ea5d9e2628564b3b043a70948a3f0b778838c5fb4f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "2.0.98"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "36147f1a48ae0ec2b5b3bc5b537d267457555a10dc06f3dbc8cb11ba3006d3b1"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-ident"
+version = "1.0.17"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "00e2473a93778eb0bad35909dff6a10d28e63f792f16ed15e404fca9d5eeedbe"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "volatile"
 version = "0.4.6"

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,21 +1,18 @@
 [workspace]
-members = [
+members = ["kernel", "libm"]
-    "lib/lib_framebuffer",
-    "lib/lib_serial",
-    "lib/lib_ascii",
-    "kernel",
-    "lib/lib_application", 
-    "lib/lib_alloc",
-]
 resolver = "2"
 
 [workspace.package]
 version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2021"
+edition = "2024"
+authors = ["The FoundryOS Contributors"]
 
 [profile.dev]
 opt-level = "z"
 debug = true
+# Leave this on to force Cargo to use the debug runner,
+# which adds the necessary flags for GDB debugging if you
+# set $USE_GDB (to any value) e.g. USE_GDB=1 cargo run 
 debug-assertions = true
 overflow-checks = true
 lto = false

README.md

@@ -1,22 +1,52 @@
 # FoundryOS
 
-## Cloning and building
+## Cloning
+```sh
+git clone https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS.git
+```
 
-Here are some simple steps to get started:
+## Build dependencies
+
+* latest rust nightly release
+* all necessary rust components installed
+* xorriso: creates ISO images to be booted from.
+* (Optional / Recommended) qemu: to run the kernel. (this may be packaged as qemu-desktop)
+* (Optional) GDB: for debugging the kernel.
 
 ```sh
-# If you have not yet cloned the repo:
+rustup update
-git clone --recurse-submodules https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS.git
+rustup override set nightly
-# If you already cloned the repo:
+rustup component add rust-src
-git submodule update --init --recursive
+rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
+```
 
-cargo build
+## Building & Running in qemu
-# This will build the binaries if required - no need to call cargo build.
+```sh
 cargo run
 ```
 
-### Build dependencies
+## Running in GDB
+```sh
+USE_GDB=1 cargo run
+```
 
-* jq: checks whether the app is to be run in debugging mode.
+## Build errors
-* libisoburn: creates ISO images to be booted from.
+
-* qemu: to run the kernel.
+If you see a qemu error like this:
+
+```
+qemu-system-x86_64: -drive if=pflash,format=raw,readonly=on,file=<...>/OVMF_CODE.fd: Could not open '<...>/OVMF_CODE.fd': No such file or directory
+```
+
+Simply delete the ./build directory and try to rebuild the program. Using the runner script or `cargo run` will download the required files for you, this is because the script only checks for the presence of one file and not the VARS file.
+
+Alternatively, you may disable using a UEFI firmware with qemu like so:
+```sh
+USE_LEGACY_BIOS=1 cargo run
+```
+
+## Debugging
+
+See [debugging](docs/Debugging/DEBUGGING.md) for some help with this, including commands to help with disassembly.
+
+If you have any other issues, feel free to create an issue or a PR.

config/limine.conf

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Timeout in seconds that Limine will use before automatically booting.
-timeout: 1
+timeout: 0
 
 # The entry name that will be displayed in the boot menu.
 /foundry-os

debug.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+ Running kernel in debug mode.
+info: Creating build directory structure
+info: Copying files to ISO root
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/target/x86_64-kernel/debug/kernel to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/boot/kernel
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/config/limine.conf to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/boot/limine/limine.conf
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/limine/limine-bios-cd.bin to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/boot/limine/
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/limine/limine-uefi-cd.bin to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/boot/limine/
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/limine/limine-bios.sys to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/boot/limine/
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/limine/BOOTX64.EFI to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/EFI/BOOT/
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/limine/BOOTIA32.EFI to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/EFI/BOOT/
+Building: bootable ISO image
+info: Installing Limine bootloader
+info: KVM acceleration enabled
+info: Running OS in QEMU...
+[=3h[=3h[=3hBdsDxe: loading Boot0001 "UEFI QEMU DVD-ROM QM00005 " from PciRoot(0x0)/Pci(0x1F,0x2)/Sata(0x2,0xFFFF,0x0)
+BdsDxe: starting Boot0001 "UEFI QEMU DVD-ROM QM00005 " from PciRoot(0x0)/Pci(0x1F,0x2)/Sata(0x2,0xFFFF,0x0)
+map worked!got apic base

docs/.obsidian/appearance.json

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-{}
+{
+  "cssTheme": "Dark Moss"
+}

docs/.obsidian/community-plugins.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[]

docs/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-excalidraw-plugin/manifest.json

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "id": "obsidian-excalidraw-plugin",
+  "name": "Excalidraw",
+  "version": "2.8.3",
+  "minAppVersion": "1.1.6",
+  "description": "An Obsidian plugin to edit and view Excalidraw drawings",
+  "author": "Zsolt Viczian",
+  "authorUrl": "https://www.zsolt.blog",
+  "fundingUrl": "https://ko-fi.com/zsolt",
+  "helpUrl": "https://github.com/zsviczian/obsidian-excalidraw-plugin#readme",
+  "isDesktopOnly": false
+}

docs/.obsidian/workspace.json

@@ -4,41 +4,21 @@
     "type": "split",
     "children": [
       {
-        "id": "a20540b7c1ddbfca",
+        "id": "c178a2dff57ae0aa",
         "type": "tabs",
         "children": [
           {
-            "id": "e1fb15cab546d0b6",
+            "id": "6d395e6a4c72e1c8",
             "type": "leaf",
             "state": {
               "type": "markdown",
               "state": {
-                "file": "Usage/Building The Kernel.md",
+                "file": "Planning & To-Dos.md",
                 "mode": "source",
                 "source": false
               },
               "icon": "lucide-file",
-              "title": "Building The Kernel"
+              "title": "Planning & To-Dos"
-            }
-          }
-        ]
-      },
-      {
-        "id": "6bf1f87bf81a3031",
-        "type": "tabs",
-        "children": [
-          {
-            "id": "add883d295e04659",
-            "type": "leaf",
-            "state": {
-              "type": "markdown",
-              "state": {
-                "file": "Usage/Building The Kernel.md",
-                "mode": "preview",
-                "source": false
-              },
-              "icon": "lucide-file",
-              "title": "Building The Kernel"
             }
           }
         ]
@@ -73,7 +53,7 @@
             "state": {
               "type": "search",
               "state": {
-                "query": "tag:#usage",
+                "query": "",
                 "matchingCase": false,
                 "explainSearch": false,
                 "collapseAll": false,
@@ -98,8 +78,7 @@
       }
     ],
     "direction": "horizontal",
-    "width": 200,
+    "width": 307.5
-    "collapsed": true
   },
   "right": {
     "id": "baa2a8e61b737fa6",
@@ -177,7 +156,8 @@
       }
     ],
     "direction": "horizontal",
-    "width": 300
+    "width": 300,
+    "collapsed": true
   },
   "left-ribbon": {
     "hiddenItems": {
@@ -185,14 +165,21 @@
       "graph:Open graph view": false,
       "canvas:Create new canvas": false,
       "daily-notes:Open today's daily note": false,
-      "templates:Insert template": false,
+      "command-palette:Open command palette": false,
-      "command-palette:Open command palette": false
+      "templates:Insert template": false
     }
   },
-  "active": "e1fb15cab546d0b6",
+  "active": "6d395e6a4c72e1c8",
   "lastOpenFiles": [
+    "Usage/Building The Kernel.md",
+    "Planning & To-Dos.md",
+    "structure/idk.canvas",
+    "structure/kernel.md",
+    "structure/libk.md",
+    "structure/libm.md",
+    "structure/libk",
+    "structure",
     "Usage",
-    "Welcome.md",
+    "Welcome.md"
-    "Usage/Building The Kernel.md"
   ]
 }

docs/Debugging/DEBUGGING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Debugging the Kernel
+
+Here we will add some helpful tips on debugging the kernel.
+
+## Disassembling a public function
+
+To disassemble a public function, first we need a symbol in the public symbol table, so start by making the function fully public (including any parent modules). Do this as though you are trying to make a public function for a library crate (this includes the `kernel` crate). Simply mark the function and any parent modules as public, up until the point of [lib.rs (kernel link)](../../kernel/src/lib.rs).
+
+Then, we need to find the specific demangled symbol to disassemble, because the default objdump output can be very verbose.
+
+```sh
+# Change as required, I pipe to less and /SEARCH FOR FUNCTION HERE.
+nm --demangle ./build/target/x86_64-kernel/debug/kernel | less
+# Now just paste the symbol where it says YOUR_SYMBOL_HERE and profit. Use -Mintel for Intel assembly syntax.
+objdump -Matt --source --line-numbers --visualize-jumps ./build/target/x86_64-kernel/debug/kernel --demangle=rust --disassemble="YOUR_SYMBOL_HERE"
+```

docs/Planning & To-Dos.md

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+> [!todo] Testing
+> - [ ] setup custom test frameworks (Use CrystalOS-V2 as a reference)
+> 	- [ ] write a sub-crate for tests
+> 	- [ ] implement several unit tests on things that we are likely to break often
+> - [ ] setup Git CI/CD pipeline with testing
+> 	- [ ] figure out how to run QEMU in the test environment
+> 	- [ ] write a script to run tests
+> 	- [ ] a release should only be published if all tests pass
+
+> [!todo] Memory
+> - [ ] make sure page tables are correct. we're still getting the annoying page fault errors for the APIC
+> - [ ] page allocator
+>   - [ ] e
+
+> [!todo] Allocator
+> - [x] learn about several allocator designs and decide on the optimal one
+> - [x] implementation
+> 	- [x] implement an allocate method
+> 	- [x] implement a deallocate method
+> 	- [x] set the global allocator
+> - [ ] testing
+> 	- [ ] write unit tests
+> 		- [ ] many allocations
+> 		- [ ] large allocations
+> 		- [ ] allocating more memory than is available
+> 	- [ ] pass unit tests
+
+> [!todo] Threading
+> - [ ] implement thread switching functionality
+> 	- [ ] switch stacks
+> - [ ] implement multi-threading
+> 	- [ ] figure out how to turn on another core
+> - [ ] Scheduler
+> 	- [ ] which task goes on which thread?
+> 		- [ ] round robin / time slicing algorithm
+> 	- [ ] switch tasks on a given core
+> 		- [ ] push registers
+> 		- [ ] switch stacks
+> 		- [ ] ensure the scheduler knows where to find the stack for each thread
+> 	- [ ] move a given task to a new core
+> 	- [ ] differentiate between kernel threads and user threads
+> - [ ] create syscall to create a new thread
+
+> [!todo] Filesystem 
+> - [ ] AHCI Implementation
+> 	- [ ] figure out what hard drives are attached
+> 	- [ ] read data
+> 	- [ ] write data
+> - [ ] FAT32 Implementation
+> 	- [ ] parse FAT header
+> 	- [ ] figure out where files are / what files are what
+> 	- [ ] parse file metadata / figure out type of file
+> 	- [ ] reading the entirety of a file into memory
+> - [ ] *(extension)* ext2 Implementation
+> - [ ] Syscall API
+> 	- [ ] provide a user program with file read / write access given a filename
+> 		- [ ] translate a filename into a disk location of data & the size of the data
+> 		- [ ] provide an interface to read from a file or write to a file
+
+> [!todo] APIC
+> - [ ] Enable APIC
+> 	- [x] Get apic location  from MSR
+> 	- [x] Enable APIC bit flag
+> 	- [x] Disable Legacy PIC
+> 	- [ ] Map physical APIC address to virtual memory
+> 
+>> [!error]
+>> Page fault exception occurs when APIC is activated
+>
+>- [ ] Setup Interrupt handlers to handle interrupts generated by the APIC
+>	- [ ] Timer Interrupts
+>	- [ ] Keyboard Interrupts
+
+> [!todo] Userspace (req: Threading, Filesystem)
+> - [ ] Load program into memory from disk
+> 	- [ ] requires:
+> 		- [ ] Program Loader
+> 			- [ ] Parse ELF File
+> 			- [ ] Load file into memory
+> 		- [ ] Filesystem
+> 		- [ ] Scheduler (to start and manage the process)
+> - [ ] Start a user process
+> 	- [ ] switch stacks
+> 	- [ ] jump to user code
+
+>[!todo] User Interface 
+>- This will be a library so that  programs in userspace can provide a user interface rather than relying on text commands from a basic terminal
+>- features required:
+>	- [ ] Rendering frames to a display buffer
+>		- [ ] requires: Frame rendering Syscall
+>	- [ ] I/O
+>		- [ ] syncio
+>			- [ ] keystrokes
+>		- [ ] asyncio
+>			- [ ] keystrokes
+>		- [ ] requires: I/O Syscalls
+>	- [ ] Window struct
+>		- [ ] stores it's size and location
+>		- [ ] handles rendering pixels to the screen
+>	- [ ] Widgets
+>		- [ ] textbox / label
+>		- [ ] single line text input
+>			- [ ] how do we capture keyboard inputs?
+>		- [ ] multiline text input
+>			- [ ] how do we capture keyboard inputs?
+>		- [ ] button
+>		- [ ] dialog
+>		- [ ] box widget
+>			- [ ] figure out how to nest other widgets inside it
+>```rust
+>pub struct Window {
+>	position;
+>	dimensions;
+>}
+>
+>impl Window {
+>	fn display(&self, frame: &Frame) -> Result<(), RenderError>;
+>}
+>
+>pub struct Frame<'a> {
+>	window: &'a Window,
+>	data: <"... a suitable type to store pixels">
+>}
+>
+>impl<'a> Frame<'a> {
+>	pub fn display(&self) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
+>		self.window.display(self)
+>	}
+>}
+>
+> pub trait Widget {
+> 	fn render(&self) -> Frame;
+> }
+>```
+

docs/structure/idk.canvas

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+{
+	"nodes":[
+		{"id":"8391ed519ab6cb3d","type":"group","x":-920,"y":600,"width":1595,"height":360,"label":"Hardware Layer"},
+		{"id":"967decfbdbf166e2","type":"group","x":-920,"y":120,"width":1595,"height":320,"label":"Kernel Layer (kernelspace)"},
+		{"id":"efd3cf75db396678","type":"group","x":-920,"y":-280,"width":1595,"height":240,"label":"System Layer (userspace)"},
+		{"id":"d577e6c4fa3d7479","type":"group","x":-920,"y":-600,"width":1595,"height":140,"label":"User Layer (userspace)"},
+		{"id":"549099b4188ff073","type":"text","text":"Interrupt handling & initialisation","x":-204,"y":320,"width":250,"height":60,"color":"2"},
+		{"id":"d0c73e9e86edba62","type":"text","text":"Kernel #kernel","x":-220,"y":260,"width":281,"height":140,"color":"2"},
+		{"id":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","type":"text","text":"libk #kernel","x":-880,"y":260,"width":280,"height":140,"color":"2"},
+		{"id":"4839a4f4f0980254","type":"text","text":"System Libraries #userspace","x":-220,"y":-240,"width":281,"height":160,"color":"3"},
+		{"id":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","type":"text","text":"Scheduler","x":-880,"y":160,"width":280,"height":60,"color":"2"},
+		{"id":"3d31fc276e0ba4a0","type":"text","text":"UI Shell #userspace","x":-880,"y":-560,"width":280,"height":60,"color":"4"},
+		{"id":"6b5e17c10589a7b6","type":"text","text":"Generic Application #userspace","x":-219,"y":-560,"width":281,"height":60,"color":"4"},
+		{"id":"0a47f47a2c7b3609","type":"text","text":"CPU #hardware","x":-880,"y":640,"width":280,"height":280,"color":"1"},
+		{"id":"a7002e4427f0540d","type":"text","text":"lib_io","x":-200,"y":-160,"width":122,"height":60,"color":"3"},
+		{"id":"e09d0bccffd19ed9","type":"text","text":"lib_ui","x":-78,"y":-160,"width":118,"height":60,"color":"3"},
+		{"id":"cbfeda8989b260d8","type":"text","text":"Userspace Drivers #userspace","x":360,"y":-240,"width":281,"height":160,"color":"3"},
+		{"id":"3acced35498279a0","type":"text","text":"Hardware #hardware\n- Display\n- Hard drives\n- Keyboard\n- Mouse","x":360,"y":640,"width":281,"height":280,"color":"1"},
+		{"id":"31548bb91b4977eb","type":"text","text":"Syscall API","x":-219,"y":160,"width":281,"height":60,"color":"2"},
+		{"id":"110b7bee2ba99819","type":"text","text":"Drivers & low level kernel libraries","x":-860,"y":320,"width":240,"height":60,"color":"2"}
+	],
+	"edges":[
+		{"id":"6a8d6b7540c2898d","fromNode":"3d31fc276e0ba4a0","fromSide":"right","toNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","toSide":"left","color":"3"},
+		{"id":"57aedf427a150ff1","fromNode":"6b5e17c10589a7b6","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","toSide":"top","color":"3","label":"Applications are statically \nlinked to system libraries"},
+		{"id":"d292a19f88032809","fromNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"31548bb91b4977eb","toSide":"top","color":"2","label":"system libraries make syscalls"},
+		{"id":"8b437f1c08e1caf2","fromNode":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","fromSide":"top","toNode":"3d31fc276e0ba4a0","toSide":"bottom","color":"4","label":"Scheduler Starts\nUI in userspace"},
+		{"id":"3e2c6f6d5dcd7613","fromNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","fromSide":"right","toNode":"cbfeda8989b260d8","toSide":"left","color":"3"},
+		{"id":"88f6e95c288c933d","fromNode":"31548bb91b4977eb","fromSide":"top","toNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","toSide":"bottom","color":"2"},
+		{"id":"156c8a89b537e219","fromNode":"cbfeda8989b260d8","fromSide":"left","toNode":"4839a4f4f0980254","toSide":"right","color":"3","label":"some libs talk to\nhardware through\nuserspace drivers"},
+		{"id":"0d04c5b0f76a5d9b","fromNode":"cbfeda8989b260d8","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"3acced35498279a0","toSide":"top","fromEnd":"arrow","color":"1","label":"Userspace drivers can talk\ndirectly to hardware so\nin the case of a driver crash\nthe kernel is unaffected"},
+		{"id":"e9f1afb45bf17b77","fromNode":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"3acced35498279a0","toSide":"left","fromEnd":"arrow","color":"1","label":"Libk handles most hardware\ninteraction, keeping the core kernel codebase as minimal\nas possible"},
+		{"id":"99414d640e519c8c","fromNode":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","fromSide":"right","toNode":"d0c73e9e86edba62","toSide":"left","fromEnd":"arrow","color":"2","label":"kernel static linked to libk\nmost kernel functionality\nisfound in libk"},
+		{"id":"85cd865c914dd125","fromNode":"549099b4188ff073","fromSide":"top","toNode":"d0c73e9e86edba62","toSide":"top","color":"2"},
+		{"id":"e882694ec774c0d6","fromNode":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","fromSide":"top","toNode":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","toSide":"bottom","color":"2"},
+		{"id":"c689b667be8cdfab","fromNode":"d0c73e9e86edba62","fromSide":"top","toNode":"31548bb91b4977eb","toSide":"bottom","color":"2"},
+		{"id":"0c9da0cce11e4bd1","fromNode":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","toSide":"top","color":"2"},
+		{"id":"c45efb0ad498f8a8","fromNode":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","fromSide":"right","toNode":"6b5e17c10589a7b6","toSide":"left","color":"4","label":"Scheduler\nstarts applications"},
+		{"id":"aee2cd6ef9682f0f","fromNode":"31548bb91b4977eb","fromSide":"left","toNode":"ba48ee2ccc891a62","toSide":"right","color":"2","label":"system libs can talk to\nthe scheduler to manage\nprocesses"},
+		{"id":"b1b2b96d8ac2b490","fromNode":"4fdc8ae730503ad0","fromSide":"bottom","toNode":"0a47f47a2c7b3609","toSide":"top","fromEnd":"arrow","color":"1"}
+	]
+}

docs/structure/libm.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+- contains all proc macros for building the kernel
+
+## Current Features 
+### font importer:
+- a macro that takes a filename to a font file and turns it into a font.
+```rust 
+pub struct Font {
+	width: usize,
+	height: usize,
+	length: u16,
+	data: [[u8; 16]; 512],
+}
+
+pub static FONT_CP850_8X16: Font = 
+	Font::new(include_font!("./libk/resources/font/cp850-8x16.psf"));
+```

kernel/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,18 +1,26 @@
 [package]
 name = "foundry_os"
-version = "0.1.0"
+edition.workspace = true
-edition = "2021"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 limine = "0.3.1"
-lib_framebuffer = { path = "../lib/lib_framebuffer" }
-lib_serial = { path = "../lib/lib_serial" }
-lib_ascii = { path = "../lib/lib_ascii" }
-lib_alloc = { path = "../lib/lib_alloc" }
 x86_64 = "0.15.2"
 spin = "0.9.8"
 pic8259 = "0.11.0"
 pc-keyboard = "0.8.0"
+libm = { path = "../libm" }
+crossbeam = { version = "0.8.4", default-features = false, features = [
+    "alloc",
+    "crossbeam-queue",
+] }
+futures-util = { version = "0.3.31", default-features = false, features = [
+    "alloc",
+] }
+linked_list_allocator = { version = "0.10.5", features = ["use_spin"] }
+gimli = { version = "0.31.1", default-features = false, features = ["read"] }
+elf = { version = "0.7.4", default-features = false, features = ["nightly"] }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 cc = "1.2.14"
@@ -23,3 +31,4 @@ default = []
 [[bin]]
 name = "kernel"
 path = "src/main.rs"
+test = false

kernel/build.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-use cc;
-use std::process::Command;
-use std::{env, path::Path};
-
 fn main() {
     // Tell cargo to rerun if these files change
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=src");

kernel/linker.ld

@@ -62,9 +62,8 @@ SECTIONS
         *(COMMON)
     } :data
 
-    /* Discard .note.* and .eh_frame* since they may cause issues on some hosts. */
+    /* Discard .note.* and ~~.eh_frame*~~ since they may cause issues on some hosts. */
     /DISCARD/ : {
-        *(.eh_frame*)
         *(.note .note.*)
     }
 }

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/apic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#![expect(unused)]
+
+use core::arch::x86_64::__cpuid;
+
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::mapping::PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET;
+use crate::{debugln, serial_print, serial_println};
+use x86_64::{
+    PhysAddr, VirtAddr,
+    structures::paging::{Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, PhysFrame, Size4KiB},
+};
+use x86_64::structures::paging::Translate;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::cpu::msr::*;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::{FRAME_ALLOCATOR, OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE};
+
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR: u32 = 0x1b;
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_BSP: u64 = 0x100;
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE: u64 = 0x800;
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_DISABLE: u64 = !IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE;
+
+const CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC: u64 = 1 << 9; // the cpuid instruction will return this flag if it supports APIC
+
+// const APIC_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS: Lazy<VirtAddr> = Lazy::new(|| {
+//     let apic_base = get_apic_base();
+//     let virt_addr = unsafe { phys_to_virt(apic_base) };
+
+//     virt_addr
+// });
+
+fn set_apic_base_enable(apic: PhysAddr) {
+    let rax = (apic.as_u64() & 0xfffff0000) | IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE;
+    debugln!("apic {:?}", PhysAddr::new(rax));
+    cpu_set_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, rax);
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn set_apic_base_disable(apic: PhysAddr) {
+    let rax = (apic.as_u64() & 0xfffff0000) & IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_DISABLE;
+    cpu_set_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, rax);
+}
+
+fn get_apic_base() -> PhysAddr {
+    let mut value: u64 = 0;
+    cpu_get_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, &mut value);
+
+    debugln!("apic base {:#x}", value);
+
+    PhysAddr::new(value & 0xfffff0000)
+}
+
+fn write_apic_register(apic_base: &PhysAddr, reg: u64, value: u32) {
+    let apic_base = apic_base.as_u64();
+    let reg_addr = (apic_base & 0xFFFFF0000) + reg;
+
+    let virt_addr = unsafe { phys_to_virt(PhysAddr::new(reg_addr)) };
+
+    let phys_check = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock().translate(virt_addr);
+    debugln!("{:?}", phys_check);
+
+    unsafe { *(virt_addr.as_u64() as *mut u32) = value };
+}
+
+fn read_apic_register(apic_base: &PhysAddr, reg: u64) -> u32 {
+    let apic_base = apic_base.as_u64();
+    let reg_addr = (apic_base & 0xFFFFF0000) + reg;
+    let virt_addr = unsafe { phys_to_virt(PhysAddr::new(reg_addr)) };
+    unsafe { *(virt_addr.as_u64() as *const u32) }
+}
+
+pub fn check_apic() -> bool {
+    let res = unsafe { __cpuid(1) };
+    res.edx as u64 & CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC != 0
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn phys_to_virt(phys: PhysAddr) -> VirtAddr {
+    let phys = phys.as_u64();
+    phys.checked_add(*PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET)
+        .map_or_else(|| panic!(" overflow"), VirtAddr::new)
+}
+
+pub fn enable_apic() {
+    let apic_base_physical_addr = get_apic_base();
+    set_apic_base_enable(apic_base_physical_addr);
+
+    debugln!("{:?}", apic_base_physical_addr);
+    enable_timer();
+
+    write_apic_register(
+        &apic_base_physical_addr,
+        0xF0,
+        read_apic_register(&apic_base_physical_addr, 0xF0) | 0x1FF
+    );
+
+}
+
+pub fn enable_timer() {
+    let apic_base = get_apic_base();
+    let current = read_apic_register(&apic_base, 0x320);
+    write_apic_register(&get_apic_base(), 0x320, (current & 0xFFFFFF00) | 0x20);
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod apic;
+mod msr;
+pub mod pic;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/msr.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#![expect(unused)]
+use core::arch::x86_64::__cpuid;
+use spin::Lazy;
+use x86_64::registers::model_specific::Msr;
+
+const CPUID_FLAG_MSR: u32 = 1 << 5;
+static EDX: Lazy<u32> = Lazy::new(|| unsafe { __cpuid(1).edx });
+
+pub fn cpu_has_msr() -> bool {
+    *EDX & CPUID_FLAG_MSR != 0
+}
+
+pub fn cpu_get_msr(msr: u32, value: &mut u64) {
+    let msr = Msr::new(msr);
+    unsafe {
+        *value = msr.read();
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn cpu_set_msr(msr: u32, value: u64) {
+    let mut msr = Msr::new(msr);
+    unsafe {
+        msr.write(value);
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/pic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+#![allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
+
+use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
+
+const CMD_INIT: u8 = 0x11;
+const CMD_END_OF_INT: u8 = 0x20;
+const MODE_8086: u8 = 0x01;
+
+struct Pic {
+    offset: u8,
+    data: Port<u8>,
+    command: Port<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Pic {
+    /// Are we in charge of handling the specified interrupt?
+    /// (Each PIC handles 8 interrupts.)
+    const fn handles_interrupt(&self, interrupt_id: u8) -> bool {
+        self.offset <= interrupt_id && interrupt_id < self.offset + 8
+    }
+
+    /// Notify us that an interrupt has been handled and that we're ready
+    /// for more.
+    unsafe fn end_of_interrupt(&mut self) {
+        unsafe { self.command.write(CMD_END_OF_INT) };
+    }
+
+    /// Reads the interrupt mask of this PIC.
+    unsafe fn read_mask(&mut self) -> u8 {
+        unsafe { self.data.read() }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the interrupt mask of this PIC.
+    unsafe fn write_mask(&mut self, mask: u8) {
+        unsafe { self.data.write(mask) }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A pair of chained PICs.  This is the standard setup on x86.
+pub struct ChainedPics {
+    pics: [Pic; 2],
+}
+
+impl ChainedPics {
+    /// Construct a new `ChainedPics` given the base offsets of the two PICs.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function is unsafe because it requires you to pass valid offsets.
+    /// If you pass offsets that are out of range, or if you pass offsets that
+    /// conflict with one another, the resulting object will be useless and
+    /// will likely cause problems for your system.
+    pub const unsafe fn new(offset1: u8, offset2: u8) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pics: [
+                Pic {
+                    offset: offset1,
+                    command: Port::new(0x20),
+                    data: Port::new(0x21),
+                },
+                Pic {
+                    offset: offset2,
+                    command: Port::new(0xA0),
+                    data: Port::new(0xA1),
+                },
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// .
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// .
+    pub const unsafe fn new_contiguous(primary_offset: u8) -> Self {
+        unsafe { Self::new(primary_offset, primary_offset + 8) }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a new instance of [`ChainedPics`].
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// this is unsafe because it required writing to CPU I/O ports.
+    pub unsafe fn initialize(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            let mut wait_port: Port<u8> = Port::new(0x80);
+            let mut wait = || wait_port.write(0);
+
+            // Save our original interrupt masks, because I'm too lazy to
+            // figure out reasonable values. We'll restore these when we're
+            // done.
+            let saved_masks = self.read_masks();
+
+            // Tell each PIC that we're going to send it a three-byte
+            // initialization sequence on its data port.
+            self.pics[0].command.write(CMD_INIT);
+            wait();
+            self.pics[1].command.write(CMD_INIT);
+            wait();
+
+            // Byte 1: Set up our base offsets.
+            self.pics[0].data.write(self.pics[0].offset);
+            wait();
+            self.pics[1].data.write(self.pics[1].offset);
+            wait();
+
+            // Byte 2: Configure chaining between PIC1 and PIC2.
+            self.pics[0].data.write(4);
+            wait();
+            self.pics[1].data.write(2);
+            wait();
+
+            // Byte 3: Set our mode.
+            self.pics[0].data.write(MODE_8086);
+            wait();
+            self.pics[1].data.write(MODE_8086);
+            wait();
+
+            // Restore our saved masks.
+            self.write_masks(saved_masks[0], saved_masks[1])
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reads the interrupt masks of both PICs.
+    pub unsafe fn read_masks(&mut self) -> [u8; 2] {
+        unsafe { [self.pics[0].read_mask(), self.pics[1].read_mask()] }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the interrupt masks of both PICs.
+    pub unsafe fn write_masks(&mut self, mask1: u8, mask2: u8) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.pics[0].write_mask(mask1);
+            self.pics[1].write_mask(mask2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Disables both PICs by masking all interrupts.
+    pub unsafe fn disable(&mut self) {
+        unsafe { self.write_masks(u8::MAX, u8::MAX) }
+    }
+
+    /// Do we handle this interrupt?
+    pub fn handles_interrupt(&self, interrupt_id: u8) -> bool {
+        self.pics.iter().any(|p| p.handles_interrupt(interrupt_id))
+    }
+
+    /// Figure out which (if any) PICs in our chain need to know about this
+    /// interrupt.  This is tricky, because all interrupts from `pics[1]`
+    /// get chained through `pics[0]`.
+    pub unsafe fn notify_end_of_interrupt(&mut self, interrupt_id: u8) {
+        if self.handles_interrupt(interrupt_id) {
+            if self.pics[1].handles_interrupt(interrupt_id) {
+                unsafe {
+                    self.pics[1].end_of_interrupt();
+                }
+            }
+            unsafe {
+                self.pics[0].end_of_interrupt();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/ascii/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+use core::fmt;
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
+
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::{
+    colour::Colour, display::FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER,
+};
+
+use crate::resources::font::{FONT_SPLEEN_8X16, Font};
+
+static FONT_WIDTH: u32 = 8;
+static FONT_HEIGHT: u32 = 16;
+
+pub static WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Writer>> =
+    Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(Writer::new()));
+
+pub fn screensize_chars() -> (u32, u32) {
+    let writer = WRITER.lock();
+    (writer.screen_width, writer.screen_height)
+}
+
+pub struct Writer {
+    font: &'static Font,
+    /// Measured in chars not pixels.
+    screen_width: u32,
+    /// Measured in chars not pixels.
+    screen_height: u32,
+    /// 16 pixels tall.
+    text_line: u32,
+    /// 8 pixels wide.
+    text_col: u32,
+
+    fg_color: Colour,
+    bg_color: Colour,
+}
+
+impl Default for Writer {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Writer {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut().map_or_else(
+            || {
+                panic!("Framebuffer writer not initialized.");
+            },
+            |writer| Self {
+                font: &FONT_SPLEEN_8X16,
+                screen_width: writer.width() / 8,
+                screen_height: writer.height() / 16,
+                text_line: 0,
+                text_col: 0,
+                fg_color: Colour::White,
+                bg_color: Colour::Black,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_font(&mut self, font: &'static Font) {
+        self.font = font;
+    }
+
+    /// This is sent when the user types a backspace.
+    const BACKSPACE: u8 = 8;
+
+    pub fn write_glyph(&mut self, c: u8) {
+        if c == b'\n' {
+            self.newline();
+            return;
+        } else if c == Self::BACKSPACE {
+            self.backspace();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Get the character data from the font array. -- each byte is a row of
+        // pixels
+        let data: &[u8] = self.font.glyph_for(c as u16);
+
+        if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            for (row, line) in data.iter().enumerate().take(16) {
+                for col in 0..8 {
+                    let pixel_x: u32 = self.text_col * FONT_WIDTH + col;
+                    let pixel_y: u32 =
+                        self.text_line * FONT_HEIGHT + row as u32;
+
+                    if line & (0x80 >> col) != 0 {
+                        // Write the foreground color
+                        writer.write_pixel(
+                            pixel_x as usize,
+                            pixel_y as usize,
+                            self.fg_color,
+                        );
+                    } else {
+                        // Write the background color
+                        writer.write_pixel(
+                            pixel_x as usize,
+                            pixel_y as usize,
+                            self.bg_color,
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Go to next position
+        if self.text_col + 1 >= self.screen_width {
+            self.newline();
+        } else {
+            self.text_col += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn dimensions(&self) -> (u32, u32) {
+        (self.screen_width, self.screen_height)
+    }
+
+    pub const fn next_char(&mut self) {
+        self.text_col += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn newline(&mut self) {
+        self.text_col = 0;
+
+        if self.text_line + 1 >= self.screen_height {
+            self.text_line = 0;
+        } else {
+            self.text_line += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Handles the backspace character. TODO: Implement VT-100 style terminal
+    /// control codes alongside a shell. Not simple.
+    pub fn backspace(&mut self) {
+        if self.text_col > 0 {
+            self.text_col -= 1;
+            // Blank out the previous char.
+            self.write_glyph(b' ');
+            self.text_col -= 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_string(&mut self, s: &str) {
+        for c in s.chars() {
+            self.write_glyph(c as u8);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_colour(&mut self, fg: Colour, bg: Colour) {
+        self.fg_color = fg;
+        self.bg_color = bg;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn reset_colour(&mut self) {
+        self.fg_color = Colour::White;
+        self.bg_color = Colour::Black;
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Write for Writer {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        self.write_string(s);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn write(args: fmt::Arguments, fg: Colour, bg: Colour) {
+    use core::fmt::Write;
+
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+        writer.set_colour(fg, bg);
+        writer.write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+        writer.reset_colour();
+    });
+}
+
+pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        write(args, Colour::White, Colour::Black);
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn _print_err(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        write(args, Colour::Red, Colour::Black);
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn _print_log(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        write(args, Colour::Yellow, Colour::Black);
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn clear_screen() {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+        writer.text_line = 0;
+        writer.text_col = 0;
+
+        if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            writer.clear();
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+pub fn reset_cursor() {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+        writer.text_line = 0;
+        writer.text_col = 0;
+    });
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println_log {
+	() => ($crate::print_log!("\n"));
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print_log!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print_log {
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::prelude::_print_log(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println {
+	() => ($crate::print!("\n"));
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print {
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::prelude::_print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! eprintln {
+    () => ($crate::printerr!("\n"));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::eprint!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! eprint {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::prelude::_print_err(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/framebuffer/colour.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#[repr(u32)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum Colour {
+    ARGB(u8, u8, u8, u8),
+    RGB(u8, u8, u8),
+    HexARGB(u32),
+    Black = 0x000000FF,
+    Blue = 0x0000FFFF,
+    Green = 0x00FF00FF,
+    Cyan = 0x00FFFFFF,
+    Red = 0xFF0000FF,
+    Magenta = 0xFF00FFFF,
+    Yellow = 0xFFFF00FF,
+    White = 0xFFFFFFFF,
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::use_self)]
+impl From<Colour> for u32 {
+    fn from(val: Colour) -> Self {
+        match val {
+            Colour::ARGB(a, r, g, b) => {
+                (a as u32) << 24
+                    | (r as u32) << 16
+                    | (g as u32) << 8
+                    | (b as u32)
+            }
+            Colour::RGB(r, g, b) => {
+                ((r as u32) << 16) | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32)
+            }
+            Colour::HexARGB(hex) => hex,
+            Colour::Black => 0xFF000000,
+            Colour::Blue => 0xFF0000FF,
+            Colour::Green => 0xFF00FF00,
+            Colour::Cyan => 0xFF00FFFF,
+            Colour::Red => 0xFFFF0000,
+            Colour::Magenta => 0xFFFF00FF,
+            Colour::Yellow => 0xFFFFFF00,
+            Colour::White => 0xFFFFFFFF,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for Colour {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::ARGB(r, g, b, a) => {
+                write!(f, "RGBA(#{:x}{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b, a)
+            }
+            Self::RGB(r, g, b) => write!(f, "RGB(#{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b),
+            Self::HexARGB(hex) => write!(f, "Hex(#{:x})", hex),
+            Self::Black => write!(f, "Black"),
+            Self::Blue => write!(f, "Blue"),
+            Self::Green => write!(f, "Green"),
+            Self::Cyan => write!(f, "Cyan"),
+            Self::Red => write!(f, "Red"),
+            Self::Magenta => write!(f, "Magenta"),
+            Self::Yellow => write!(f, "Yellow"),
+            Self::White => write!(f, "White"),
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/framebuffer/display.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+use limine::request::FramebufferRequest;
+
+#[used]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
+static FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST: FramebufferRequest = FramebufferRequest::new();
+
+use super::colour::Colour;
+use core::panic;
+
+use limine::framebuffer::Framebuffer;
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+
+pub static FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<FramebufferWriter>>> =
+    Lazy::new(|| {
+        Mutex::new(FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST.get_response().map_or_else(
+            || {
+                panic!("Framebuffer request failed");
+            },
+            |framebuffer_response| {
+                let framebuffer =
+                    framebuffer_response.framebuffers().next().unwrap();
+                Some(FramebufferWriter::new(framebuffer))
+            },
+        ))
+    });
+
+/// The updated writer stores necessary fields from the [Framebuffer].
+/// This ensures that the contained types are Send, as Framebuffer was
+/// not marked as Send.
+///
+/// It also avoids the requirement for lifetimes.
+///
+/// Note this does not implement Writer as these functions only handle drawing
+/// pixels.
+pub struct FramebufferWriter {
+    pitch: u64,
+    bpp: u16,
+    addr: *mut u8,
+    width: u64,
+    height: u64,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for FramebufferWriter {}
+unsafe impl Sync for FramebufferWriter {}
+
+impl FramebufferWriter {
+    pub fn new(framebuffer: Framebuffer) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pitch: framebuffer.pitch(),
+            bpp: framebuffer.bpp(),
+            addr: framebuffer.addr(),
+            width: framebuffer.width(),
+            height: framebuffer.height(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_pixel(&self, x: usize, y: usize, color: Colour) {
+        let pitch = self.pitch as usize;
+        let bpp = (self.bpp / 8) as usize;
+        let pixel_offset = y * pitch + x * bpp;
+
+        unsafe {
+            *(self.addr.add(pixel_offset) as *mut u32) = color.into();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render_frame(&self, buffer: &[&[Colour]]) {
+        // TODO: this should return errors
+        for (y, &row) in buffer.iter().enumerate() {
+            if y >= self.height() as usize {
+                break;
+            }
+            for (x, pixel) in row.iter().enumerate() {
+                if x >= self.width() as usize {
+                    break;
+                }
+                self.write_pixel(x, y, *pixel);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn width(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.width as u32
+    }
+
+    pub const fn height(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.height as u32
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear(&self) {
+        let width = self.width as usize;
+        let height = self.height as usize;
+
+        for y in 0..height {
+            for x in 0..width {
+                self.write_pixel(x, y, Colour::Black);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn screensize_px() -> (u32, u32) {
+    FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER
+        .lock()
+        .as_mut()
+        .map_or_else(|| (0, 0), |writer| (writer.width(), writer.height()))
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/framebuffer/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod colour;
+pub mod display;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/keyboard.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+use core::{
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+
+use crate::println;
+use crossbeam::queue::ArrayQueue;
+use futures_util::{Stream, StreamExt, task::AtomicWaker};
+use pc_keyboard::{
+    DecodedKey, HandleControl, KeyCode, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1,
+    layouts::Uk105Key,
+};
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex, Once};
+
+static KBD_QUEUE: Once<ArrayQueue<u8>> = Once::new();
+static WAKER: AtomicWaker = AtomicWaker::new();
+
+pub static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> =
+    Lazy::new(|| {
+        Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(
+            ScancodeSet1::new(),
+            // TODO: Expose an API to change the default KB layout.
+            Uk105Key,
+            HandleControl::Ignore,
+        ))
+    });
+pub static SCANCODE_STREAM: Lazy<Mutex<ScancodeStream>> =
+    Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(ScancodeStream::new()));
+
+pub fn add_scancode(scancode: u8) {
+    if let Some(queue) = KBD_QUEUE.get() {
+        if queue.push(scancode).is_err() {
+            println!("WARNING: scancode queue full; dropping keyboard input");
+        } else {
+            WAKER.wake();
+        }
+    } else {
+        println!("WARNING: scancode queue not initialized");
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ScancodeStream {
+    _private: (),
+}
+
+impl ScancodeStream {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        KBD_QUEUE.call_once(|| ArrayQueue::new(5));
+        Self { _private: () }
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_next(&mut self) -> Option<u8> {
+        KBD_QUEUE.get().and_then(|queue| queue.pop())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for ScancodeStream {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Stream for ScancodeStream {
+    type Item = u8;
+
+    fn poll_next(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        let queue = KBD_QUEUE.get().unwrap();
+
+        if let Some(scancode) = queue.pop() {
+            return Poll::Ready(Some(scancode));
+        }
+
+        WAKER.register(cx.waker());
+        WAKER.register(cx.waker());
+
+        queue.pop().map_or(Poll::Pending, |scancode| {
+            WAKER.take();
+            Poll::Ready(Some(scancode))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn get_keystroke_async() -> KeyStroke {
+    loop {
+        if let Some(scancode) = SCANCODE_STREAM.lock().next().await {
+            if let Ok(keystroke) = KeyStroke::try_from(scancode) {
+                return keystroke;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn get_keystroke_optional() -> Option<KeyStroke> {
+    if let Some(scancode) = SCANCODE_STREAM.lock().try_next() {
+        if let Ok(keystroke) = KeyStroke::try_from(scancode) {
+            return Some(keystroke);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum KeyStroke {
+    Char(char),
+    Ctrl,
+    RCtrl,
+    Alt,
+    RAlt,
+    Shift,
+    RShift,
+    Meta,
+    RMeta,
+    Backspace,
+    Left,
+    Right,
+    Up,
+    Down,
+    None,
+    Enter,
+    Escape,
+    Del,
+}
+
+impl KeyStroke {
+    pub const fn from_keycode(key: KeyCode) -> Self {
+        match key {
+            KeyCode::LControl => Self::Ctrl,
+            KeyCode::RControl => Self::RCtrl,
+            KeyCode::LAlt => Self::Alt,
+            KeyCode::RAlt2 => Self::RAlt,
+            KeyCode::LShift => Self::Shift,
+            KeyCode::RShift => Self::RShift,
+            KeyCode::LWin => Self::Meta,
+            KeyCode::RWin => Self::RMeta,
+            KeyCode::Backspace => Self::Backspace,
+            KeyCode::ArrowLeft => Self::Left,
+            KeyCode::ArrowRight => Self::Right,
+            KeyCode::ArrowUp => Self::Up,
+            KeyCode::ArrowDown => Self::Down,
+            KeyCode::Return => Self::Enter,
+            KeyCode::Escape => Self::Escape,
+            KeyCode::Delete => Self::Del,
+            _ => Self::None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<u8> for KeyStroke {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    fn try_from(code: u8) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let mut keyboard = KEYBOARD.lock();
+
+        let key = match keyboard.add_byte(code) {
+            Ok(Some(event)) => match keyboard.process_keyevent(event) {
+                Some(key) => key,
+                _ => return Err(()),
+            },
+            _ => return Err(()),
+        };
+
+        match key {
+            DecodedKey::Unicode(ch) => Ok(Self::Char(ch)),
+            DecodedKey::RawKey(key) => match Self::from_keycode(key) {
+                Self::None => Err(()),
+                key => Ok(key),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryInto<char> for KeyStroke {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    fn try_into(self) -> Result<char, Self::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Char(c) => Ok(c),
+            _ => Err(()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for KeyStroke {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Char(c) => write!(f, "{}", c),
+            Self::Ctrl => write!(f, "CTRL"),
+            Self::RCtrl => write!(f, "RCtrl"),
+            Self::Alt => write!(f, "ALT"),
+            Self::RAlt => write!(f, "RAlt"),
+            Self::Shift => write!(f, "SHIFT"),
+            Self::RShift => write!(f, "RShift"),
+            Self::Meta => write!(f, "META"),
+            Self::RMeta => write!(f, "RMeta"),
+            Self::Backspace => write!(f, "BACKSPACE"),
+            Self::Left => write!(f, "LEFT"),
+            Self::Right => write!(f, "RIGHT"),
+            Self::Up => write!(f, "UP"),
+            Self::Down => write!(f, "DOWN"),
+            Self::Enter => write!(f, "ENTER"),
+            Self::Escape => write!(f, "ESCAPE"),
+            Self::None => write!(f, "NONE"),
+            Self::Del => write!(f, "DEL"),
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pub mod ascii;
+pub mod framebuffer;
+pub mod keyboard;
+pub mod port;
+pub mod serial;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/port.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//! Functions for IO using ports.
+
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn inb(port: u16) -> u8 {
+    let value: u8;
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "in al, dx",
+            out("al") value,
+            in("dx") port,
+            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags)
+        );
+    }
+    value
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn outb(port: u16, value: u8) {
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "out dx, al",
+            in("dx") port,
+            in("al") value,
+            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags)
+        );
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/serial.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+use core::{
+    fmt,
+    sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+};
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! serial_print {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::_serial_write(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! serial_println {
+    () => ($crate::serial_print!("\n"));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => (serial_print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::port::{inb, outb};
+
+use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
+
+pub fn _serial_write(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    use core::fmt::Write;
+
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        if let Some(writer) = WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            writer.write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn serial_read() -> &'static str {
+    serial_println!("getting value!");
+
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        if let Some(reader) = READER.lock().as_mut() {
+            serial_println!("stuff happnin.");
+            reader.read_str_to_buffer();
+        } else {
+            serial_println!("failed to get writer");
+        }
+    });
+
+    serial_println!("eee");
+
+    let i = BUFFER_LEN.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+    unsafe {
+        if i != 0 {
+            core::str::from_utf8(&BUFFER[..i - 1]).unwrap()
+        } else {
+            serial_println!("empty string");
+            ""
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static PORT: u16 = 0x3f8;
+static mut BUFFER: [u8; 256] = [0; 256];
+static BUFFER_LEN: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+
+static READER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<Reader>>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(None));
+static WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<Writer>>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(None));
+
+struct Reader;
+
+struct Writer;
+
+impl fmt::Write for Writer {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        for c in s.chars() {
+            self.write_byte(c as u8);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Writer {
+    unsafe fn write_success(&self) -> bool {
+        inb(PORT + 5) & 0x20 != 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_byte(&self, data: u8) {
+        unsafe {
+            while !self.write_success() {}
+            outb(PORT, data);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn init() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    test()?;
+
+    if READER.lock().is_none() {
+        *READER.lock() = Some(Reader);
+    }
+
+    if WRITER.lock().is_none() {
+        *WRITER.lock() = Some(Writer);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn test() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    outb(PORT + 1, 0x00); // Disable all interrupts
+    outb(PORT + 3, 0x80); // Enable DLAB (set baud rate divisor)
+    outb(PORT, 0x03); // Set divisor to 3 (lo byte) 38400 baud
+    outb(PORT + 1, 0x00); //                  (hi byte)
+    outb(PORT + 3, 0x03); // 8 bits, no parity, one stop bit
+    outb(PORT + 2, 0xC7); // Enable FIFO, clear them, with 14-bytethreshold
+    outb(PORT + 4, 0x0B); // IRQs enabled, RTS/DSR set
+    outb(PORT + 4, 0x1E); // Set in loopback mode, test the serial chip
+    outb(PORT, 0xAE); // Test serial chip (send byte 0xAE and check if serial returns same byte)
+
+    if inb(PORT) != 0xAE {
+        return Err("serial test failed");
+    }
+
+    outb(PORT + 4, 0x0F);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl Reader {
+    pub fn read_str_to_buffer(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            while !self.read_ready() {}
+
+            BUFFER_LEN.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+            while BUFFER_LEN.load(Ordering::SeqCst) < 256 {
+                let c = self.read();
+                BUFFER[BUFFER_LEN.load(Ordering::SeqCst)] = c;
+                if c as char == '\r' {
+                    break;
+                }
+                BUFFER_LEN.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            }
+
+            serial_println!("returning")
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn read_ready(&self) -> bool {
+        inb(PORT + 5) & 1 != 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn read(&self) -> u8 {
+        unsafe {
+            while !self.read_ready() {}
+            inb(PORT)
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/gdt.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use x86_64::{
+    VirtAddr,
     instructions::tables::load_tss,
-    registers::segmentation::{Segment, CS, DS, ES, SS},
+    registers::segmentation::{CS, DS, ES, SS, Segment},
     structures::{
         gdt::{Descriptor, GlobalDescriptorTable, SegmentSelector},
         tss::TaskStateSegment,
     },
-    VirtAddr,
 };
 
 use spin::Lazy;
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ static TSS: Lazy<TaskStateSegment> = Lazy::new(|| {
         static mut STACK: [u8; STACK_SIZE] = [0; STACK_SIZE];
 
         let stack_start = VirtAddr::from_ptr(&raw const STACK);
-        let stack_end = stack_start + STACK_SIZE.try_into().unwrap();
+
-        stack_end
+        stack_start + STACK_SIZE.try_into().unwrap()
     };
     tss
 });
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ static GDT: Lazy<(GlobalDescriptorTable, Selectors)> = Lazy::new(|| {
         Selectors {
             code_selector,
             data_selector,
-            user_code_selector,
+            _user_code_selector: user_code_selector,
-            user_data_selector,
+            _user_data_selector: user_data_selector,
             tss_selector,
         },
     )
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ static GDT: Lazy<(GlobalDescriptorTable, Selectors)> = Lazy::new(|| {
 struct Selectors {
     code_selector: SegmentSelector,
     data_selector: SegmentSelector,
-    user_code_selector: SegmentSelector,
+    _user_code_selector: SegmentSelector,
-    user_data_selector: SegmentSelector,
+    _user_data_selector: SegmentSelector,
     tss_selector: SegmentSelector,
 }
 

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-use lib_ascii::{print, println_log};
+use crate::{debug, serial_print};
-use lib_serial::serial_println;
+use pic8259::ChainedPics;
-use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
 use x86_64::registers::control::Cr2;
 use x86_64::structures::idt::{InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame, PageFaultErrorCode};
-
+use x86_64::structures::paging::mapper::MapperFlushAll;
-use pic8259::ChainedPics;
+use x86_64::structures::paging::{FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, Size4KiB};
-use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
 
 use super::gdt;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::{FRAME_ALLOCATOR, OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE};
+use crate::{println_log, serial_println};
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
 
 static IDT: Lazy<InterruptDescriptorTable> = Lazy::new(|| {
     let mut idt = InterruptDescriptorTable::new();
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ pub enum InterruptIndex {
 }
 
 impl InterruptIndex {
-    fn as_u8(self) -> u8 {
+    const fn as_u8(self) -> u8 {
         self as u8
     }
 
@@ -53,12 +54,21 @@ impl InterruptIndex {
 
 pub fn init_idt() {
     IDT.load();
+}
+
+pub fn enable_pic() {
     unsafe {
         PICS.lock().initialize();
         PICS.lock().write_masks(0xfc, 0xff);
     }
 }
 
+pub fn disable_pic() {
+    unsafe {
+        PICS.lock().disable();
+    }
+}
+
 extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
     serial_println!("Exception: Breakpoint\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
     println_log!("Exception: Breakpoint\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
@@ -81,30 +91,24 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(
 }
 
 extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
-    use pc_keyboard::{layouts, DecodedKey, HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1};
+    use pc_keyboard::{HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1, layouts};
+    // use pc_keyboard::DecodedKey;
     use spin::Mutex;
     use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
 
-    static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Us104Key, ScancodeSet1>>> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> = Lazy::new(|| {
         Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(
             ScancodeSet1::new(),
-            layouts::Us104Key,
+            layouts::Uk105Key,
             HandleControl::Ignore,
         ))
     });
 
-    let mut keyboard = KEYBOARD.lock();
+    let _keyboard = KEYBOARD.lock();
     let mut port = Port::new(0x60);
 
     let scancode: u8 = unsafe { port.read() };
-    if let Ok(Some(key_event)) = keyboard.add_byte(scancode) {
+    crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::keyboard::add_scancode(scancode);
-        if let Some(key) = keyboard.process_keyevent(key_event) {
-            match key {
-                DecodedKey::Unicode(character) => print!("{}", character),
-                DecodedKey::RawKey(key) => print!("{:?}", key),
-            }
-        }
-    }
 
     unsafe {
         PICS.lock()
@@ -113,6 +117,7 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStac
 }
 
 extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+    debug!("Timer Interrupt");
     unsafe {
         PICS.lock()
             .notify_end_of_interrupt(InterruptIndex::Timer.as_u8());
@@ -120,13 +125,32 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFr
 }
 
 extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
-    stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+    _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
-    error_code: PageFaultErrorCode,
+    _error_code: PageFaultErrorCode,
 ) {
     serial_println!("Exception: Page Fault");
     serial_println!("Accessed Address: {:?}", Cr2::read());
-    serial_println!("Error Code: {:?}", error_code);
+    serial_println!("Error Code: {:?}", _error_code);
-    serial_println!("{:#?}", stack_frame);
+    serial_println!("{:#?}", _stack_frame);
 
-    crate::hcf();
+    if let Some(frame_allocator) = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get() {
+        let mut f = frame_allocator.lock();
+
+        let frame = f.allocate_frame().unwrap();
+        let flags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
+        let page: Page<Size4KiB> =
+            Page::containing_address(Cr2::read().unwrap());
+
+        unsafe {
+            let mut mapper = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+
+            match mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, &mut *f) {
+                Ok(_) => {}
+                Err(why) => panic!("failed to map page: {:?}", why),
+            }
+        }
+        MapperFlushAll::new().flush_all();
+    } else {
+        panic!("failed to get frame allocator");
+    }
 }

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory.rs

@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-use lib_alloc::allocator::FoundryAllocator;
-use limine::{memory_map::EntryType, response::MemoryMapResponse};
-use x86_64::{
-    addr,
-    registers::control::Cr3,
-    structures::paging::{
-        page_table::FrameError, FrameAllocator, OffsetPageTable, PageTable, PhysFrame, Size4KiB,
-    },
-    PhysAddr, VirtAddr,
-};
-
-/// Returns a mutable reference to the current level 4 page table.
-///
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// The caller must ensure that the level 4 page table is not modified
-/// simultaneously. The caller must also ensure that the physical memory offset
-/// is correct, to ensure that the correct virtual address is constructed.
-unsafe fn active_l4_table(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> &'static mut PageTable {
-    let (level_4_frame, _) = Cr3::read();
-
-    let phys_addr = level_4_frame.start_address();
-    let virt = phys_addr.as_u64() + physical_memory_offset.as_u64();
-    &mut *(virt as *mut PageTable)
-}
-
-/// Initializes the `OffsetPageTable` for the current CPU architecture.
-///
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// This function must be called only once and should be called before any
-/// memory operations are performed that rely on virtual memory management.
-/// The provided `physical_memory_offset` must be accurate to ensure correct
-/// translation of physical addresses.
-///
-/// # Parameters
-///
-/// - `physical_memory_offset`: The offset to convert physical addresses to
-///   virtual addresses in the higher-half direct map.
-///
-/// # Returns
-///
-/// Returns an `OffsetPageTable` that allows for manipulation of the page
-/// tables for the current CPU architecture.
-pub unsafe fn init(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> OffsetPageTable<'static> {
-    let l4_table = active_l4_table(physical_memory_offset);
-    OffsetPageTable::new(l4_table, physical_memory_offset)
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
-    memory_map: &'static MemoryMapResponse,
-    next: usize,
-}
-
-impl FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
-    /// Creates a new `FoundryOSFrameAllocator` from a memory map.
-    ///
-    /// This function takes a reference to a `MemoryMapResponse` and initializes a
-    /// `FoundryOSFrameAllocator` with it. The `next` field is set to 0, indicating that
-    /// the first frame to be allocated is the first frame in the memory map.
-    pub unsafe fn init(memory_map: &'static MemoryMapResponse) -> FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
-        FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
-            memory_map,
-            next: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// An iterator over all usable frames in the memory map.
-    ///
-    /// Yields one `PhysFrame` for each available 4KiB frame in the memory map.
-    ///
-    /// This function is used to allocate frames for the pagemap.
-    fn usable_frames(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PhysFrame> {
-        let regions = self.memory_map.entries().iter();
-        let usable_regions = regions.filter(|region| region.entry_type == EntryType::USABLE);
-
-        let addr_ranges = usable_regions.map(|region| region.base..region.base + region.length);
-
-        let frame_addresses = addr_ranges.flat_map(|r| r.step_by(4096));
-
-        frame_addresses.map(|addr| PhysFrame::from_start_address(PhysAddr::new(addr)).unwrap())
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
-    /// Allocates a frame from the list of usable frames.
-    ///
-    /// This function returns the next available `PhysFrame` from the memory map,
-    /// if one exists. Once a frame is allocated, the internal counter is incremented
-    /// to point to the next frame for future allocations.
-    ///
-    /// # Returns
-    ///
-    /// - `Some(PhysFrame)`: If a usable frame is available.
-    /// - `None`: If there are no more usable frames to allocate.
-
-    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
-        let frame = self.usable_frames().nth(self.next);
-        self.next += 1;
-        frame
-    }
-}
-
-// pub unsafe fn translate_addr(addr: VirtAddr, physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> Option<PhysAddr> {
-//     translate_addr_inner(addr, physical_memory_offset)
-// }
-
-// fn translate_addr_inner(addr: VirtAddr, physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> Option<PhysAddr> {
-//     let (l4_table_frame, _) = Cr3::read();
-
-//     let table_indexes = [
-//         addr.p4_index(),
-//         addr.p3_index(),
-//         addr.p2_index(),
-//         addr.p1_index(),
-//     ];
-//     let mut frame = l4_table_frame;
-
-//     for &i in &table_indexes {
-//         let virt = physical_memory_offset + frame.start_address().as_u64();
-//         let table_ptr: *const PageTable = virt.as_ptr();
-//         let table = unsafe { &*table_ptr };
-
-//         let entry = &table[i];
-
-//         frame = match entry.frame() {
-//             Ok(frame) => frame,
-//             Err(FrameError::FrameNotPresent) => return None,
-//             Err(FrameError::HugeFrame) => panic!("huge frames are not supported!"),
-//         };
-//     }
-
-//     Some(frame.start_address() + u64::from(addr.page_offset()))
-// }

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/allocation/heap_alloc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+use crate::{debugln, serial_print};
+use core::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
+use core::ptr;
+use spin::{Mutex, MutexGuard};
+use x86_64::structures::paging::{Size4KiB, mapper::MapToError, PageTableFlags};
+use x86_64::VirtAddr;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::{FRAME_ALLOCATOR, HEAP_SIZE, HEAP_VIRTUAL_SPACE};
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::allocation::page_alloc::FoundryOSFrameAllocator;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::units::MemoryUnits;
+use crate::serial_println;
+
+/// We are currently using a linked list heap allocator which uses our underlying page allocator.
+#[global_allocator]
+/// This is now Rust's global allocator, so we can use stuff requiring heap allocations.
+static ALLOCATOR: Locked<FoundryAllocator> = Locked::new(FoundryAllocator::new());
+
+
+/// Initializes the heap.
+///
+/// This function must be called once, before any functions that
+/// require a heap are called. It sets up the heap by allocating
+/// the necessary frames from the page allocator. The heap is
+/// then ready for use.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This function must be called only once, and must be called before any types
+/// are constructed that require dynamic memory allocation.
+///
+/// # Parameters
+///
+/// None
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns a `Result` containing a `MapToError` if the heap
+/// could not be initialized, or `Ok` if the heap was
+/// initialized successfully.
+pub unsafe fn init_heap() -> Result<(), MapToError<Size4KiB>> {
+    unsafe {
+        // code to allocate frames is now done in the page fault interrupt handler!
+        ALLOCATOR.lock().init(HEAP_VIRTUAL_SPACE, HEAP_SIZE);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Locked<T> {
+    inner: Mutex<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T> Locked<T> {
+    pub const fn new(inner: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Mutex::new(inner),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn lock(&self) -> MutexGuard<T> {
+        self.inner.lock()
+    }
+}
+
+const BLOCK_SIZES: &[usize] = &[8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096];
+
+struct ListNode {
+    next: Option<&'static mut ListNode>,
+}
+
+pub struct FoundryAllocator {
+    list_heads: [Option<&'static mut ListNode>; BLOCK_SIZES.len()],
+    fallback: Locked<FoundryFallbackAllocator>,
+}
+
+impl Default for FoundryAllocator {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FoundryAllocator {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        const EMPTY: Option<&'static mut ListNode> = None;
+        Self {
+            list_heads: [EMPTY; BLOCK_SIZES.len()],
+            fallback: Locked::new(FoundryFallbackAllocator::new()),
+        }
+    }
+    /// Initializes the fallback allocator with the given heap start address and size.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function is unsafe because it does not check whether the given heap start address and size are valid.
+    pub unsafe fn init(&mut self, heap_start: usize, heap_size: usize) {
+        debugln!("      => Start: {:?}", VirtAddr::new(heap_start as u64));
+        debugln!("      => Size: {}", MemoryUnits::from_bytes(heap_size));
+        
+        unsafe {
+            self.fallback.lock().init(heap_start, heap_size);
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn fallback_alloc(&mut self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+        unsafe { self.fallback.alloc(layout) }
+    }
+
+    fn block_size(&self, layout: &Layout) -> Option<usize> {
+        let required_block_size = layout.size().max(layout.align());
+        BLOCK_SIZES.iter().position(|&s| s >= required_block_size)
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<FoundryAllocator> {
+    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+        let mut allocator = self.lock();
+
+        match allocator.block_size(&layout) {
+            Some(index) => {
+                match allocator.list_heads[index].take() {
+                    Some(node) => {
+                        allocator.list_heads[index] = node.next.take();
+                        let ptr = node as *mut ListNode as *mut u8;
+                        ensure_mapped(VirtAddr::new(ptr as u64));
+                        ptr
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        // no block exists in list => allocate new block
+                        let block_size = BLOCK_SIZES[index];
+                        // only works if all block sizes are a power of 2
+                        let block_align = block_size;
+                        let layout = Layout::from_size_align(block_size, block_align).unwrap();
+                        unsafe { allocator.fallback_alloc(layout) }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            None => unsafe { allocator.fallback_alloc(layout) },
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
+        let mut allocator = self.lock();
+        match allocator.block_size(&layout) {
+            Some(idx) => {
+                let new_node = ListNode {
+                    next: allocator.list_heads[idx].take(),
+                };
+
+                let new_ptr = ptr as *mut ListNode;
+                unsafe { new_ptr.write(new_node) };
+                allocator.list_heads[idx] = Some(unsafe { &mut *new_ptr });
+            }
+            None => {
+                unsafe { allocator.fallback.dealloc(ptr, layout) };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct FallbackListNode {
+    size: usize,
+    next: Option<&'static mut FallbackListNode>,
+}
+
+impl FallbackListNode {
+    const fn new(size: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { size, next: None }
+    }
+
+    fn start_addr(&self) -> usize {
+        self as *const Self as usize
+    }
+
+    fn end_addr(&self) -> usize {
+        self.start_addr() + self.size
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct FoundryFallbackAllocator {
+    head: FallbackListNode,
+}
+
+impl Default for FoundryFallbackAllocator {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FoundryFallbackAllocator {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            head: FallbackListNode::new(0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Initializes the allocator with a given heap start address and size.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function is unsafe because it does not check whether the given heap start address and size are valid.
+    pub unsafe fn init(&mut self, heap_start: usize, heap_size: usize) {
+        unsafe { self.add_region(heap_start, heap_size) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn add_region(&mut self, addr: usize, size: usize) {
+        unsafe {
+            let mut node = FallbackListNode::new(size);
+            node.next = self.head.next.take();
+
+            let virt_addr = VirtAddr::new(addr as u64);
+            ensure_mapped(virt_addr);
+
+            let node_ptr = addr as *mut FallbackListNode;
+            node_ptr.write(node);
+            self.head.next = Some(&mut *node_ptr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn find_region(
+        &mut self,
+        size: usize,
+        align: usize,
+    ) -> Option<(&'static mut FallbackListNode, usize)> {
+        let mut current = &mut self.head;
+        // look for a large enough memory region in linked list
+        while let Some(ref mut region) = current.next {
+            if let Ok(alloc_start) = Self::alloc_from_region(region, size, align) {
+                // region suitable for allocation -> remove node from list
+                let next = region.next.take();
+                let ret = Some((current.next.take().unwrap(), alloc_start));
+                current.next = next;
+                return ret;
+            } else {
+                // region not suitable -> continue with next region
+                current = current.next.as_mut().unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+    const fn align_up(addr: usize, align: usize) -> usize {
+        (addr + align - 1) & !(align - 1)
+    }
+
+    fn size_align(layout: Layout) -> (usize, usize) {
+        let layout = layout
+            .align_to(align_of::<ListNode>())
+            .expect("adjusting alignment failed")
+            .pad_to_align();
+        let size = layout.size().max(size_of::<ListNode>());
+        (size, layout.align())
+    }
+
+    fn alloc_from_region(
+        region: &FallbackListNode,
+        size: usize,
+        align: usize,
+    ) -> Result<usize, ()> {
+        let alloc_start = Self::align_up(region.start_addr(), align);
+        let alloc_end = alloc_start.checked_add(size).ok_or(())?;
+
+        if alloc_end > region.end_addr() {
+            return Err(());
+        }
+
+        let excess_size = region.end_addr() - alloc_end;
+        if excess_size > 0 && excess_size < size_of::<ListNode>() {
+            return Err(());
+        }
+
+        Ok(alloc_start)
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<FoundryFallbackAllocator> {
+    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+        let mut allocator = self.lock();
+        // perform layout adjustments
+        let (size, align) = FoundryFallbackAllocator::size_align(layout);
+
+        if let Some((region, alloc_start)) = allocator.find_region(size, align) {
+            let alloc_end = alloc_start.checked_add(size).expect("overflow");
+            let excess_size = region.end_addr() - alloc_end;
+            if excess_size > 0 {
+                unsafe { allocator.add_region(alloc_end, excess_size) };
+            }
+            let ptr = alloc_start as *mut u8;
+            ensure_mapped(VirtAddr::new(ptr as u64));
+            ptr
+        } else {
+            ptr::null_mut()
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
+        let mut allocator = self.lock();
+        
+        // perform layout adjustments
+        let (size, _) = FoundryFallbackAllocator::size_align(layout);
+        unsafe { allocator.add_region(ptr as usize, size) }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ensure_mapped(virt_addr: VirtAddr) {
+    if ! FoundryOSFrameAllocator::is_mapped(virt_addr) {
+        let mut foundry_alloc = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get().unwrap().lock();
+        foundry_alloc.allocate_page(virt_addr, PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE).unwrap();
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/allocation/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod heap_alloc;
+pub(crate) mod page_alloc;
+pub mod stack_alloc;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/allocation/page_alloc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+use x86_64::structures::paging::{FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, PhysFrame, Size4KiB, Translate};
+use limine::response::MemoryMapResponse;
+use spin::Mutex;
+use limine::memory_map::EntryType;
+use x86_64::{PhysAddr, VirtAddr};
+use x86_64::structures::paging::mapper::{MapToError, TranslateResult};
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::{FRAME_ALLOCATOR, OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE};
+
+pub struct FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
+    memory_map: &'static MemoryMapResponse,
+    next: usize,
+}
+
+impl FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
+    /// Creates a new `FoundryOSFrameAllocator` from a memory map.
+    ///
+    /// This function takes a reference to a `MemoryMapResponse` and initializes
+    /// a `FoundryOSFrameAllocator` with it. The `next` field is set to 0,
+    /// indicating that the first frame to be allocated is the first frame
+    /// in the memory map.
+    pub fn init(memory_map: &'static MemoryMapResponse) {
+        FRAME_ALLOCATOR.call_once(|| {
+            Mutex::new(Self {
+                memory_map,
+                next: 0,
+            })
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn count_usable_frames(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.usable_frames().count() as u64
+    }
+
+    pub fn available_memory(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.memory_map
+            .entries()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|region| region.base..region.base + region.length)
+            .flat_map(|r| r.step_by(4096)).count() as u64 * 4096
+    }
+
+    /// An iterator over all usable frames in the memory map.
+    ///
+    /// Yields one `PhysFrame` for each available 4KiB frame in the memory map.
+    ///
+    /// This function is used to allocate frames for the page map.
+    fn usable_frames(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PhysFrame> + use<> {
+        let regions = self.memory_map.entries().iter();
+        let usable_regions = regions.filter(|region| region.entry_type == EntryType::USABLE);
+        let addr_ranges = usable_regions.map(|region| region.base..region.base + region.length);
+        let frame_addresses = addr_ranges.flat_map(|r| r.step_by(4096));
+        frame_addresses.map(|addr| PhysFrame::from_start_address(PhysAddr::new(addr)).unwrap())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_mapped(virt_addr: VirtAddr) -> bool {
+        let mapper = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+        matches!(mapper.translate(virt_addr), TranslateResult::Mapped { .. })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn allocate_page(&mut self, start_addr: VirtAddr, flags: PageTableFlags) -> Result<(), MapToError<Size4KiB>> {
+        let page = Page::containing_address(start_addr);
+        let frame = self.allocate_frame().ok_or(MapToError::<Size4KiB>::FrameAllocationFailed)?;
+        let mut mapper = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+
+        unsafe {
+            mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, self)?
+        }.flush();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
+    /// Allocates a frame from the list of usable frames.
+    ///
+    /// This function returns the next available `PhysFrame` from the memory
+    /// map, if one exists. Once a frame is allocated, the internal counter
+    /// is incremented to point to the next frame for future allocations.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// - `Some(PhysFrame)`: If a usable frame is available.
+    /// - `None`: If there are no more usable frames to allocate.
+    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
+        let frame = self.usable_frames().nth(self.next);
+        self.next += 1;
+        frame
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/allocation/stack_alloc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::STACK_VIRTUAL_SPACE;
+use x86_64::VirtAddr;
+use x86_64::structures::paging::{
+    FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, Size4KiB, mapper,
+};
+
+fn reserve_stack_memory(size_in_pages: u64) -> Page {
+    use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+    static STACK_ALLOC_NEXT: AtomicU64 =
+        AtomicU64::new(STACK_VIRTUAL_SPACE as u64);
+    let start_addr =
+        VirtAddr::new(STACK_ALLOC_NEXT.fetch_add(
+            size_in_pages * Page::<Size4KiB>::SIZE,
+            Ordering::Relaxed,
+        ));
+    Page::from_start_address(start_addr)
+        .expect("`STACK_ALLOC_NEXT` not page aligned")
+}
+
+/// Allocates a stack in the virtual address space, mapped to physical pages.
+///
+/// This function allocates a stack in the virtual address space, mapped to
+/// physical pages. The stack is allocated as a sequence of pages, with the
+/// first page allocated as a guard page. The stack is then mapped to the
+/// allocated physical frame.
+///
+/// The function takes the size of the stack in pages, a mutable reference to a
+/// mapper, and a mutable reference to a frame allocator. It returns a `Result`
+/// containing a `StackBounds` struct, which contains the start and end virtual
+/// addresses of the allocated stack.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This function is unsafe because it maps physical frames to virtual addresses
+/// without any protection. This can lead to bugs if the physical frames are not
+/// correctly allocated, or if the virtual addresses are not correctly aligned.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// This function will panic if the allocation of the physical frame fails.
+pub unsafe fn alloc_stack(
+    size_in_pages: u64,
+    mapper: &mut impl Mapper<Size4KiB>,
+    frame_allocator: &mut impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB>,
+) -> Result<StackBounds, mapper::MapToError<Size4KiB>> {
+    unsafe {
+        use x86_64::structures::paging::PageTableFlags as Flags;
+
+        let guard_page = reserve_stack_memory(size_in_pages + 1);
+        let stack_start = guard_page + 1;
+        let stack_end = stack_start + size_in_pages;
+
+        for page in Page::range(stack_start, stack_end) {
+            let frame = frame_allocator
+                .allocate_frame()
+                .ok_or(mapper::MapToError::FrameAllocationFailed)?;
+            let flags = Flags::PRESENT | Flags::WRITABLE;
+            mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, frame_allocator)?.flush();
+        }
+
+        Ok(StackBounds {
+            start: stack_start.start_address(),
+            end: stack_end.start_address(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct StackBounds {
+    start: VirtAddr,
+    end: VirtAddr,
+}
+
+impl StackBounds {
+    pub const fn new(start: VirtAddr, end: VirtAddr) -> Self {
+        Self { start, end }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn start(&self) -> VirtAddr {
+        self.start
+    }
+
+    pub const fn end(&self) -> VirtAddr {
+        self.end
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/mapping.rs

@@ -7,13 +7,18 @@ use limine::{
 use spin::Lazy;
 
 #[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests"]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
 static MEMORY_MAP_REQUEST: MemoryMapRequest = MemoryMapRequest::new();
 
 #[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests"]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
 static HIGHER_HALF_DIRECT_MAP_REQUEST: HhdmRequest = HhdmRequest::new();
 
+#[used]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
+pub static KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST: KernelAddressRequest =
+    KernelAddressRequest::new();
+
 /// ```rs
 /// let virt_addr = phys_addr + offset;
 /// let phys_addr = virt_addr - offset; // (given VA is in the HHDM). Do not use for executable code.
@@ -25,17 +30,13 @@ pub static PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET: Lazy<u64> = Lazy::new(|| {
         .offset()
 });
 
-#[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests"]
-static KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST: KernelAddressRequest = KernelAddressRequest::new();
-
 /// Converts virtual addresses in the kernel to a physical address like this:
 /// ```rs
 /// let phys_addr = virt_addr - virtual_base + physical_base;
 /// ```
 ///
 /// Returns (virtual_base, physical_base)
-pub static KERNEL_PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET: Lazy<(u64, u64)> = Lazy::new(|| {
+pub static _KERNEL_PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET: Lazy<(u64, u64)> = Lazy::new(|| {
     let resp = KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST.get_response().unwrap();
 
     // These are base addresses, using Limine's built in page table.
@@ -48,9 +49,8 @@ pub static KERNEL_PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET: Lazy<(u64, u64)> = Lazy::new(|| {
 ///
 /// Panics if the memory map was not found in MEMORY_MAP_REQUEST.
 pub fn get_memory_map() -> &'static MemoryMapResponse {
-    if let Some(memory_map) = MEMORY_MAP_REQUEST.get_response() {
+    MEMORY_MAP_REQUEST.get_response().map_or_else(
-        return memory_map;
+        || unreachable!("Could not fetch memory map from Limine."),
-    } else {
+        |memory_map| memory_map,
-        unreachable!("Could not fetch memory map from Limine.")
+    )
-    }
 }

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+pub mod allocation;
+pub mod mapping;
+pub mod units;
+
+use allocation::page_alloc::FoundryOSFrameAllocator;
+use spin::{Mutex, Once};
+use units::MemoryUnits::*;
+use x86_64::{
+    VirtAddr,
+    registers::control::Cr3,
+    structures::paging::{OffsetPageTable, PageTable},
+};
+
+pub const STACK_VIRTUAL_SPACE: usize = 0x5555_5555_0000; // start address of the memory space where we store allocated stacks
+pub const HEAP_VIRTUAL_SPACE: usize = 0x4444_4444_0000; // start address of heap allocated memory
+pub const HEAP_SIZE: usize = MiB(1).to_bytes();
+
+pub static FRAME_ALLOCATOR: Once<Mutex<FoundryOSFrameAllocator>> = Once::new();
+pub static OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE: Once<Mutex<OffsetPageTable>> = Once::new();
+/// Returns a mutable reference to the current level 4 page table.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// The caller must ensure that the level 4 page table is not modified
+/// simultaneously. The caller must also ensure that the physical memory offset
+/// is correct, to ensure that the correct virtual address is constructed.
+unsafe fn active_l4_table(
+    physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr,
+) -> &'static mut PageTable {
+    let (level_4_frame, _) = Cr3::read();
+
+    let phys_addr = level_4_frame.start_address();
+    let virt = phys_addr.as_u64() + physical_memory_offset.as_u64();
+    unsafe { &mut *(virt as *mut PageTable) }
+}
+
+/// Initializes the `OffsetPageTable` for the current CPU architecture.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This function must be called only once and should be called before any
+/// memory operations are performed that rely on virtual memory management.
+/// The provided `physical_memory_offset` must be accurate to ensure correct
+/// translation of physical addresses.
+///
+/// # Parameters
+///
+/// - `physical_memory_offset`: The offset to convert physical addresses to
+///   virtual addresses in the higher-half direct map.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns an `OffsetPageTable` that allows for manipulation of the page
+/// tables for the current CPU architecture.
+pub fn init_page_table(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) {
+    unsafe {
+        let l4_table = active_l4_table(physical_memory_offset);
+        let offset_table =
+            OffsetPageTable::new(l4_table, physical_memory_offset);
+        OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.call_once(|| Mutex::new(offset_table));
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/units.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+pub enum MemoryUnits {
+    B(usize),
+    KiB(usize),
+    MiB(usize),
+    GiB(usize),
+}
+
+impl MemoryUnits {
+    pub const fn to_bytes(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::B(b) => *b,
+            Self::KiB(kib) => *kib * 1024,
+            Self::MiB(mib) => *mib * 1024 * 1024,
+            Self::GiB(gib) => *gib * 1024 * 1024 * 1024,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn from_bytes(bytes: usize) -> Self {
+        if bytes < 1024 {
+            Self::B(bytes)
+        } else if bytes < 1024 * 1024 {
+            Self::KiB(bytes / 1024)
+        } else if bytes < 1024 * 1024 * 1024 {
+            Self::MiB(bytes / (1024 * 1024))
+        } else {
+            Self::GiB(bytes / (1024 * 1024 * 1024))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn convert(&mut self) {
+        match self {
+            Self::B(b) if *b > 1024 => *self = Self::KiB(*b / 1024),
+            Self::KiB(kib) if *kib > 1024 => *self = Self::MiB(*kib / 1024),
+            Self::MiB(mib) if *mib > 1024 => *self = Self::GiB(*mib / 1024),
+            _ => (),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for MemoryUnits {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::B(b) => write!(f, "{} B", b),
+            Self::KiB(kib) => write!(f, "{} KiB", kib),
+            Self::MiB(mib) => write!(f, "{} MiB", mib),
+            Self::GiB(gib) => write!(f, "{} GiB", gib),
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/mod.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
+pub mod cpu;
+pub mod drivers;
 pub mod gdt;
-
 pub mod interrupts;
-
 pub mod memory;
-
+pub mod processing;
-pub(crate) mod memmap;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/async_io/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod task;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/async_io/task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+//! Allows creation of asynchronous IO bound tasks.
+//!
+//! Written by @zxq5 for the most part with code from
+//! [here](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/).
+
+use alloc::boxed::Box;
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use alloc::task::Wake;
+use core::{
+    future::Future,
+    pin::Pin,
+    sync::atomic::AtomicU64,
+    task::{Context, Poll, Waker},
+};
+use crossbeam::queue::ArrayQueue;
+use x86_64::instructions::interrupts::{self, enable_and_hlt};
+
+pub struct Task {
+    id: TaskId,
+    future: Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()>>>,
+}
+
+impl Task {
+    pub fn new(future: impl Future<Output = ()> + 'static) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: TaskId::new(),
+            future: Box::pin(future),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn poll(&mut self, context: &mut Context) -> Poll<()> {
+        self.future.as_mut().poll(context)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+struct TaskId(u64);
+
+impl TaskId {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+        Self(NEXT.fetch_add(1, core::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Executor {
+    tasks: BTreeMap<TaskId, Task>,
+    task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>,
+    waker_cache: BTreeMap<TaskId, Waker>,
+}
+
+impl Executor {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            tasks: BTreeMap::new(),
+            task_queue: Arc::new(ArrayQueue::new(100)),
+            waker_cache: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn spawn(&mut self, task: Task) {
+        let task_id = task.id;
+        if self.tasks.insert(task.id, task).is_some() {
+            panic!("task with same id already in tasks");
+        }
+        self.task_queue.push(task_id).expect("queue full");
+    }
+
+    fn run_ready_tasks(&mut self) {
+        // destructure `self` to avoid borrow checker errors
+        let Self {
+            tasks,
+            task_queue,
+            waker_cache,
+        } = self;
+
+        while let Some(task_id) = task_queue.pop() {
+            let task = match tasks.get_mut(&task_id) {
+                Some(task) => task,
+                None => continue, // task no longer exists
+            };
+            let waker = waker_cache.entry(task_id).or_insert_with(|| {
+                TaskWaker::new_waker(task_id, task_queue.clone())
+            });
+            let mut context = Context::from_waker(waker);
+            match task.poll(&mut context) {
+                Poll::Ready(()) => {
+                    // task done -> remove it and its cached waker
+                    tasks.remove(&task_id);
+                    waker_cache.remove(&task_id);
+                }
+                Poll::Pending => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn run(&mut self) -> ! {
+        loop {
+            self.run_ready_tasks();
+            self.sleep_if_idle();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sleep_if_idle(&self) {
+        interrupts::disable();
+        if self.task_queue.is_empty() {
+            enable_and_hlt();
+        } else {
+            interrupts::enable();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Executor {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+struct TaskWaker {
+    task_id: TaskId,
+    task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>,
+}
+
+impl TaskWaker {
+    fn wake_task(&self) {
+        self.task_queue.push(self.task_id).expect("task_queue full");
+    }
+
+    fn new_waker(
+        task_id: TaskId,
+        task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>,
+    ) -> Waker {
+        Waker::from(Arc::new(Self {
+            task_id,
+            task_queue,
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Wake for TaskWaker {
+    fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
+        self.wake_task();
+    }
+
+    fn wake_by_ref(self: &Arc<Self>) {
+        self.wake_task();
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#![expect(unused)]
+pub mod async_io;
+mod taskrunner;
+pub mod threading;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/taskrunner/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use alloc::boxed::Box;
+
+pub struct Task {
+    pid: usize,
+    task: Box<dyn Fn() + Send + 'static>,
+}
+
+impl Task {
+    // pub const fn new() {}
+
+    pub const fn run() {}
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/deprecated.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+mod switch;
+mod deprecated;
+
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct Thread {
+    id: usize,
+    /// This shall be default before the program is interrupted, otherwise it will store
+    /// CPU registers etc to be restored on context switch.
+    ctx: ThreadContext,
+}
+
+/// CPU state to be saved on context switches.
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct ThreadContext {
+    /// Accumulator register.
+    rax: u64,
+    /// Base register.
+    rbx: u64,
+    /// Counter register.
+    rcx: u64,
+    /// Data register.
+    rdx: u64,
+    /// Source index register.
+    rsi: u64,
+    /// Destination index register.
+    rdi: u64,
+    /// Base pointer register.
+    rbp: u64,
+    /// Stack pointer register.
+    rsp: u64,
+    /// An extended register.
+    r8: u64,
+    /// An extended register.
+    r9: u64,
+    /// An extended register.
+    r10: u64,
+    /// An extended register.
+    r11: u64,
+    /// An extended register.
+    r12: u64,
+    /// An extended register.
+    r13: u64,
+    /// An extended register.
+    r14: u64,
+    /// An extended register.
+    r15: u64,
+    /// The instruction pointer.
+    rip: u64,
+    /// RFLAGS register.
+    rflags: u64,
+}
+
+impl ThreadContext {
+    /// Saves the current registers of the CPU before a context switch
+    /// to be restored later.
+    ///
+    /// # Notes
+    ///
+    /// This function should ONLY be called in interrupt handlers such
+    /// as that of the timer. This will then save registers as required
+    ///
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This function is unsafe because of the usage of inline ASM.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub unsafe fn save_registers() -> Self {
+        let mut context = Self::default();
+        unsafe {
+            asm!(
+                "mov {0}, rax",
+                "mov {1}, rbx",
+                "mov {2}, rcx",
+                "mov {3}, rdx",
+                "mov {4}, rsi",
+                "mov {5}, rdi",
+                "mov {6}, rbp",
+                "mov {7}, rsp",
+                "mov {8}, r8",
+                "mov {9}, r9",
+                "mov {10}, r10",
+                "mov {11}, r11",
+                "mov {12}, r12",
+                "mov {13}, r13",
+                "mov {14}, r14",
+                "mov {15}, r15",
+                "lea {16}, [rip]",
+                "pushf",
+                "pop {17}",
+                out(reg) context.rax,
+                out(reg) context.rbx,
+                out(reg) context.rcx,
+                out(reg) context.rdx,
+                out(reg) context.rsi,
+                out(reg) context.rdi,
+                out(reg) context.rbp,
+                out(reg) context.rsp,
+                out(reg) context.r8,
+                out(reg) context.r9,
+                out(reg) context.r10,
+                out(reg) context.r11,
+                out(reg) context.r12,
+                out(reg) context.r13,
+                out(reg) context.r14,
+                out(reg) context.r15,
+                out(reg) context.rip,
+                out(reg) context.rflags,
+            );
+        }
+
+        context
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::allocation::stack_alloc::StackBounds;
+use x86_64::VirtAddr;
+
+mod switch;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Thread {
+    id: ThreadId,
+    stack_ptr: Option<VirtAddr>,
+    stack_bounds: Option<StackBounds>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct ThreadId(u64);
+
+impl ThreadId {
+    pub const fn as_u64(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+        static NEXT_THREAD_ID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1);
+        Self(NEXT_THREAD_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed))
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/switch.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+.intel_syntax noprefix
+
+switch_thread:
+    pushfq
+
+    mov rax, rsp
+    mov rsp, rdi
+
+    mov rdi, rax
+    call add_paused_thread
+
+    popfq
+    ret

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/switch.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+

kernel/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,36 +1,59 @@
 #![no_std]
 #![feature(abi_x86_interrupt)]
+#![warn(
+    clippy::correctness,
+    clippy::nursery,
+    clippy::unnecessary_cast,
+    clippy::all,
+    clippy::suspicious,
+    clippy::perf,
+    rustdoc::missing_errors_doc,
+    rustdoc::missing_panics_doc
+)]
 
 extern crate alloc;
-
+use crate::{arch::x86_64::memory::init_page_table, prelude::*};
+use arch::x86_64::memory::allocation::heap_alloc::init_heap;
+use arch::x86_64::memory::mapping;
 use core::arch::asm;
-use lib_alloc::allocator::init_heap;
-use limine::request::{RequestsEndMarker, RequestsStartMarker};
 use limine::BaseRevision;
+use std::unwind;
+use std::unwind::eh_info::ELF;
+use x86_64::VirtAddr;
+use arch::x86_64::memory::allocation::page_alloc::FoundryOSFrameAllocator;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::cpu::apic::enable_apic;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::ascii::screensize_chars;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::display::screensize_px;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::FRAME_ALLOCATOR;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::units::MemoryUnits;
 
-pub use lib_ascii::{print, print_log, println, println_log, WRITER};
+pub mod arch;
-pub use lib_serial::{serial_print, serial_println, serial_read};
+mod panic;
-use x86_64::structures::paging::Translate;
+pub mod resources;
-use x86_64::{PhysAddr, VirtAddr};
+#[allow(unused)] // We aren't using much of this right now.
+pub mod std;
+pub mod util;
 
-mod arch;
+pub mod prelude {
+    pub use crate::{
+        eprint, eprintln, print, print_log, println, println_log, serial_print,
+        serial_println,
+        debug, debugln,
+        std::io::{_print, _print_log, _serial_write, _print_err},
+        std::debug::_debug,
+    };
+}
 
 /// Sets the base revision to the latest revision supported by the crate.
 /// See specification for further info.
-/// Be sure to mark all limine requests with #[used], otherwise they may be removed by the compiler.
+/// Be sure to mark all limine requests with #[used], otherwise they may be
+/// removed by the compiler.
 #[used]
-// The .requests section allows limine to find the requests faster and more safely.
+// The .requests section allows limine to find the requests faster and more
-#[link_section = ".requests"]
+// safely.
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
 static BASE_REVISION: BaseRevision = BaseRevision::new();
 
-/// Define the stand and end markers for Limine requests.
-#[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests_start_marker"]
-static _START_MARKER: RequestsStartMarker = RequestsStartMarker::new();
-#[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests_end_marker"]
-static _END_MARKER: RequestsEndMarker = RequestsEndMarker::new();
-
 #[panic_handler]
 fn rust_panic(_info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
     println!("Kernel panic: {}", _info);
@@ -43,53 +66,84 @@ pub fn hcf() -> ! {
         unsafe {
             #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
             asm!("hlt");
-            #[cfg(any(target_arch = "aarch64", target_arch = "riscv64"))]
-            asm!("wfi");
-            #[cfg(target_arch = "loongarch64")]
-            asm!("idle 0");
         }
     }
 }
 
 pub fn boot() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
     if !BASE_REVISION.is_supported() {
-        return Err("base revision not supported");
+        return Err("Base revision not supported");
     }
 
-    use arch::x86_64::{gdt, interrupts, memmap, memory};
+    use arch::x86_64::{gdt, interrupts};
 
-    let memory_map = memmap::get_memory_map();
+    let memory_map = mapping::get_memory_map();
 
     print_log!("    Initialising Serial... ");
-    lib_serial::init()?;
+    let res = arch::x86_64::drivers::serial::init();
-    println_log!("[Success]");
+    serial_print!("    Initialising Serial... ");
-
+    if res.is_err() {
-    print_log!("    Setting Up Global Descriptor Table... ");
+        debugln!("[Not Detected]")
-    gdt::init();
+    } else {
-    println_log!("[Success]");
+        debugln!("[Success]");
-
-    print_log!("    Setting Up Interrupt Descriptor Table... ");
-    interrupts::init_idt();
-    println_log!("[Success]");
-
-    print_log!("    Setting Up Page Table... ");
-    let mut frame_allocator = unsafe { memory::FoundryOSFrameAllocator::init(memory_map) };
-    println_log!("[Success]");
-
-    print_log!("    Initialising Memory Subsystem... ");
-    let physical_memory_offset = VirtAddr::new(*memmap::PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET);
-    let mut l4_table = unsafe { memory::init(physical_memory_offset) };
-    println_log!("[Success]");
-
-    print_log!("    Initialising Heap... ");
-    if let Err(e) = init_heap(&mut l4_table, &mut frame_allocator) {
-        return Err("Failed to initialise heap");
     }
-    println_log!("[Success]");
 
-    print_log!("    Enabling Interrupts... ");
+    debugln!("    Display...");
+    let dimensions = screensize_chars();
+    let dimensions2 = screensize_px();
+    debugln!("      => (px)    : {}x{} ", dimensions2.0, dimensions2.1);
+    debugln!("      => (chars) : {}x{} ", dimensions.0, dimensions.1);
+    debugln!("    [Success]");
+
+    debug!("    Setting Up Global Descriptor Table... ");
+    gdt::init();
+    debugln!("[Success]");
+
+    debug!("    Setting Up Interrupt Descriptor Table... ");
+    interrupts::init_idt();
+    debugln!("[Success]");
+
+    debugln!("    Initialising Memory Subsystem... ");
+    let physical_memory_offset = VirtAddr::new(*mapping::PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET);
+    init_page_table(physical_memory_offset);
+    FoundryOSFrameAllocator::init(memory_map);
+    let available_bytes = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get().unwrap().lock().available_memory();
+    debugln!("      => Available Memory: {}", MemoryUnits::from_bytes(available_bytes as usize));
+
+    debugln!("[Success]");
+
+    debugln!("    Initialising Heap... ");
+    if unsafe { init_heap() }.is_err() {
+        return Err("Failed to initialise heap: error");
+    }
+    debugln!("    [Success]");
+
+    // debug!("    Enabling PICs... ");
+    // interrupts::enable_pic();
+    // debugln!("[Success]");
+
+    debug!("    Disabling PICs... ");
+    interrupts::disable_pic();
+    debugln!("[Success]");
+
+    debug!("    Initialising APIC... ");
+    enable_apic();
+    debugln!("[Success]");
+
+    debug!("    Enabling Interrupts... ");
     x86_64::instructions::interrupts::enable();
-    println_log!("[Success]");
+    debugln!("[Success]");
+
+    debug!("    Setting up stack unwinder, panic handler... ");
+    // Setup stack traces and proper panic handler. TODO: Handle panics
+    // differently if not initialised.
+    let eh_frame_ptr = ELF
+        .get_section_addr(".eh_frame_hdr")
+        .expect("Could not get `.eh_frame_hdr` address.");
+
+    let _eh_info =
+        unsafe { unwind::eh_info::EhInfo::from_hdr_ptr(eh_frame_ptr) };
+    debugln!("[Success]");
 
     Ok(())
 }

kernel/src/main.rs

@@ -2,49 +2,28 @@
 #![no_main]
 
 extern crate alloc;
-
+use foundry_os::arch::x86_64::drivers::ascii::screensize_chars;
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use foundry_os::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::display::screensize_px;
-
+use foundry_os::arch::x86_64::processing::async_io::task::{Executor, Task};
+use foundry_os::util::shell::shell;
 use foundry_os::{println, println_log};
 
-#[no_mangle]
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
-unsafe extern "C" fn kmain() -> ! {
+extern "C" fn kmain() -> ! {
-    // All limine requests must also be referenced in a called function, otherwise they may be
-    // removed by the linker.
-
     println_log!(" [ Initialising Kernel Systems ] ");
     if let Err(err) = foundry_os::boot() {
         panic!("{}", err);
     }
 
-    println_log!("[ Kernel Initialised Successfully ] ");
+    println_log!(" [ Kernel Initialised Successfully ] ");
+    
+    // println!("TESTING :: Allocation");
+    // let somevec = vec![0; 1_000_000];
+    // println!("{:?}", somevec);
+    // println!("{}", somevec.len());
+    // println!("PASSED!");
 
-    let dimensions = lib_ascii::screensize_chars();
+    let mut executor = Executor::new();
-    let dimensions2 = lib_framebuffer::screensize_px();
+    executor.spawn(Task::new(shell()));
-
+    executor.run()
-    println!("Dimensions: {}x{} (px)", dimensions2.0, dimensions2.1);
-    println!("Dimensions: {}x{} (chars)", dimensions.0, dimensions.1);
-
-    println!(
-        "
-        $$$$$$$$\\                                  $$\\                     
-        $$  _____|                                 $$ |                    
-        $$ |    $$$$$$\\  $$\\   $$\\ $$$$$$$\\   $$$$$$$ | $$$$$$\\  $$\\   $$\\ 
-        $$$$$\\ $$  __$$\\ $$ |  $$ |$$  __$$\\ $$  __$$ |$$  __$$\\ $$ |  $$ |
-        $$  __|$$ /  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ /  $$ |$$ |  \\__|$$ |  $$ |
-        $$ |   $$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |      $$ |  $$ |
-        $$ |   \\$$$$$$  |\\$$$$$$  |$$ |  $$ |\\$$$$$$$ |$$ |      \\$$$$$$$ |
-        \\__|    \\______/  \\______/ \\__|  \\__| \\_______|\\__|       \\____$$ |
-             $$$$$$\\   $$$$$$\\        $$\\    $$\\   $$\\           $$\\   $$ |
-            $$  __$$\\ $$  __$$\\       $$ |   $$ |$$$$ |          \\$$$$$$  |
-            $$ /  $$ |$$ /  \\__|      $$ |   $$ |\\_$$ |           \\______/ 
-            $$ |  $$ |\\$$$$$$\\        \\$$\\  $$  |  $$ |                  
-            $$ |  $$ | \\____$$\\        \\$$\\$$  /   $$ |                  
-            $$ |  $$ |$$\\   $$ |        \\$$$  /    $$ |                  
-             $$$$$$  |\\$$$$$$  |         \\$  /   $$$$$$\\                 
-             \\______/  \\______/           \\_/    \\______|                              
-    "
-    );
-
-    loop {}
 }

kernel/src/panic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// //! Stack-unwinding code for the Kernel. This is a modified version of https://github.com/nbdd0121/unwinding/blob/trunk/src/panic_handler.rs
+// //! which does not support environment variables for obvious reasons, however we
+// //! may implement a cmdline similar to Linux in the near future.
+
+// #![expect(
+//     clippy::empty_loop,
+//     reason = "We don't yet have working power management. This is OK for now."
+// )]
+// use crate::prelude::*;
+// use alloc::boxed::Box;
+// use core::any::Any;
+// use core::cell::Cell;
+// use core::ffi::c_void;
+// use core::panic::{Location, PanicInfo};
+// use unwinding::abi::*;
+// use unwinding::panic::begin_panic;
+
+// #[thread_local]
+// static PANIC_COUNT: Cell<usize> = Cell::new(0);
+
+// #[link(name = "c")]
+// unsafe extern "C" {}
+
+// fn stack_trace() {
+//     struct CallbackData {
+//         counter: usize,
+//     }
+
+//     extern "C" fn callback(
+//         unwind_ctx: &UnwindContext<'_>,
+//         arg: *mut c_void,
+//     ) -> UnwindReasonCode {
+//         let data = unsafe { &mut *(arg as *mut CallbackData) };
+//         data.counter += 1;
+//         eprintln!(
+//             "{:4}:{:#19x} - <unknown>",
+//             data.counter,
+//             _Unwind_GetIP(unwind_ctx)
+//         );
+//         UnwindReasonCode::NO_REASON
+//     }
+//     let mut data = CallbackData { counter: 0 };
+//     _Unwind_Backtrace(callback, &mut data as *mut _ as _);
+// }
+
+// fn do_panic(msg: Box<dyn Any + Send>) -> ! {
+//     if PANIC_COUNT.get() >= 1 {
+//         stack_trace();
+//         eprintln!("Thread panicked while processing panic. aborting.");
+//         loop {}
+//     }
+
+//     PANIC_COUNT.set(1);
+//     stack_trace();
+
+//     let code = begin_panic(Box::new(msg));
+//     eprintln!("Failed to initiate panic: error {}", code.0);
+
+//     loop {}
+// }
+
+// #[panic_handler]
+// fn panic(info: &PanicInfo<'_>) -> ! {
+//     eprintln!("{}", info);
+
+//     struct NoPayload;
+//     do_panic(Box::new(NoPayload))
+// }
+
+// #[track_caller]
+// #[expect(unused, reason = "May still be used in the future.")]
+// pub fn panic_any<M: 'static + Any + Send>(msg: M) -> ! {
+//     eprintln!("Panicked at {}", Location::caller());
+//     do_panic(Box::new(msg))
+// }

kernel/src/resources/font/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+use libm::include_font;
+pub const FONT_SPLEEN_8X16: Font =
+    Font::new(include_font!("../../../resources/font/spleen-8x16.psf"));
+
+pub const FONT_CP850_8X16: Font =
+    Font::new(include_font!("../../../resources/font/cp850-8x16.psf"));
+
+// pub struct Font(pub [[u8; 16]; 512]);
+
+pub struct Font {
+    width: usize,
+    height: usize,
+    length: u16,
+    data: [[u8; 16]; 512],
+}
+
+impl Font {
+    pub const fn new(data: [[u8; 16]; 512]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            width: 8,
+            height: 16,
+            length: data.len() as u16,
+            data,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn glyph_for(&self, c: u16) -> &[u8] {
+        if c > self.length {
+            return &self.data[0];
+        }
+
+        &self.data[c as usize]
+    }
+
+    pub const fn width(&self) -> usize {
+        self.width
+    }
+
+    pub const fn height(&self) -> usize {
+        self.height
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Font {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        FONT_CP850_8X16
+    }
+}

kernel/src/resources/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod font;

kernel/src/std/application.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use alloc::string::String;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+pub mod frame;
+pub mod render;
+pub mod window;
+
+pub trait Application {
+    type Output;
+
+    fn run(
+        &mut self,
+        args: Vec<String>,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Self::Output, Error>> + Send;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Error {
+    UnknownCommand(String),
+    ApplicationFailed(String),
+    KernelError(String),
+}

kernel/src/std/application/frame.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+use super::{render::RenderError, window::Window};
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
+use crate::std::maths::geometry::Vec2;
+use alloc::{vec, vec::Vec};
+
+pub struct Frame<'f> {
+    data: Vec<Vec<Colour>>,
+    window: &'f Window,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Frame<'a> {
+    pub fn new(window: &'a Window) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: vec![
+                vec![Colour::Black; window.dimensions().x()];
+                window.dimensions().y()
+            ],
+            window,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(&self) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
+        let data: Vec<&[Colour]> =
+            self.data.iter().map(|v| v.as_slice()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        self.window
+            .render(data.as_slice())
+            .map_err(|_| RenderError::Generic)
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_pixel(
+        &mut self,
+        x: usize,
+        y: usize,
+        color: Colour,
+    ) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
+        if x >= self.window.dimensions().x()
+            || y >= self.window.dimensions().y()
+        {
+            return Err(RenderError::Generic);
+        }
+        self.data[y][x] = color;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub const fn dimensions(&self) -> Vec2<usize> {
+        self.window.dimensions()
+    }
+}

kernel/src/std/application/render.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
+use core::fmt::Display;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum RenderError {
+    Generic,
+}
+
+impl Display for RenderError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Generic => write!(f, "Generic render error"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::error::Error for RenderError {}
+
+pub struct ColouredChar {
+    ch: u8,
+    colour: Colour,
+}

kernel/src/std/application/window.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+use super::render::RenderError;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::display::FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER;
+use crate::std::maths::geometry::Vec2;
+use alloc::string::String;
+
+pub struct Window {
+    dimensions: Vec2<usize>,
+    position: Vec2<usize>,
+    bordered: bool,
+    opened: bool,
+    title: String,
+}
+
+impl Window {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            dimensions: Vec2::new(0, 0),
+            position: Vec2::new(0, 0),
+            bordered: true,
+            opened: false,
+            title: String::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(&self, _data: &[&[Colour]]) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
+        // TODO: error handling!! the kernel should return an error in some
+        // cases
+        if let Some(fb) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            fb.render_frame(_data);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub const fn is_bordered(&self) -> bool {
+        self.bordered
+    }
+
+    pub const fn is_open(&self) -> bool {
+        self.opened
+    }
+
+    pub const fn open(&mut self) {
+        self.opened = true;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn close(&mut self) {
+        self.opened = false;
+    }
+
+    // some basic getters and setters for utility.
+    pub fn title(&'static self) -> &'static str {
+        self.title.as_str()
+    }
+
+    pub const fn dimensions(&self) -> Vec2<usize> {
+        self.dimensions
+    }
+
+    pub const fn position(&self) -> Vec2<usize> {
+        self.position
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_title(&mut self, title: String) {
+        self.title = title;
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_window(&mut self, offset: Vec2<usize>) {
+        self.position += offset;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_position(&mut self, position: Vec2<usize>) {
+        self.position = position;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_dimensions(&mut self, dimensions: Vec2<usize>) {
+        self.dimensions = dimensions;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Window {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Window {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if self.opened {
+            self.close();
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/std/ascii.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use super::{
+    application::{frame::Frame, render::RenderError},
+    maths::geometry::Vec2,
+};
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
+use crate::resources::font::Font;
+
+pub struct Writer<'a> {
+    font: &'a Font,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Writer<'a> {
+    pub const fn new(font: &'a Font) -> Self {
+        Self { font }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_font(&mut self, font: &'a Font) {
+        self.font = font;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn font_size(&self) -> Vec2<usize> {
+        Vec2::new(self.font.width(), self.font.height())
+    }
+
+    pub fn render_glyph(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut Frame,
+        pos: Vec2<usize>,
+        c: u8,
+        scale: usize,
+    ) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
+        // get a reference to the character glyph from the font.
+        let data: &[u8] = self.font.glyph_for(c as u16);
+
+        if pos.x() + self.font.width() * scale > frame.dimensions().x()
+            || pos.y() + self.font.height() * scale > frame.dimensions().y()
+        {
+            return Err(RenderError::Generic);
+        }
+
+        for (row, line) in data.iter().enumerate().take(self.font.height()) {
+            for col in 0..self.font.width() {
+                let pixel_x: usize = pos.x() + col * scale;
+                let pixel_y: usize = pos.y() + row * scale;
+
+                if line & (0x80 >> col) != 0 {
+                    for i in 0..scale {
+                        for j in 0..scale {
+                            frame.write_pixel(
+                                pixel_x + i,
+                                pixel_y + j,
+                                Colour::White,
+                            )?;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

kernel/src/std/debug.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use core::fmt;
+use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
+use crate::prelude::{_print_log, _serial_write};
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! debugln {
+	() => ($crate::print_log!("\n"));
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::debug!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! debug {
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::prelude::_debug(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+pub fn _debug(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        _print_log(args);
+        _serial_write(args);
+    });
+}
+

kernel/src/std/elf/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//! Basic ELF parsing functionality using the `elf` crate.
+//!
+//! This may be extended in the future to support loading programs, however we
+//! currently use this for getting the sizes of sections in our kernel ELF at
+//! runtime.
+//!
+//! This is used for implementing stacktraces in std::unwind.
+//!
+//! # TODO
+//!
+//! * Add support for loading binary programs (this should probably be written
+//!   in a different module)
+
+use alloc::format;
+use elf::{
+    ElfBytes, ParseError,
+    endian::LittleEndian,
+    parse::{ParseAt, ParsingTable},
+    section::{SectionHeader, SectionHeaderTable},
+    string_table::StringTable,
+};
+use limine::request::KernelFileRequest;
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
+/// The length of the ELF header in bytes.
+pub const ELF_HEADER_LEN: usize = 64;
+
+/// Information about our own ELF file to make ELF parsing easier, such as the
+/// length of the file and a pointer to the contents.
+#[used]
+pub static KERNEL_FILE_REQUEST: KernelFileRequest = KernelFileRequest::new();
+
+/// A list of errors that may occur when parsing ELF files.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ElfError {
+    /// Returned if a section did not exist in [ElfReader::get_section_size].
+    SectionNotExists,
+    /// Parse errors returned by the `elf` crate.
+    OtherParseError(elf::ParseError),
+}
+
+impl From<elf::ParseError> for ElfError {
+    fn from(err: elf::ParseError) -> Self {
+        Self::OtherParseError(err)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ElfReader {
+    /// Structure returned by the `elf` crate having parsed the ELF header.
+    elf: ElfBytes<'static, LittleEndian>,
+}
+
+impl ElfReader {
+    /// Parses the ELF file for the kernel, this uses data from Limine's Kernel
+    /// File Request to get a slice over the whole executable file.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// Assumes a properly formed ELF file, and that Limine returns a correct
+    /// pointer to the start of the file as well as a valid length in bytes.
+    ///
+    /// Both of these should be satisfied, but this function is marked unsafe
+    /// just in case, because we are derefererencing arbitrary pointers.
+    pub unsafe fn new() -> Result<Self, ElfError> {
+        let response = KERNEL_FILE_REQUEST
+            .get_response()
+            .expect("Didn't get the kernel file from Limine. That's odd.");
+
+        // We fetch these from Limine and use them to parse our own ELF file.
+        let file = response.file();
+        let file_start_ptr = file.addr();
+        let file_size = file.size() as usize;
+
+        // Safety: This slice should contain the whole bytes of the ELF file.
+        let elf_hdr_slice =
+            unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(file_start_ptr, file_size) };
+
+        let elf: ElfBytes<'static, LittleEndian> =
+            elf::ElfBytes::minimal_parse(elf_hdr_slice)?;
+
+        Ok(Self { elf })
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the section size of `section_name` in bytes.
+    pub fn get_section_size(
+        &self,
+        section_name: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<u64, ElfError> {
+        Ok(self.get_section_header(section_name)?.sh_size)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the start address of the section `section_name` in memory.
+    pub fn get_section_addr(
+        &self,
+        section_name: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<*const u8, ElfError> {
+        Ok(self.get_section_header(section_name)?.sh_addr as *const u8)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the section header of `section_name`.
+    pub fn get_section_header(
+        &self,
+        section_name: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<SectionHeader, ElfError> {
+        let section_hdr = self
+            .elf
+            .section_header_by_name(section_name)
+            .map_err(|_e| ElfError::SectionNotExists)?;
+
+        section_hdr.ok_or(ElfError::SectionNotExists)
+    }
+}

kernel/src/std/io/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+pub use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::{
+    ascii::{_print, _print_err, _print_log},
+    serial::_serial_write,
+};
+
+pub mod stdin;

kernel/src/std/io/stdin.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::{
+    ascii::WRITER,
+    keyboard::{KeyStroke, get_keystroke_async, get_keystroke_optional},
+};
+use alloc::string::String;
+
+/// Reads a line of input from standard input asynchronously, returning a
+/// `String` containing the input line. Does not include the newline
+/// character at the end of the line.
+///
+/// If the user presses the abort key (usually Ctrl+C), the returned string
+/// will be empty.
+pub async fn read_line() -> String {
+    let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+
+    let mut buff = String::new();
+    loop {
+        match get_keystroke_async().await {
+            KeyStroke::Char(c) => match c {
+                '\n' => {
+                    writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
+                    return buff;
+                }
+                '\r' => {
+                    writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
+                    return buff;
+                }
+                '\x08' => {
+                    if !buff.is_empty() {
+                        buff.pop();
+                        writer.backspace();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                c => {
+                    writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
+                    buff.push(c)
+                }
+            },
+            KeyStroke::Enter => {
+                writer.write_glyph(b'\n');
+                return buff;
+            }
+            KeyStroke::Backspace => {
+                if !buff.is_empty() {
+                    buff.pop();
+                    writer.backspace();
+                }
+            }
+            _ => continue,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reads a character from standard input and blocks the current task until
+/// a character is available.
+///
+/// # Note
+///
+/// This function is not yet implemented.
+pub async fn async_keystroke() -> KeyStroke {
+    get_keystroke_async().await
+}
+
+/// Attempt to read a character from standard input without blocking the
+/// current task.
+///
+/// If no character is available, returns `None`.
+///
+/// # Note
+///
+/// This function is not yet implemented.
+pub fn keystroke() -> Option<KeyStroke> {
+    get_keystroke_optional()
+}

kernel/src/std/maths/geometry.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+use core::ops::{AddAssign, DivAssign, MulAssign, SubAssign};
+
+pub trait Coordinate:
+    Copy + Clone + PartialEq + AddAssign + MulAssign + SubAssign + DivAssign
+{
+}
+
+impl Coordinate for usize {}
+impl Coordinate for isize {}
+impl Coordinate for u8 {}
+impl Coordinate for i8 {}
+impl Coordinate for u16 {}
+impl Coordinate for i16 {}
+impl Coordinate for u32 {}
+impl Coordinate for i32 {}
+impl Coordinate for u64 {}
+impl Coordinate for i64 {}
+impl Coordinate for u128 {}
+impl Coordinate for i128 {}
+impl Coordinate for f32 {}
+impl Coordinate for f64 {}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Debug)]
+pub struct Vec2<T: Coordinate> {
+    x: T,
+    y: T,
+}
+
+impl<T: Coordinate> Vec2<T> {
+    pub const fn new(x: T, y: T) -> Self {
+        Self { x, y }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into<S: Coordinate + From<T>>(&self) -> Vec2<S> {
+        Vec2::new(self.x.into(), self.y.into())
+    }
+
+    pub const fn x(&self) -> T {
+        self.x
+    }
+
+    pub const fn y(&self) -> T {
+        self.y
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Coordinate> AddAssign for Vec2<T> {
+    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        self.x += rhs.x;
+        self.y += rhs.y;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Coordinate> SubAssign for Vec2<T> {
+    fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        self.x -= rhs.x;
+        self.y -= rhs.y;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Coordinate> MulAssign<T> for Vec2<T> {
+    fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: T) {
+        self.x *= rhs;
+        self.y *= rhs;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Coordinate> DivAssign<T> for Vec2<T> {
+    fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: T) {
+        self.x /= rhs;
+        self.y /= rhs;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Coordinate> From<Vec2<T>> for (T, T) {
+    fn from(value: Vec2<T>) -> Self {
+        (value.x, value.y)
+    }
+}

kernel/src/std/maths/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod geometry;

kernel/src/std/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+pub mod application;
+pub mod ascii;
+pub mod elf;
+pub mod io;
+pub mod maths;
+pub mod unwind;
+pub mod debug;

kernel/src/std/unwind/eh_info.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+//! Contains a [EhInfo] struct that contains the parsed DWARF exception header
+//! data from the ELF .eh_frame and .eh_frame_hdr sections.
+
+use alloc::{boxed::Box, slice};
+use gimli::{
+    BaseAddresses, EhFrame, EhFrameHdr, EhHdrTable, EndianSlice, LittleEndian,
+    ParsedEhFrameHdr,
+};
+use spin::Lazy;
+
+use crate::{println_log, std::elf::ElfReader};
+
+/// Contains useful data parsed from the ELF file in question. In the kernel
+/// this will be our own process.
+///
+/// We use this to implement stack traces and potential unwinding.
+///
+/// # Sources
+///
+/// This code is reproduced from [lesenchal.fr](https://lesenechal.fr/en/linux/unwinding-the-stack-the-hard-way#h5.1-parsing-eh_frame-and-eh_frame_hdr-with-gimli)
+/// and will later be extended as required.
+pub struct EhInfo {
+    /// A set of base addresses used for relative addressing.
+    base_addrs: BaseAddresses,
+    /// The parsed `.eh_frame_hdr` section.
+    hdr: &'static ParsedEhFrameHdr<EndianSlice<'static, LittleEndian>>,
+    /// The lookup table in the parsed `.eh_frame_hdr` section.
+    /// This is a binary search table, it is optional but should be present as
+    /// we are linking with LLD(?) \[needs citation].
+    hdr_table: EhHdrTable<'static, EndianSlice<'static, LittleEndian>>,
+    /// The parsed `.eh_frame` containing the CFIs (call frame information).
+    eh_frame: EhFrame<EndianSlice<'static, LittleEndian>>,
+}
+
+/// Stores the [ElfReader] struct for this ELF file.
+pub static ELF: Lazy<ElfReader> =
+    Lazy::new(|| unsafe { ElfReader::new().unwrap() });
+
+impl EhInfo {
+    /// Gets the `.eh_frame_hdr` size in bytes.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If we can't get the size of `.eh_frame_hdr`.
+    pub fn eh_frame_hdr_size() -> usize {
+        ELF.get_section_size(".eh_frame_hdr")
+            .expect("Cannot get size of `.eh_frame_hdr`.") as usize
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the `.eh_frame` size in bytes.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If we can't get the size of `.eh_frame`.
+    pub fn eh_frame_size() -> usize {
+        ELF.get_section_size(".eh_frame")
+            .expect("Cannot get size of `.eh_frame`.") as usize
+    }
+
+    /// Constructs a [EhInfo] from the base address. This is defined for a
+    /// symbol in the linker script so we can initialise stack traces and -- in
+    /// the future -- unwinding.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// Assumes the `.eh_frame_hdr` pointer to be valid, as well as the sizes of
+    /// the containing sections. These sizes are computed using [ElfReader].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function panics if Gimli throws parsing errors -- for example due
+    /// to a malformed or corrupted binary, or because this is called in
+    /// release-mode, or on a stripped binary.
+    ///
+    /// # TODOs
+    ///
+    /// * Support external System.map files which list symbols and contain
+    ///   debugging information.
+    pub unsafe fn from_hdr_ptr(eh_frame_hdr: *const u8) -> Self {
+        let mut base_addrs = BaseAddresses::default();
+        // We add the `.eh_frame_hdr` pointer to the set of base addresses which
+        // are used by Gimli for later parsing. This may be used to compute a
+        // pointer to `.eh_frame`.
+        base_addrs = base_addrs.set_eh_frame_hdr(eh_frame_hdr as u64);
+
+        // Leaking the Box gives us a reference with `'static` lifetime to use
+        // in Self.
+        let hdr = Box::leak(Box::new(
+            // We need to construct a slice as input for `EhFrameHdr::new`.
+            // This is sound if data pointer and length are known to be
+            // correct.
+            EhFrameHdr::new(
+                unsafe {
+                    core::slice::from_raw_parts(
+                        eh_frame_hdr,
+                        Self::eh_frame_hdr_size(),
+                    )
+                },
+                LittleEndian,
+            ) // Parse the header using the base address we provided (virtual
+            // memory). Address size is how many bytes make an
+            // address (64 bits).
+            .parse(&base_addrs, 8)
+            .expect(
+                "Could not parse `.eh_frame_hdr`. The ELF must be malformed.",
+            ),
+        ));
+
+        // Create a pointer to the `.eh_frame` ready to parse it.
+        let eh_frame = match hdr.eh_frame_ptr() {
+            gimli::Pointer::Direct(addr) => addr as *mut u8,
+            _ => unimplemented!(),
+        };
+
+        // Add the `.eh_frame` address for addresses relative to this section.
+        base_addrs = base_addrs.set_eh_frame(eh_frame as u64);
+
+        // Finally parse the `.eh_frame` section of our ELF.
+        let eh_frame = EhFrame::new(
+            unsafe {
+                core::slice::from_raw_parts(eh_frame, Self::eh_frame_size())
+            },
+            LittleEndian,
+        );
+
+        Self {
+            base_addrs,
+            hdr,
+            hdr_table: hdr.table().expect(
+                "The CFI binary search table was not present in this binary, oh dear.",
+            ),
+            eh_frame,
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/std/unwind/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod eh_info;

kernel/src/util/editor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::keyboard::{KeyStroke, get_keystroke_async};
+use crate::resources::font::Font;
+use crate::serial_print;
+use crate::serial_println;
+use crate::std::application::{
+    Application, Error, frame::Frame, render::RenderError, window::Window,
+};
+use crate::std::ascii::Writer;
+use crate::std::maths::geometry::Vec2;
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+pub struct Editor {
+    cursor_line: usize,
+    cursor_col: usize,
+
+    mode: Mode,
+    buffer: String,
+    window: Window,
+}
+
+impl Default for Editor {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Editor {
+    const PADDING: usize = 8;
+
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            cursor_line: 0,
+            cursor_col: 0,
+
+            mode: Mode::Nor,
+            buffer: String::new(),
+            window: Window::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn render(&'a self) -> Result<Frame<'a>, RenderError> {
+        let mut frame = Frame::new(&self.window);
+        let font = Font::default();
+        let writer = Writer::new(&font);
+
+        let (width, height) = writer.font_size().into();
+
+        let mut col = 0;
+        let mut line = 0;
+        let mut scale = 1;
+
+        for ch in self.buffer.chars() {
+            if ch == '\n' {
+                line += scale;
+                col = 0;
+                scale = 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if width * (col + 1) > frame.dimensions().x() - 2 * Self::PADDING {
+                line += scale;
+                col = 0;
+            }
+
+            writer.render_glyph(
+                &mut frame,
+                Vec2::new(
+                    col * width + Self::PADDING,
+                    line * height + Self::PADDING,
+                ),
+                ch as u8,
+                scale,
+            )?;
+            col += scale;
+        }
+
+        writer
+            .render_glyph(
+                &mut frame,
+                Vec2::new(
+                    self.cursor_col * width + Self::PADDING,
+                    self.cursor_line * height + Self::PADDING,
+                ),
+                b'_',
+                scale,
+            )
+            .expect("TODO: panic message");
+
+        Ok(frame)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
+    fn get_lines(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        self.buffer.split('\n').collect::<Vec<&str>>()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
+    fn move_cursor(&mut self, x: i32, y: i32) {
+        self.cursor_line = self
+            .cursor_line
+            .checked_add_signed(y as isize)
+            .unwrap_or(self.cursor_line);
+        self.cursor_col = self
+            .cursor_col
+            .checked_add_signed(x as isize)
+            .unwrap_or(self.cursor_col);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
+    fn delete_char(&mut self) {
+        let i = self.get_char_idx();
+        self.buffer.remove(i);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
+    fn insert_char(&mut self, c: char) {
+        let i = self.get_char_idx();
+        self.buffer.insert(i, c);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
+    fn splitline(&mut self) {
+        let i = self.get_char_idx();
+        self.buffer.insert(i, '\n');
+    }
+
+    fn get_char_idx(&self) -> usize {
+        let frame = Frame::new(&self.window);
+        let font = Font::default();
+        let writer = Writer::new(&font);
+        let (width, _height) = writer.font_size().into();
+
+        let mut col = 0;
+        let mut line = 0;
+        let mut scale = 1;
+
+        for (i, ch) in self.buffer.chars().enumerate() {
+            if ch == '\n' {
+                line += scale;
+                col = 0;
+                scale = 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if width * (col + 1) > frame.dimensions().x() - 2 * Self::PADDING {
+                line += scale;
+                col = 0;
+            }
+
+            if col == self.cursor_col && line == self.cursor_line {
+                return i;
+            }
+
+            col += scale;
+        }
+
+        0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Application for Editor {
+    type Output = ();
+    async fn run(
+        &mut self,
+        _args: Vec<alloc::string::String>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Output, Error> {
+        self.window.set_dimensions(Vec2::new(1280, 800));
+        self.window.set_position(Vec2::new(0, 0));
+        self.window.open();
+
+        self.buffer = "Hello world, this is a test init. idk test \n ewntuiewi gjk gfdfg gndf ngdfgnmdfg ndfgmndfg gdfndfnkg njkdgjkndfjnkg ngnjfgnfgnfg fgn fn gfj gnfg jnfgjfngjk fgnjfgnjk jnkdgjnkdfg gfnd njkgdfgjn d fjnkgjkndfgjkndfgjn gndfjnk njkgdfng jnkfgdjknd jnfkgnjk".to_string();
+
+        loop {
+            if let Err(_err) = self.render().and_then(|frame| frame.render()) {
+                // TODO: Handle error
+                return Err(Error::ApplicationFailed(
+                    "Rendering failed".to_string(),
+                ));
+            }
+
+            let keystroke = get_keystroke_async().await;
+
+            match self.mode {
+                Mode::Nor => match keystroke {
+                    KeyStroke::Char('i') => self.mode = Mode::Ins,
+                    KeyStroke::Char('`') => return Ok(()),
+                    _ => {}
+                },
+                Mode::Ins => {
+                    match keystroke {
+                        KeyStroke::Char(c) => {
+                            match c {
+                                // escape
+                                '\x1B' => self.mode = Mode::Nor,
+                                // delete
+                                '\x7F' => self.delete_char(),
+                                // backspace
+                                '\x08' => {
+                                    self.move_cursor(-1, 0);
+                                    self.delete_char();
+                                }
+                                // enter
+                                '\n' => self.splitline(),
+                                _ => {
+                                    self.insert_char(c);
+                                    self.move_cursor(1, 0);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        KeyStroke::Left => {
+                            serial_println!("Left\n");
+                            self.move_cursor(-1, 0);
+                        }
+                        KeyStroke::Right => {
+                            serial_println!("Right\n");
+                            self.move_cursor(1, 0);
+                        }
+                        KeyStroke::Up => {
+                            serial_println!("Up\n");
+                            self.move_cursor(0, -1);
+                        }
+                        KeyStroke::Down => {
+                            serial_println!("Down\n");
+                            self.move_cursor(0, 1);
+                        }
+                        KeyStroke::None => {}
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum Mode {
+    Nor,
+    Ins,
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for Mode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Nor => write!(f, "Normal"),
+            Self::Ins => write!(f, "Insert"),
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/util/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod editor;
+pub mod shell;

kernel/src/util/shell.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// use x86_64::registers::rflags::read;
+
+use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::ascii::clear_screen;
+use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::std::application::Application;
+use crate::std::io::stdin::read_line;
+use crate::util::editor::Editor;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+static FETCH: &str = "
+        $$$$$$$$\\                                  $$\\                     
+        $$  _____|                                 $$ |                    
+        $$ |    $$$$$$\\  $$\\   $$\\ $$$$$$$\\   $$$$$$$ | $$$$$$\\  $$\\   $$\\ 
+        $$$$$\\ $$  __$$\\ $$ |  $$ |$$  __$$\\ $$  __$$ |$$  __$$\\ $$ |  $$ |
+        $$  __|$$ /  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ /  $$ |$$ |  \\__|$$ |  $$ |
+        $$ |   $$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |      $$ |  $$ |
+        $$ |   \\$$$$$$  |\\$$$$$$  |$$ |  $$ |\\$$$$$$$ |$$ |      \\$$$$$$$ |
+        \\__|    \\______/  \\______/ \\__|  \\__| \\_______|\\__|       \\____$$ |
+             $$$$$$\\   $$$$$$\\        $$\\    $$\\   $$\\           $$\\   $$ |
+            $$  __$$\\ $$  __$$\\       $$ |   $$ |$$$$ |          \\$$$$$$  |
+            $$ /  $$ |$$ /  \\__|      $$ |   $$ |\\_$$ |           \\______/ 
+            $$ |  $$ |\\$$$$$$\\        \\$$\\  $$  |  $$ |                  
+            $$ |  $$ | \\____$$\\        \\$$\\$$  /   $$ |                  
+            $$ |  $$ |$$\\   $$ |        \\$$$  /    $$ |                  
+             $$$$$$  |\\$$$$$$  |         \\$  /   $$$$$$\\                 
+             \\______/  \\______/           \\_/    \\______|                              
+";
+
+pub async fn shell() {
+    println!("{}", FETCH);
+
+    loop {
+        print!(" Shell> ");
+        let line = read_line().await;
+        match line.as_str() {
+            "fetch" => {
+                println!("{}", FETCH);
+            }
+            "editor" => {
+                let mut editor = Editor::new();
+                editor.run(Vec::new()).await.unwrap();
+            }
+            "clear" => clear_screen(),
+            _ => {
+                println!("Unknown command: {}", line);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

libm/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "libm"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+darling = "0.20.10"
+proc-macro2 = "1.0.93"
+quote = "1.0.38"
+syn = "2.0.98"
+
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true

libm/rust-toolchain.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "nightly"
+targets = ["x86_64-linux-gnu"]

libm/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![feature(proc_macro_span)]
+#![warn(
+    clippy::correctness,
+    clippy::nursery,
+    clippy::unnecessary_cast,
+    clippy::all,
+    clippy::suspicious,
+    clippy::perf,
+    rustdoc::missing_errors_doc,
+    rustdoc::missing_panics_doc
+)]
+
+use proc_macro::{Span, TokenStream};
+use quote::quote;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use syn::{LitStr, parse_macro_input};
+extern crate proc_macro;
+
+#[proc_macro]
+/// Expects the file path to be relative to the current file so this works
+/// similarly to the standard Rust include! macros.
+pub fn include_font(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let span = Span::call_site();
+    let source_file = span.source_file();
+
+    if !source_file.is_real() {
+        panic!(
+            "We can't handle finding files if the source file does not exist. TODO: Can we?"
+        )
+    }
+
+    let filename = parse_macro_input!(item as LitStr);
+    let source_filepath: PathBuf = source_file.path();
+    let file_path = format!(
+        "{}/{}",
+        source_filepath.parent()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Expected to find the calling source file in a folder like src! Got: {}", source_filepath.display())).display(),
+        filename.value()
+    );
+
+    let font_bytes = match std::fs::read(file_path) {
+        Ok(bytes) => bytes,
+        Err(why) => panic!("{}", why),
+    };
+
+    let font_data = match FontBuilder::load(font_bytes) {
+        Ok(font) => font.data,
+        Err(why) => panic!("{}", why),
+    };
+
+    quote!(
+        [
+            #(
+                [#(#font_data),*]
+            ),*
+        ]
+    )
+    .into()
+}
+
+struct Font([[u8; 16]; 512]);
+
+struct FontData {
+    width: u8,
+    height: u8,
+    length: u16,
+    pub data: [[u8; 16]; 512],
+}
+enum FontBuilder {
+    Psf1(FontData),
+    Psf2(FontData),
+}
+
+impl FontBuilder {
+    const PSF1_MAGIC: u16 = 0x3604;
+    const PSF2_MAGIC: u32 = 0x72b54a86;
+
+    fn revision(data: &[u8]) -> u8 {
+        if (data[0] as u16) << 8 | data[1] as u16 == Self::PSF1_MAGIC {
+            1
+        } else if (data[0] as u32) << 24
+            | (data[1] as u32) << 16
+            | (data[2] as u32) << 8
+            | data[3] as u32
+            == Self::PSF2_MAGIC
+        {
+            2
+        } else {
+            0
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn load(data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<FontData, &'static str> {
+        match Self::revision(&data[0..4]) {
+            1 => Self::parse_psf1(&data),
+            2 => Self::parse_psf2(&data),
+            _ => panic!("invalid font revision result"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_psf1(data: &[u8]) -> Result<FontData, &'static str> {
+        let mode = data[2];
+        let size = data[3];
+
+        let has_512_glyphs = (mode & 0x01) != 0;
+        let mut glyphs = [[0; 16]; 512];
+        let glyph_count = if has_512_glyphs { 512 } else { 256 };
+
+        for i in 0..(glyph_count as usize) {
+            let mut buff: [u8; 16] = [0; 16];
+            for j in 0..(size as usize) {
+                buff[j] = data[4 + i * (size as usize) + j];
+            }
+            glyphs[i] = buff;
+        }
+
+        Ok(FontData {
+            width: 8,
+            height: size,
+            length: glyph_count,
+            data: glyphs,
+        })
+    }
+
+    const fn parse_psf2(_data: &[u8]) -> Result<FontData, &'static str> {
+        Err("PSF2 support is not implemented yet!")
+    }
+}

rustfmt.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+wrap_comments = true
+max_width = 80
+comment_width = 80
+format_code_in_doc_comments = true

scripts/build.sh

@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ set -e
 trap 'echo -e "${RED}${BOLD}error${NC}: build failed" >&2' ERR
 
 # Get absolute path to project root
-script_dir=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" &>/dev/null && pwd)
 project_root=$(cd "$script_dir/.." &>/dev/null && pwd)
+build_dir="$project_root/build"
+iso_root="$build_dir/iso_root"
 
 # Logging functions
 info() {
@@ -47,13 +48,8 @@ copy_file() {
     cp "$1" "$2" || error $3
 }
 
-build_dir="$project_root/build"
-iso_root="$build_dir/iso_root"
-
 # Check if we're running tests
-is_test=0
 if [[ $1 == *"deps"* ]]; then
-    is_test=1
     kernel_path="$1"
 else
     # Build the kernel normally
@@ -110,77 +106,4 @@ xorriso -as mkisofs -R -r -J -b boot/limine/limine-bios-cd.bin \
 
 # Install Limine
 info "Installing Limine bootloader"
-"$build_dir/limine/limine" bios-install "$build_dir/image.iso" || error "failed to install limine"
+"$build_dir/limine/limine" bios-install "$build_dir/image.iso" || error "failed to install limine"
-
-# Check if KVM is available
-if [ "${KVM_FLAG:-enable}" = "disable" ]; then
-    warning "KVM acceleration disabled by user"
-    kvm_flag=""
-elif [ -c "/dev/kvm" ] && [ -w "/dev/kvm" ]; then
-    info "KVM acceleration enabled"
-    kvm_flag="-enable-kvm"
-else
-    warning "KVM acceleration not available (is kvm module loaded?)"
-    kvm_flag=""
-fi
-
-# Check if we're running in debug mode
-if [[ "$(cargo metadata --format-version=1 | jq -r '.workspace_members[0]' | cut -d' ' -f2)" == "(debug)" ]]; then
-    debug_flags="-s -S"
-else
-    debug_flags=""
-fi
-
-# Set up test-specific flags
-if [ $is_test -eq 1 ]; then
-    test_flags="-device isa-debug-exit,iobase=0xf4,iosize=0x04 -display none"
-    serial_flags="-serial stdio"
-else
-    test_flags=""
-    # serial_flags="-serial tcp:127.0.0.1:1234,server -monitor telnet:127.0.0.1:1235,server"
-    serial_flags="-serial stdio"
-fi
-
-# Run in QEMU
-if [[ ${QEMU_FLAGS} == *-S* ]]; then
-    info "Running OS in QEMU with GDB debugging enabled"
-    info "To connect GDB, run: gdb"
-    info "At the GDB prompt, type: target remote localhost:1234"
-else
-    info "Running OS in QEMU..."
-fi
-
-check_test_res() {
-    qemu_exit_code=$?
-    if [ $qemu_exit_code -eq 33 ]; then
-        # Success case (0x10 << 1) | 1 = 33
-        info "All tests passed"
-        exit 0
-    elif [ $qemu_exit_code -eq 35 ]; then
-        # Failure case (0x11 << 1) | 1 = 35
-        warning "Some tests failed"
-        exit 1
-    else
-        # Any other exit code is treated as a failure
-        warning "Some tests failed"
-        exit 1
-    fi
-}
-
-
-kvm_flag=""
-
-trap 'check_test_res "tests completed"' ERR
- 
-cd "$project_root"
-qemu-system-x86_64 -M q35 \
-    ${kvm_flag} \
-    -cdrom "$build_dir/image.iso" \
-    -boot d \
-    -m 2G \
-    ${serial_flags} \
-    -no-reboot \
-    ${test_flags} \
-    ${debug_flags} \
-    ${QEMU_FLAGS:-}
-

scripts/flash_iso.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+script_dir=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" &>/dev/null && pwd)
+
+source scripts/build.sh
+
+warning "This script will OVERWRITE whatever media you throw at it\nwith the built ISO."
+
+info "sudo ./hardware.sh /dev/yourdisk"
+
+if ! echo "$1" | grep -q "/dev"; then
+    error "invalid device"
+fi
+
+read -p "Confirm (y/n): " confirmation
+if [ "$confirmation" != "y" ]; then
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+dd if=./build/image.iso of="$1"

scripts/run_debug.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Script originally written by zxq5, I added separate scripts to remove `jq` dependency.
+
+script_dir=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" &>/dev/null && pwd)
+
+source $script_dir/build.sh
+
+# Error handling
+set -e
+trap 'echo -e "${RED}${BOLD}error${NC}: build failed" >&2' ERR
+
+echo -e "${GREEN}${BOLD} Running kernel in debug mode."
+
+# Check if KVM is available
+if [ "${KVM_FLAG:-enable}" = "disable" ]; then
+    warning "KVM acceleration disabled by user"
+    kvm_flag=""
+elif [ -c "/dev/kvm" ] && [ -w "/dev/kvm" ]; then
+    info "KVM acceleration enabled"
+    kvm_flag="-enable-kvm"
+else
+    warning "KVM acceleration not available (is kvm module loaded?)"
+    kvm_flag=""
+fi
+
+# Enable using GDB with $USE_GDB.
+if [ $USE_GDB ]; then
+    debug_flags="-s -S"
+else
+    debug_flags=""
+fi
+
+# Set up test-specific flags
+if [ $is_test -eq 1 ]; then
+    test_flags="-device isa-debug-exit,iobase=0xf4,iosize=0x04 -display none"
+    serial_flags="-serial stdio"
+else
+    test_flags=""
+    # serial_flags="-serial tcp:127.0.0.1:1234,server -monitor telnet:127.0.0.1:1235,server"
+    serial_flags="-serial stdio"
+fi
+
+# Set up VM memory
+if [ $VM_MEMORY ]; then
+    vm_memory_flag="-m $VM_MEMORY"
+else
+    vm_memory_flag="-m 2G"
+fi
+
+# Set up boot flags
+if [ $USE_LEGACY_BIOS ]; then
+    boot_flags=""
+else
+#   Check for the presence of the OVMF firmware.
+    if [ ! -f $build_dir/RELEASEX64_OVMF_CODE.fd ]; then
+        info "Downloading OVMF UEFI firmware for QEMU"
+        info "To disable this, set USE_LEGACY_BIOS=1."
+        pushd $build_dir
+        curl https://retrage.github.io/edk2-nightly/bin/RELEASEX64_OVMF_CODE.fd -LO || error "failed to download OVMF firmware for UEFI"
+        curl https://retrage.github.io/edk2-nightly/bin/RELEASEX64_OVMF_VARS.fd -LO || error "failed to download OVMF firmware for UEFI"
+        popd
+    fi
+
+    boot_flags="-drive if=pflash,format=raw,readonly=on,file=$build_dir/RELEASEX64_OVMF_CODE.fd \
+                -drive if=pflash,format=raw,file=$build_dir/RELEASEX64_OVMF_VARS.fd"
+fi
+
+# Run in QEMU
+if [[ ${QEMU_FLAGS} == *-S* ]]; then
+    info "Running OS in QEMU with GDB debugging enabled"
+    info "To connect GDB, run: gdb"
+    info "At the GDB prompt, type: target remote localhost:1234"
+else
+    info "Running OS in QEMU..."
+fi
+
+check_test_res() {
+    qemu_exit_code=$?
+    if [ $qemu_exit_code -eq 33 ]; then
+        # Success case (0x10 << 1) | 1 = 33
+        info "All tests passed"
+        exit 0
+    elif [ $qemu_exit_code -eq 35 ]; then
+        # Failure case (0x11 << 1) | 1 = 35
+        warning "Some tests failed"
+        exit 1
+    else
+        # Any other exit code is treated as a failure
+        warning "Some tests failed"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+trap 'check_test_res "tests completed"' ERR
+ 
+
+# NOTE(ali): For some reason the values in `boot_flags` were causing issues
+# 	     on WSL, so they've been eradicated.
+systemInfo=$(uname -r)
+if [[ $systemInfo == *"WSL"* ]]; then
+    echo "Running on WSL2"
+    boot_flags=""
+fi
+
+cd "$project_root"
+qemu-system-x86_64 -M q35 \
+    -cdrom "$build_dir/image.iso" \
+    ${kvm_flag} \
+    -boot d \
+    ${vm_memory_flag} \
+    ${serial_flags} \
+    -no-reboot \
+    ${test_flags} \
+    ${debug_flags} \
+    ${boot_flags} \
+    ${QEMU_FLAGS:-}
+

scripts/run_release.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Script originally written by zxq5, I added separate scripts to remove `jq` dependency.
+
+script_dir=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" &>/dev/null && pwd)
+
+source $script_dir/build.sh
+
+# Error handling
+set -e
+trap 'echo -e "${RED}${BOLD}error${NC}: build failed" >&2' ERR
+
+echo -e "${GREEN}${BOLD} Running kernel in release mode."
+
+
+if [ $VM_MEMORY ]; then
+    vm_memory_flag="-m $VM_MEMORY"
+else
+    vm_memory_flag="-m 2G"
+fi
+
+# Check if KVM is available
+if [ "${KVM_FLAG:-enable}" = "disable" ]; then
+    warning "KVM acceleration disabled by user"
+    kvm_flag=""
+elif [ -c "/dev/kvm" ] && [ -w "/dev/kvm" ]; then
+    info "KVM acceleration enabled"
+    kvm_flag="-enable-kvm"
+else
+    warning "KVM acceleration not available (is kvm module loaded?)"
+    kvm_flag=""
+fi
+
+if [ $USE_LEGACY_BIOS ]; then
+    boot_flags=""
+else
+#   Check for the presence of the OVMF firmware.
+    if [ ! -f $build_dir/RELEASEX64_OVMF_CODE.fd ]; then
+        info "Downloading OVMF UEFI firmware for QEMU"
+        info "To disable this, set USE_LEGACY_BIOS=1."
+        pushd $build_dir
+        curl https://retrage.github.io/edk2-nightly/bin/RELEASEX64_OVMF_CODE.fd -LO || error "failed to download OVMF firmware for UEFI"
+        curl https://retrage.github.io/edk2-nightly/bin/RELEASEX64_OVMF_VARS.fd -LO || error "failed to download OVMF firmware for UEFI"
+        popd
+    fi
+
+    boot_flags="-drive if=pflash,format=raw,readonly=on,file=$build_dir/RELEASEX64_OVMF_CODE.fd \
+                -drive if=pflash,format=raw,file=$build_dir/RELEASEX64_OVMF_VARS.fd"
+fi
+
+cd "$project_root"
+qemu-system-x86_64 -M q35 \
+    ${kvm_flag} \
+    -cdrom "$build_dir/image.iso" \
+    -boot d \
+    ${vm_memory_flag} \
+    ${serial_flags} \
+    -no-reboot \
+    ${boot_flags}
+