Add HAL/abstractions to TODOs

I will try to focus on getting things working, as simply as possible

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+[build]
+target = "x86_64-kernel.json"
+target-dir = "build/target"
+
+[unstable]
+build-std = ["core", "compiler_builtins", "alloc"]
+build-std-features = ["compiler-builtins-mem"]
+
+[env]
+RUST_TARGET_PATH = { value = "kernel", relative = true }
+
+# Run in debug mode.
+[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", target_os = "none", debug_assertions))']
+runner = "scripts/run_debug.sh"
+
+# Otherwise we run in release mode.
+[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", target_os = "none", not(debug_assertions)))']
+runner = "scripts/run_release.sh"
+
+# [registry]
+# default = "gitea"
+
+[registries.gitea]
+index = "sparse+https://git.zxq5.dev/api/packages/OsDev/cargo/" # Sparse index

.gitea/workflows/rust.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull-request:
+    branches: [ main ]
+
+name: Continuous integration
+
+jobs: 
+  build:
+    name: build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          target: x86_64-unknown-none
+          components: rust-src, llvm-tools-preview
+          toolchain: nightly
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          submodules: true
+      - run: cargo build

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,15 @@
-/target
+# Build output directories
+/build/
+/target/
+
+# Generated files
+*.o
+*.bin
+*.iso
+*.img
+*.elf
+*.efi
+*.log
+
+# Rust specific
+Cargo.lock

.idea/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Default ignored files
+/shelf/
+/workspace.xml
+# Editor-based HTTP Client requests
+/httpRequests/
+# Datasource local storage ignored files
+/dataSources/
+/dataSources.local.xml

.idea/FoundryOS.iml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<module type="EMPTY_MODULE" version="4">
+  <component name="NewModuleRootManager">
+    <content url="file://$MODULE_DIR$">
+      <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/kernel/src" isTestSource="false" />
+      <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/lib_example/src" isTestSource="false" />
+      <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/libk/src" isTestSource="false" />
+      <sourceFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/libm/src" isTestSource="false" />
+      <excludeFolder url="file://$MODULE_DIR$/target" />
+    </content>
+    <orderEntry type="inheritedJdk" />
+    <orderEntry type="sourceFolder" forTests="false" />
+  </component>
+</module>

.idea/modules.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="ProjectModuleManager">
+    <modules>
+      <module fileurl="file://$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/FoundryOS.iml" filepath="$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/FoundryOS.iml" />
+    </modules>
+  </component>
+</project>

.idea/vcs.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="VcsDirectoryMappings">
+    <mapping directory="" vcs="Git" />
+    <mapping directory="$PROJECT_DIR$/build/limine" vcs="Git" />
+  </component>
+</project>

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+    "rust-analyzer.cargo.allTargets": false,
+    "rust-analyzer.cargo.target": "x86_64-kernel.json",
+    "[rust]": {
+        "editor.defaultFormatter": "rust-lang.rust-analyzer",
+        "editor.formatOnSave": true
+    },
+    "rust-analyzer.check.command": "clippy",
+    "rust-analyzer.procMacro.attributes.enable": true,
+    "rust-analyzer.cargo.buildScripts.enable": true
+}

Cargo.lock

@@ -2,6 +2,18 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 version = 4
 
+[[package]]
+name = "autocfg"
+version = "1.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ace50bade8e6234aa140d9a2f552bbee1db4d353f69b8217bc503490fc1a9f26"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bit_field"
+version = "0.10.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dc827186963e592360843fb5ba4b973e145841266c1357f7180c43526f2e5b61"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "2.8.0"
@@ -9,10 +21,133 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8f68f53c83ab957f72c32642f3868eec03eb974d1fb82e453128456482613d36"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "foundryos_kernel"
+name = "cc"
+version = "1.2.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "be714c154be609ec7f5dad223a33bf1482fff90472de28f7362806e6d4832b8c"
+dependencies = [
+ "shlex",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam"
+version = "0.8.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1137cd7e7fc0fb5d3c5a8678be38ec56e819125d8d7907411fe24ccb943faca8"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-queue",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-queue"
+version = "0.3.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0f58bbc28f91df819d0aa2a2c00cd19754769c2fad90579b3592b1c9ba7a3115"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-utils"
+version = "0.8.21"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d0a5c400df2834b80a4c3327b3aad3a4c4cd4de0629063962b03235697506a28"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling"
+version = "0.20.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6f63b86c8a8826a49b8c21f08a2d07338eec8d900540f8630dc76284be802989"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core",
+ "darling_macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_core"
+version = "0.20.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "95133861a8032aaea082871032f5815eb9e98cef03fa916ab4500513994df9e5"
+dependencies = [
+ "fnv",
+ "ident_case",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "strsim",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_macro"
+version = "0.20.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d336a2a514f6ccccaa3e09b02d41d35330c07ddf03a62165fcec10bb561c7806"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "fnv"
+version = "1.0.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3f9eec918d3f24069decb9af1554cad7c880e2da24a9afd88aca000531ab82c1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "foundry_os"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "crossbeam",
+ "futures-util",
+ "libm",
  "limine",
+ "pc-keyboard",
+ "pic8259",
+ "spin",
+ "x86_64",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-core"
+version = "0.3.31"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "05f29059c0c2090612e8d742178b0580d2dc940c837851ad723096f87af6663e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-task"
+version = "0.3.31"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f90f7dce0722e95104fcb095585910c0977252f286e354b5e3bd38902cd99988"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-util"
+version = "0.3.31"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9fa08315bb612088cc391249efdc3bc77536f16c91f6cf495e6fbe85b20a4a81"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-task",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "pin-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ident_case"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b9e0384b61958566e926dc50660321d12159025e767c18e043daf26b70104c39"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libm"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -23,3 +158,126 @@ checksum = "9ca87cab008b8efeebdbe037cd4d1438037d48c5cb6fed939ffa5aa06315a321"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
 ]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "lock_api"
+version = "0.4.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "07af8b9cdd281b7915f413fa73f29ebd5d55d0d3f0155584dade1ff18cea1b17"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "scopeguard",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pc-keyboard"
+version = "0.8.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f0ca629cbb3f0d5b699c338f0129ff78c9bfd7ea8b1258ad529bff490dc8ed5a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pic8259"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "62d9a86c292b165f757e47e7fd66855def189b2564609bc4203727b27c33db22"
+dependencies = [
+ "x86_64",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pin-project-lite"
+version = "0.2.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3b3cff922bd51709b605d9ead9aa71031d81447142d828eb4a6eba76fe619f9b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pin-utils"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b870d8c151b6f2fb93e84a13146138f05d02ed11c7e7c54f8826aaaf7c9f184"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro2"
+version = "1.0.93"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "60946a68e5f9d28b0dc1c21bb8a97ee7d018a8b322fa57838ba31cc878e22d99"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quote"
+version = "1.0.38"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0e4dccaaaf89514f546c693ddc140f729f958c247918a13380cccc6078391acc"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustversion"
+version = "1.0.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f7c45b9784283f1b2e7fb61b42047c2fd678ef0960d4f6f1eba131594cc369d4"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "scopeguard"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "shlex"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "spin"
+version = "0.9.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6980e8d7511241f8acf4aebddbb1ff938df5eebe98691418c4468d0b72a96a67"
+dependencies = [
+ "lock_api",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "strsim"
+version = "0.11.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7da8b5736845d9f2fcb837ea5d9e2628564b3b043a70948a3f0b778838c5fb4f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "2.0.98"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "36147f1a48ae0ec2b5b3bc5b537d267457555a10dc06f3dbc8cb11ba3006d3b1"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-ident"
+version = "1.0.17"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "00e2473a93778eb0bad35909dff6a10d28e63f792f16ed15e404fca9d5eeedbe"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "volatile"
+version = "0.4.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "442887c63f2c839b346c192d047a7c87e73d0689c9157b00b53dcc27dd5ea793"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "x86_64"
+version = "0.15.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0f042214de98141e9c8706e8192b73f56494087cc55ebec28ce10f26c5c364ae"
+dependencies = [
+ "bit_field",
+ "bitflags",
+ "rustversion",
+ "volatile",
+]

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,10 +1,29 @@
 [workspace]
-members = [
+members = ["kernel", "libm"]
-    "kernel"
-]
 resolver = "2"
 
 [workspace.package]
 version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2021"
+edition = "2024"
+authors = ["The FoundryOS Contributors"]
 
+[profile.dev]
+opt-level = "z"
+debug = true
+# Leave this on to force Cargo to use the debug runner,
+# which adds the necessary flags for GDB debugging if you
+# set $USE_GDB (to any value) e.g. USE_GDB=1 cargo run 
+debug-assertions = true
+overflow-checks = true
+lto = false
+incremental = false
+codegen-units = 1
+
+[profile.release]
+opt-level = 3
+debug = false
+debug-assertions = false
+overflow-checks = false
+lto = true
+incremental = false
+codegen-units = 1

README.md

@@ -1,2 +1,52 @@
 # FoundryOS
 
+## Cloning
+```sh
+git clone https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS.git
+```
+
+## Build dependencies
+
+* latest rust nightly release
+* all necessary rust components installed
+* xorriso: creates ISO images to be booted from.
+* (Optional / Recommended) qemu: to run the kernel. (this may be packaged as qemu-desktop)
+* (Optional) GDB: for debugging the kernel.
+
+```sh
+rustup update
+rustup override set nightly
+rustup component add rust-src
+rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
+```
+
+## Building & Running in qemu
+```sh
+cargo run
+```
+
+## Running in GDB
+```sh
+USE_GDB=1 cargo run
+```
+
+## Build errors
+
+If you see a qemu error like this:
+
+```
+qemu-system-x86_64: -drive if=pflash,format=raw,readonly=on,file=<...>/OVMF_CODE.fd: Could not open '<...>/OVMF_CODE.fd': No such file or directory
+```
+
+Simply delete the ./build directory and try to rebuild the program. Using the runner script or `cargo run` will download the required files for you, this is because the script only checks for the presence of one file and not the VARS file.
+
+Alternatively, you may disable using a UEFI firmware with qemu like so:
+```sh
+USE_LEGACY_BIOS=1 cargo run
+```
+
+## Debugging
+
+See [debugging](docs/Debugging/DEBUGGING.md) for some help with this, including commands to help with disassembly.
+
+If you have any other issues, feel free to create an issue or a PR.

config/limine.conf

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
-timeout: 1
+# Timeout in seconds that Limine will use before automatically booting.
+timeout: 0
 
+# The entry name that will be displayed in the boot menu.
 /foundry-os
+    # We use the Limine boot protocol.
     protocol: limine
-    kernel_path: boot()/boot/kernel
+
+    # Path to the kernel to boot. boot():/ represents the partition on which limine.conf is located.
+    kernel_path: boot():/boot/kernel
+

customos.json

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "llvm-target": "x86_64-unknown-none",
-    "data-layout": "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128",
-    "arch": "x86_64",
-    "target-endian": "little",
-    "target-pointer-width": "64",
-    "target-c-int-width": "32",
-    "os": "none",
-    "executables": true,
-    "linker-flavor": "ld.lld",
-    "linker": "rust-lld",
-    "panic-strategy": "abort",
-    "disable-redzone": true,
-    "features": "-mmx,-sse,+soft-float",
-    "relocation-model": "static",
-    "code-model": "kernel",
-    "pre-link-args": {
-      "ld.lld": [
-        "--script=linker/linker.ld",
-        "-nostdlib",
-        "--no-dynamic-linker",
-        "-static",
-        "--no-pie",
-        "--gc-sections",
-        "--build-id=none",
-        "-z", "max-page-size=0x1000"
-      ]
-    }
-  }
-  

debug.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+ Running kernel in debug mode.
+info: Creating build directory structure
+info: Copying files to ISO root
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/target/x86_64-kernel/debug/kernel to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/boot/kernel
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/config/limine.conf to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/boot/limine/limine.conf
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/limine/limine-bios-cd.bin to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/boot/limine/
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/limine/limine-uefi-cd.bin to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/boot/limine/
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/limine/limine-bios.sys to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/boot/limine/
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/limine/BOOTX64.EFI to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/EFI/BOOT/
+  Copying: /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/limine/BOOTIA32.EFI to /home/fantasypvp/Projects/OSdev/FoundryOS/build/iso_root/EFI/BOOT/
+Building: bootable ISO image
+info: Installing Limine bootloader
+info: KVM acceleration enabled
+info: Running OS in QEMU...
+[=3h[=3h[=3hBdsDxe: loading Boot0001 "UEFI QEMU DVD-ROM QM00005 " from PciRoot(0x0)/Pci(0x1F,0x2)/Sata(0x2,0xFFFF,0x0)
+BdsDxe: starting Boot0001 "UEFI QEMU DVD-ROM QM00005 " from PciRoot(0x0)/Pci(0x1F,0x2)/Sata(0x2,0xFFFF,0x0)
+map worked!got apic base

docs/.obsidian/app.json

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docs/.obsidian/appearance.json

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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+}

docs/.obsidian/community-plugins.json

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docs/.obsidian/core-plugins.json

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
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+  "switcher": true,
+  "graph": true,
+  "backlink": true,
+  "canvas": true,
+  "outgoing-link": true,
+  "tag-pane": true,
+  "properties": false,
+  "page-preview": true,
+  "daily-notes": true,
+  "templates": true,
+  "note-composer": true,
+  "command-palette": true,
+  "slash-command": false,
+  "editor-status": true,
+  "bookmarks": true,
+  "markdown-importer": false,
+  "zk-prefixer": false,
+  "random-note": false,
+  "outline": true,
+  "word-count": true,
+  "slides": false,
+  "audio-recorder": false,
+  "workspaces": false,
+  "file-recovery": true,
+  "publish": false,
+  "sync": true,
+  "webviewer": false
+}

docs/.obsidian/graph.json

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
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+  "collapse-filter": true,
+  "search": "",
+  "showTags": false,
+  "showAttachments": false,
+  "hideUnresolved": false,
+  "showOrphans": true,
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+  "linkStrength": 1,
+  "linkDistance": 250,
+  "scale": 1,
+  "close": true
+}

docs/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-excalidraw-plugin/manifest.json

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
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+  "id": "obsidian-excalidraw-plugin",
+  "name": "Excalidraw",
+  "version": "2.8.3",
+  "minAppVersion": "1.1.6",
+  "description": "An Obsidian plugin to edit and view Excalidraw drawings",
+  "author": "Zsolt Viczian",
+  "authorUrl": "https://www.zsolt.blog",
+  "fundingUrl": "https://ko-fi.com/zsolt",
+  "helpUrl": "https://github.com/zsviczian/obsidian-excalidraw-plugin#readme",
+  "isDesktopOnly": false
+}

docs/.obsidian/workspace.json

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+    "structure/libm.md",
+    "structure/libk",
+    "structure",
+    "Usage",
+    "Welcome.md"
+  ]
+}

docs/Debugging/DEBUGGING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Debugging the Kernel
+
+Here we will add some helpful tips on debugging the kernel.
+
+## Disassembling a public function
+
+To disassemble a public function, first we need a symbol in the public symbol table, so start by making the function fully public (including any parent modules). Do this as though you are trying to make a public function for a library crate (this includes the `kernel` crate). Simply mark the function and any parent modules as public, up until the point of [lib.rs (kernel link)](../../kernel/src/lib.rs).
+
+Then, we need to find the specific demangled symbol to disassemble, because the default objdump output can be very verbose.
+
+```sh
+# Change as required, I pipe to less and /SEARCH FOR FUNCTION HERE.
+nm --demangle ./build/target/x86_64-kernel/debug/kernel | less
+# Now just paste the symbol where it says YOUR_SYMBOL_HERE and profit. Use -Mintel for Intel assembly syntax.
+objdump -Matt --source --line-numbers --visualize-jumps ./build/target/x86_64-kernel/debug/kernel --demangle=rust --disassemble="YOUR_SYMBOL_HERE"
+```

docs/Planning & To-Dos.md

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+> [!todo] Testing
+> - [ ] setup custom test frameworks (Use CrystalOS-V2 as a reference)
+> 	- [ ] write a sub-crate for tests
+> 	- [ ] implement several unit tests on things that we are likely to break often
+> - [ ] setup Git CI/CD pipeline with testing
+> 	- [ ] figure out how to run QEMU in the test environment
+> 	- [ ] write a script to run tests
+> 	- [ ] a release should only be published if all tests pass
+>
+> [!todo] HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer)
+> - [ ] use either traits or cfg attributes to support more than just x86_64
+>   - [ ] prefer writing cross platform code (I am aware I made the problem slightly worse by merging libk with the kernel sources)
+>
+> [!todo] Allocator
+> - [ ] learn about several allocator designs and decide on the optimal one
+> - [ ] implementation
+> 	- [ ] implement an allocate method
+> 	- [ ] implement a deallocate method
+> 	- [ ] set the global allocator
+> - [ ] testing
+> 	- [ ] write unit tests
+> 		- [ ] many allocations
+> 		- [ ] large allocations
+> 		- [ ] allocating more memory than is available
+> 	- [ ] pass unit tests
+
+> [!todo] Threading
+> - [ ] implement thread switching functionality
+> 	- [ ] switch stacks
+> - [ ] implement multi-threading
+> 	- [ ] figure out how to turn on another core
+> - [ ] Scheduler
+> 	- [ ] which task goes on which thread?
+> 		- [ ] round robin / time slicing algorithm
+> 	- [ ] switch tasks on a given core
+> 		- [ ] push registers
+> 		- [ ] switch stacks
+> 		- [ ] ensure the scheduler knows where to find the stack for each thread
+> 	- [ ] move a given task to a new core
+> 	- [ ] differentiate between kernel threads and user threads
+> - [ ] create syscall to create a new thread
+
+> [!todo] Filesystem 
+> - [ ] AHCI Implementation
+> 	- [ ] figure out what hard drives are attached
+> 	- [ ] read data
+> 	- [ ] write data
+> - [ ] FAT32 Implementation
+> 	- [ ] parse FAT header
+> 	- [ ] figure out where files are / what files are what
+> 	- [ ] parse file metadata / figure out type of file
+> 	- [ ] reading the entirety of a file into memory
+> - [ ] *(extension)* ext2 Implementation
+> - [ ] Syscall API
+> 	- [ ] provide a user program with file read / write access given a filename
+> 		- [ ] translate a filename into a disk location of data & the size of the data
+> 		- [ ] provide an interface to read from a file or write to a file
+
+> [!todo] APIC
+> - [ ] Enable APIC
+> 	- [x] Get apic location  from MSR
+> 	- [x] Enable APIC bit flag
+> 	- [x] Disable Legacy PIC
+> 	- [ ] Map physical APIC address to virtual memory
+> 
+>> [!error]
+>> Page fault exception occurs when APIC is activated
+>
+>- [ ] Setup Interrupt handlers to handle interrupts generated by the APIC
+>	- [ ] Timer Interrupts
+>	- [ ] Keyboard Interrupts
+
+> [!todo] Userspace (req: Threading, Filesystem)
+> - [ ] Load program into memory from disk
+> 	- [ ] requires:
+> 		- [ ] Program Loader
+> 			- [ ] Parse ELF File
+> 			- [ ] Load file into memory
+> 		- [ ] Filesystem
+> 		- [ ] Scheduler (to start and manage the process)
+> - [ ] Start a user process
+> 	- [ ] switch stacks
+> 	- [ ] jump to user code
+
+>[!todo] User Interface 
+>- This will be a library so that  programs in userspace can provide a user interface rather than relying on text commands from a basic terminal
+>- features required:
+>	- [ ] Rendering frames to a display buffer
+>		- [ ] requires: Frame rendering Syscall
+>	- [ ] I/O
+>		- [ ] syncio
+>			- [ ] keystrokes
+>		- [ ] asyncio
+>			- [ ] keystrokes
+>		- [ ] requires: I/O Syscalls
+>	- [ ] Window struct
+>		- [ ] stores it's size and location
+>		- [ ] handles rendering pixels to the screen
+>	- [ ] Widgets
+>		- [ ] textbox / label
+>		- [ ] single line text input
+>			- [ ] how do we capture keyboard inputs?
+>		- [ ] multiline text input
+>			- [ ] how do we capture keyboard inputs?
+>		- [ ] button
+>		- [ ] dialog
+>		- [ ] box widget
+>			- [ ] figure out how to nest other widgets inside it
+>```rust
+>pub struct Window {
+>	position;
+>	dimensions;
+>}
+>
+>impl Window {
+>	fn display(&self, frame: &Frame) -> Result<(), RenderError>;
+>}
+>
+>pub struct Frame<'a> {
+>	window: &'a Window,
+>	data: <"... a suitable type to store pixels">
+>}
+>
+>impl<'a> Frame<'a> {
+>	pub fn display(&self) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
+>		self.window.display(self)
+>	}
+>}
+>
+> pub trait Widget {
+> 	fn render(&self) -> Frame;
+> }
+>```
+

docs/Usage/Building The Kernel.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#usage 
+### Requirements
+- Latest rust nightly release
+> rustup update
+> rustup override set nightly
+- Specific rustup components that can be installed with the following commands:
+> rustup component add rust-src
+> rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
+### Building
+run the following command (in the root directory of the project)
+> ./run.sh 

docs/structure/idk.canvas

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+	]
+}

docs/structure/libm.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+- contains all proc macros for building the kernel
+
+## Current Features 
+### font importer:
+- a macro that takes a filename to a font file and turns it into a font.
+```rust 
+pub struct Font {
+	width: usize,
+	height: usize,
+	length: u16,
+	data: [[u8; 16]; 512],
+}
+
+pub static FONT_CP850_8X16: Font = 
+	Font::new(include_font!("./libk/resources/font/cp850-8x16.psf"));
+```

kernel/.cargo/config.toml

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-[build]
-target = "../customos"
-target-dir = "./target"
-
-[unstable]
-build-std = ["core", "compiler_builtins"]
-build-std-features = ["compiler-builtins-mem"]

kernel/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,7 +1,32 @@
 [package]
-name = "foundryos_kernel"
+name = "foundry_os"
-version = "0.1.0"
+edition.workspace = true
-edition = "2021"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 limine = "0.3.1"
+# libk = { path = "../libk" }
+x86_64 = "0.15.2"
+spin = "0.9.8"
+pic8259 = "0.11.0"
+pc-keyboard = "0.8.0"
+libm = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../libm" }
+crossbeam = { version = "0.8.4", default-features = false, features = [
+    # "alloc",
+    "crossbeam-queue",
+] }
+futures-util = { version = "0.3.31", default-features = false, features = [
+    # "alloc",
+] }
+
+[build-dependencies]
+cc = "1.2.14"
+
+[features]
+default = []
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "kernel"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+test = false

kernel/build.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 fn main() {
-    let arch = std::env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH").unwrap();
+    // Tell cargo to rerun if these files change
-    // Tell cargo to pass the linker script to the linker..
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=src");
-    println!("cargo:rustc-link-arg=-Tlinker-{arch}.ld");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=linker.ld");
-    // ..and to re-run if it changes.
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../config/limine.conf");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=linker-{arch}.ld");
+}
-}

kernel/customos/CACHEDIR.TAG

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55
-# This file is a cache directory tag created by cargo.
-# For information about cache directory tags see https://bford.info/cachedir/

kernel/customos/debug/.fingerprint/compiler_builtins-7ff902764ead3159/run-build-script-build-script-build

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-2c12b06536f46cd1

kernel/customos/debug/.fingerprint/compiler_builtins-7ff902764ead3159/run-build-script-build-script-build.json

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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kernel/customos/debug/.fingerprint/core-0a08e04c20f15c0b/invoked.timestamp

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-This file has an mtime of when this was started.

kernel/customos/debug/.fingerprint/core-0a08e04c20f15c0b/output-lib-core

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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kernel/customos/debug/.fingerprint/foundryos_kernel-15da3dc5b1d972d1/run-build-script-build-script-build

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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kernel/customos/debug/.fingerprint/foundryos_kernel-15da3dc5b1d972d1/run-build-script-build-script-build.json

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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kernel/customos/debug/build/compiler_builtins-7ff902764ead3159/invoked.timestamp

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-This file has an mtime of when this was started.

kernel/customos/debug/build/compiler_builtins-7ff902764ead3159/output

@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-cargo::rerun-if-changed=build.rs
-cargo::rerun-if-changed=configure.rs
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__ashldi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__ashlsi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__ashrdi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__ashrsi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__bswapsi2, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__bswapdi2, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__bswapti2, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__divdi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__divsi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__divmoddi4, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__divmodsi4, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__divmodsi4, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__divmodti4, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__lshrdi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__lshrsi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__moddi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__modsi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__muldi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__udivdi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__udivmoddi4, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__udivmodsi4, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__udivsi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__umoddi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__umodsi3, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas1_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas1_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas1_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas1_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas2_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas2_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas2_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas2_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas4_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas4_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas4_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas4_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas8_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas8_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas8_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas8_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas16_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas16_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas16_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_cas16_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd1_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd1_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd1_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd1_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd2_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd2_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd2_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd2_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd4_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd4_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd4_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd4_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd8_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd8_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd8_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldadd8_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr1_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr1_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr1_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr1_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr2_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr2_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr2_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr2_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr4_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr4_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr4_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr4_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr8_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr8_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr8_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldclr8_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor1_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor1_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor1_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor1_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor2_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor2_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor2_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor2_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor4_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor4_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor4_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor4_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor8_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor8_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor8_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldeor8_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset1_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset1_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset1_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset1_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset2_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset2_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset2_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset2_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset4_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset4_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset4_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset4_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset8_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset8_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset8_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_ldset8_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp1_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp1_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp1_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp1_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp2_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp2_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp2_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp2_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp4_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp4_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp4_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp4_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp8_relax, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp8_acq, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp8_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(__aarch64_swp8_acq_rel, values("optimized-c"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(target_feature, values("vis3"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(feature, values("checked"))
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(assert_no_panic)
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(f16_enabled)
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(f128_enabled)
-cargo::rustc-cfg=f16_enabled
-cargo::rustc-cfg=f128_enabled
-cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(intrinsics_enabled)
-cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(arch_enabled)
-cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(optimizations_enabled)
-cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(feature, values("unstable-public-internals"))
-cargo:rustc-cfg=intrinsics_enabled
-cargo:rustc-cfg=arch_enabled
-cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(optimizations_enabled)
-cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(x86_no_sse)
-cargo:rustc-env=CFG_CARGO_FEATURES=["compiler-builtins", "core", "default", "mem", "rustc-dep-of-std"]
-cargo:rustc-env=CFG_OPT_LEVEL=0
-cargo:rustc-env=CFG_TARGET_FEATURES=["x87"]
-cargo:rustc-cfg=feature="unstable-intrinsics"
-cargo:compiler-rt=/home/zxq5/.cargo/bin/registry/src/index.crates.io-1949cf8c6b5b557f/compiler_builtins-0.1.146/compiler-rt
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(feature, values("mem-unaligned"))
-cargo:rustc-cfg=feature="mem-unaligned"
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(thumb)
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(thumb_1)
-cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(kernel_user_helpers)

kernel/customos/debug/build/compiler_builtins-7ff902764ead3159/root-output

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/home/zxq5/Projects/OSDev/FoundryOS/kernel/./target/../customos/debug/build/compiler_builtins-7ff902764ead3159/out

kernel/customos/debug/build/foundryos_kernel-15da3dc5b1d972d1/invoked.timestamp

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-This file has an mtime of when this was started.

kernel/customos/debug/build/foundryos_kernel-15da3dc5b1d972d1/output

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-cargo:rustc-link-arg=-Tlinker-x86_64.ld
-cargo:rerun-if-changed=linker-x86_64.ld

kernel/customos/debug/build/foundryos_kernel-15da3dc5b1d972d1/root-output

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/home/zxq5/Projects/OSDev/FoundryOS/kernel/./target/../customos/debug/build/foundryos_kernel-15da3dc5b1d972d1/out

kernel/linker.ld

@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ ENTRY(kmain)
 /* process. */
 PHDRS
 {
-    text    PT_LOAD;
+    limine_requests PT_LOAD;
-    rodata  PT_LOAD;
+    text PT_LOAD;
-    data    PT_LOAD;
+    rodata PT_LOAD;
+    data PT_LOAD;
 }
 
 SECTIONS
@@ -22,6 +23,18 @@ SECTIONS
     /* that is the beginning of the region. */
     . = 0xffffffff80000000;
 
+    /* Define a section to contain the Limine requests and assign it to its own PHDR */
+	
+    .limine_requests : {
+        KEEP(*(.limine_requests_start))
+        KEEP(*(.limine_requests))
+        KEEP(*(.limine_requests_end))
+    } :limine_requests
+	
+    /* Move to the next memory page for .text */
+	
+    . = ALIGN(CONSTANT(MAXPAGESIZE));
+
     .text : {
         *(.text .text.*)
     } :text
@@ -38,12 +51,6 @@ SECTIONS
 
     .data : {
         *(.data .data.*)
-
-        /* Place the sections that contain the Limine requests as part of the .data */
-        /* output section. */
-        KEEP(*(.requests_start_marker))
-        KEEP(*(.requests))
-        KEEP(*(.requests_end_marker))
     } :data
 
     /* NOTE: .bss needs to be the last thing mapped to :data, otherwise lots of */
@@ -60,4 +67,4 @@ SECTIONS
         *(.eh_frame*)
         *(.note .note.*)
     }
-}
+}

kernel/rust-toolchain.toml

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-[toolchain]
-channel = "nightly"
-targets = ["rust-src", "llvm-tools-preview", "rustfmt", "clippy"]
-components = []

kernel/src/arch/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod x86_64;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/apic/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#![expect(unused)]
+use core::arch::x86_64::__cpuid;
+
+use spin::Lazy;
+// use libk::drivers::memory::{FRAME_ALLOCATOR, FoundryOSFrameAllocator,
+// OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE};
+use x86_64::{
+    PhysAddr, VirtAddr,
+    structures::paging::{Page, PageTableFlags, PhysFrame, Size4KiB},
+};
+
+// use crate::serial_print;
+
+use super::{cpu::msr::*, memmap::PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET};
+
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR: u32 = 0x1b;
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_BSP: u64 = 0x100;
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE: u64 = 0x800;
+const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_DISABLE: u64 = !IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE;
+
+const CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC: u64 = 1 << 9; // the cpuid instruction will return this flag if it supports APIC
+
+static APIC_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS: Lazy<VirtAddr> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    let apic_base = get_apic_base();
+
+    unsafe { phys_to_virt(apic_base) }
+});
+
+fn set_apic_base_enable(apic: PhysAddr) {
+    let rax = (apic.as_u64() & 0xfffff0000) | IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE;
+    cpu_set_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, rax);
+}
+
+fn set_apic_base_disable(apic: PhysAddr) {
+    let rax = (apic.as_u64() & 0xfffff0000) & IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_DISABLE;
+    cpu_set_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, rax);
+}
+
+fn get_apic_base() -> PhysAddr {
+    let mut value: u64 = 0;
+    cpu_get_msr(IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR, &mut value);
+    PhysAddr::new(value & 0xfffff0000)
+}
+
+fn write_apic_register(apic_base: &VirtAddr, reg: u8, value: u32) {
+    let apic_base = apic_base.as_u64();
+    let reg_addr = (apic_base & 0xFFFFF0000) + reg as u64;
+    unsafe { *(reg_addr as *mut u32) = value };
+}
+
+const fn read_apic_register(apic_base: &VirtAddr, reg: u8) -> u32 {
+    let apic_base = apic_base.as_u64();
+
+    // serial_print!("got apic base");
+
+    let reg_addr = (apic_base & 0xFFFFF0000) + reg as u64;
+    unsafe { *(reg_addr as *const u32) }
+}
+
+pub fn check_apic() -> bool {
+    let res = unsafe { __cpuid(1) };
+    res.edx as u64 & CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC != 0
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn phys_to_virt(phys: PhysAddr) -> VirtAddr {
+    let phys = phys.as_u64();
+    phys.checked_add(*PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET)
+        .map_or_else(|| panic!(" overflow"), VirtAddr::new)
+}
+
+pub fn enable_apic() {
+    // let mut mapper = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+    // let mut frame_allocator = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get().unwrap().lock();
+
+    let apic_phys_addr = get_apic_base();
+    set_apic_base_enable(apic_phys_addr);
+    // map virt address of apic
+
+    let apic_virt = unsafe { phys_to_virt(apic_phys_addr) };
+    let page: Page<Size4KiB> = Page::containing_address(apic_virt);
+    let frame: PhysFrame<Size4KiB> = PhysFrame::containing_address(apic_phys_addr);
+    let flags: PageTableFlags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
+
+    /*     unsafe {
+           match mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, &mut *frame_allocator) {
+               Ok(_) => {}
+               Err(why) => panic!("failed to map apic: {:?}", why),
+           }
+       }
+    */
+    // // FIXME: this causes a page fault
+    // // TODO: map to virtual memor
+
+    let reg = read_apic_register(&APIC_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS, 0xF0);
+
+    // serial_print!("ok2");
+
+    write_apic_register(&apic_virt, 0xF0, reg | 0x100);
+}
+
+pub struct Apic {}
+
+pub enum ApicVector {}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod msr;
+pub mod port;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/msr.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use core::arch::x86_64::__cpuid;
+use spin::Lazy;
+use x86_64::registers::model_specific::Msr;
+
+const CPUID_FLAG_MSR: u32 = 1 << 5;
+static EDX: Lazy<u32> = Lazy::new(|| unsafe { __cpuid(1).edx });
+
+pub fn cpu_has_msr() -> bool {
+    *EDX & CPUID_FLAG_MSR != 0
+}
+
+pub fn cpu_get_msr(msr: u32, value: &mut u64) {
+    let msr = Msr::new(msr);
+    unsafe {
+        *value = msr.read();
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn cpu_set_msr(msr: u32, value: u64) {
+    let mut msr = Msr::new(msr);
+    unsafe {
+        msr.write(value);
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/port.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//! Functions for IO using ports.
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+/// Take a byte in from a port.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This might have side effects so it is marked unsafe just in case.
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn inb(port: u16) -> u8 {
+    let value: u8;
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "in al, dx",
+            out("al") value,
+            in("dx") port,
+            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags)
+        );
+    }
+    value
+}
+
+/// Take a byte in from a port.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This might have side effects so it is marked unsafe just in case.
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn outb(port: u16, value: u8) {
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "out dx, al",
+            in("dx") port,
+            in("al") value,
+            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags)
+        );
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/dev/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod pic;
+pub mod serial;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/dev/pic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+#![allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
+use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
+
+const CMD_INIT: u8 = 0x11;
+const CMD_END_OF_INT: u8 = 0x20;
+const MODE_8086: u8 = 0x01;
+
+struct Pic {
+    offset: u8,
+    data: Port<u8>,
+    command: Port<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Pic {
+    /// Are we in charge of handling the specified interrupt?
+    /// (Each PIC handles 8 interrupts.)
+    const fn handles_interrupt(&self, interrupt_id: u8) -> bool {
+        self.offset <= interrupt_id && interrupt_id < self.offset + 8
+    }
+
+    /// Notify us that an interrupt has been handled and that we're ready
+    /// for more.
+    unsafe fn end_of_interrupt(&mut self) {
+        unsafe { self.command.write(CMD_END_OF_INT) };
+    }
+
+    /// Reads the interrupt mask of this PIC.
+    unsafe fn read_mask(&mut self) -> u8 {
+        unsafe { self.data.read() }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the interrupt mask of this PIC.
+    unsafe fn write_mask(&mut self, mask: u8) {
+        unsafe { self.data.write(mask) }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A pair of chained PICs.  This is the standard setup on x86.
+pub struct ChainedPics {
+    pics: [Pic; 2],
+}
+
+impl ChainedPics {
+    /// Creates a new [`ChainedPics`].
+    pub const fn new(offset1: u8, offset2: u8) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pics: [
+                Pic {
+                    offset: offset1,
+                    command: Port::new(0x20),
+                    data: Port::new(0x21),
+                },
+                Pic {
+                    offset: offset2,
+                    command: Port::new(0xA0),
+                    data: Port::new(0xA1),
+                },
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn new_contiguous(primary_offset: u8) -> Self {
+        Self::new(primary_offset, primary_offset + 8)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the initialize of this [`ChainedPics`].
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// .
+    pub unsafe fn initialize(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            let mut wait_port: Port<u8> = Port::new(0x80);
+            let mut wait = || wait_port.write(0);
+
+            // Save our original interrupt masks, because I'm too lazy to
+            // figure out reasonable values. We'll restore these when we're
+            // done.
+            let saved_masks = self.read_masks();
+
+            // Tell each PIC that we're going to send it a three-byte
+            // initialization sequence on its data port.
+            self.pics[0].command.write(CMD_INIT);
+            wait();
+            self.pics[1].command.write(CMD_INIT);
+            wait();
+
+            // Byte 1: Set up our base offsets.
+            self.pics[0].data.write(self.pics[0].offset);
+            wait();
+            self.pics[1].data.write(self.pics[1].offset);
+            wait();
+
+            // Byte 2: Configure chaining between PIC1 and PIC2.
+            self.pics[0].data.write(4);
+            wait();
+            self.pics[1].data.write(2);
+            wait();
+
+            // Byte 3: Set our mode.
+            self.pics[0].data.write(MODE_8086);
+            wait();
+            self.pics[1].data.write(MODE_8086);
+            wait();
+
+            // Restore our saved masks.
+            self.write_masks(saved_masks[0], saved_masks[1])
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reads the interrupt masks of both PICs.
+    pub unsafe fn read_masks(&mut self) -> [u8; 2] {
+        unsafe { [self.pics[0].read_mask(), self.pics[1].read_mask()] }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the interrupt masks of both PICs.
+    pub unsafe fn write_masks(&mut self, mask1: u8, mask2: u8) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.pics[0].write_mask(mask1);
+            self.pics[1].write_mask(mask2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Disables both PICs by masking all interrupts.
+    pub unsafe fn disable(&mut self) {
+        unsafe { self.write_masks(u8::MAX, u8::MAX) }
+    }
+
+    /// Do we handle this interrupt?
+    pub fn handles_interrupt(&self, interrupt_id: u8) -> bool {
+        self.pics.iter().any(|p| p.handles_interrupt(interrupt_id))
+    }
+
+    /// Figure out which (if any) PICs in our chain need to know about this
+    /// interrupt.  This is tricky, because all interrupts from `pics[1]`
+    /// get chained through `pics[0]`.
+    pub unsafe fn notify_end_of_interrupt(&mut self, interrupt_id: u8) {
+        if self.handles_interrupt(interrupt_id) {
+            if self.pics[1].handles_interrupt(interrupt_id) {
+                unsafe {
+                    self.pics[1].end_of_interrupt();
+                }
+            }
+            unsafe {
+                self.pics[0].end_of_interrupt();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/dev/serial.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::cpu::port::{inb, outb};
+use core::{
+    fmt,
+    sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+};
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! serial_print {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::arch::x86_64::dev::serial::_serial_write(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! serial_println {
+    () => ($crate::serial_print!("\n"));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => (serial_print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+pub fn _serial_write(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    use core::fmt::Write;
+
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        if let Some(writer) = WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            writer.write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn serial_read() -> &'static str {
+    serial_println!("getting value!");
+
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        if let Some(reader) = READER.lock().as_mut() {
+            serial_println!("stuff happnin.");
+            reader.read_str_to_buffer();
+        } else {
+            serial_println!("failed to get writer");
+        }
+    });
+
+    serial_println!("eee");
+
+    let i = BUFFER_LEN.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+    unsafe {
+        if i != 0 {
+            core::str::from_utf8(&BUFFER[..i - 1]).unwrap()
+        } else {
+            serial_println!("empty string");
+            ""
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static PORT: u16 = 0x3f8;
+static mut BUFFER: [u8; 256] = [0; 256];
+static BUFFER_LEN: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+
+static READER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<Reader>>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(None));
+static WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<Writer>>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(None));
+
+struct Reader;
+
+struct Writer;
+
+impl fmt::Write for Writer {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        for c in s.chars() {
+            self.write_byte(c as u8);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Writer {
+    unsafe fn write_success(&self) -> bool {
+        unsafe { inb(PORT + 5) & 0x20 != 0 }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_byte(&self, data: u8) {
+        unsafe {
+            while !self.write_success() {}
+            outb(PORT, data);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn init() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    test()?;
+
+    if READER.lock().is_none() {
+        *READER.lock() = Some(Reader);
+    }
+
+    if WRITER.lock().is_none() {
+        *WRITER.lock() = Some(Writer);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn test() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 1, 0x00) }; // Disable all interrupts
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 3, 0x80) }; // Enable DLAB (set baud rate divisor)
+    unsafe { outb(PORT, 0x03) }; // Set divisor to 3 (lo byte) 38400 baud
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 1, 0x00) }; //                  (hi byte)
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 3, 0x03) }; // 8 bits, no parity, one stop bit
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 2, 0xC7) }; // Enable FIFO, clear them, with 14-bytethreshold
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 4, 0x0B) }; // IRQs enabled, RTS/DSR set
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 4, 0x1E) }; // Set in loopback mode, test the serial chip
+    unsafe { outb(PORT, 0xAE) }; // Test serial chip (send byte 0xAE and check if serial returns same byte)
+
+    if unsafe { inb(PORT) } != 0xAE {
+        return Err("Serial test failed");
+    }
+
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 4, 0x0F) };
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl Reader {
+    pub fn read_str_to_buffer(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            while !self.read_ready() {}
+
+            BUFFER_LEN.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+            while BUFFER_LEN.load(Ordering::SeqCst) < 256 {
+                let c = self.read();
+                BUFFER[BUFFER_LEN.load(Ordering::SeqCst)] = c;
+                if c as char == '\r' {
+                    break;
+                }
+                BUFFER_LEN.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            }
+
+            serial_println!("returning")
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn read_ready(&self) -> bool {
+        unsafe { inb(PORT + 5) & 1 != 0 }
+    }
+
+    pub fn read(&self) -> u8 {
+        unsafe {
+            while !self.read_ready() {}
+            inb(PORT)
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/gdt.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+use x86_64::{
+    VirtAddr,
+    instructions::tables::load_tss,
+    registers::segmentation::{CS, DS, ES, SS, Segment},
+    structures::{
+        gdt::{Descriptor, GlobalDescriptorTable, SegmentSelector},
+        tss::TaskStateSegment,
+    },
+};
+
+use spin::Lazy;
+
+pub const DOUBLE_FAULT_1ST_INDEX: u16 = 0;
+
+static TSS: Lazy<TaskStateSegment> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    let mut tss = TaskStateSegment::new();
+    tss.interrupt_stack_table[DOUBLE_FAULT_1ST_INDEX as usize] = {
+        const STACK_SIZE: usize = 4096 * 8;
+        static mut STACK: [u8; STACK_SIZE] = [0; STACK_SIZE];
+
+        let stack_start = VirtAddr::from_ptr(&raw const STACK);
+
+        stack_start + STACK_SIZE.try_into().unwrap()
+    };
+    tss
+});
+
+static GDT: Lazy<(GlobalDescriptorTable, Selectors)> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    let mut gdt = GlobalDescriptorTable::new();
+    let code_selector = gdt.append(Descriptor::kernel_code_segment());
+    let data_selector = gdt.append(Descriptor::kernel_data_segment());
+
+    let user_code_selector = gdt.append(Descriptor::user_code_segment());
+    let user_data_selector = gdt.append(Descriptor::user_data_segment());
+
+    let tss_selector = gdt.append(Descriptor::tss_segment(&TSS));
+
+    (
+        gdt,
+        Selectors {
+            code_selector,
+            data_selector,
+            _user_code_selector: user_code_selector,
+            _user_data_selector: user_data_selector,
+            tss_selector,
+        },
+    )
+});
+
+struct Selectors {
+    code_selector: SegmentSelector,
+    data_selector: SegmentSelector,
+    _user_code_selector: SegmentSelector,
+    _user_data_selector: SegmentSelector,
+    tss_selector: SegmentSelector,
+}
+
+pub fn init() {
+    GDT.0.load();
+
+    unsafe {
+        CS::set_reg(GDT.1.code_selector);
+        load_tss(GDT.1.tss_selector);
+
+        DS::set_reg(self::GDT.1.data_selector);
+        ES::set_reg(self::GDT.1.data_selector);
+        SS::set_reg(self::GDT.1.data_selector);
+    }
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+use pic8259::ChainedPics;
+use x86_64::structures::idt::{
+    InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame, PageFaultErrorCode,
+};
+
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+
+use crate::print_log;
+
+use super::gdt;
+
+static IDT: Lazy<InterruptDescriptorTable> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    let mut idt = InterruptDescriptorTable::new();
+    idt.breakpoint.set_handler_fn(breakpoint_handler);
+
+    unsafe {
+        idt.double_fault
+            .set_handler_fn(double_fault_handler)
+            .set_stack_index(gdt::DOUBLE_FAULT_1ST_INDEX);
+    }
+
+    idt.general_protection_fault
+        .set_handler_fn(general_protection_fault_handler);
+    idt.page_fault.set_handler_fn(page_fault_handler);
+
+    idt[InterruptIndex::Timer.as_u8()].set_handler_fn(timer_interrupt_handler);
+    idt[InterruptIndex::Keyboard.as_u8()].set_handler_fn(keyboard_interrupt_handler);
+    idt
+});
+
+pub const PIC_1_OFFSET: u8 = 32;
+pub const PIC_2_OFFSET: u8 = PIC_1_OFFSET + 8;
+
+pub static PICS: Mutex<ChainedPics> =
+    Mutex::new(unsafe { ChainedPics::new(PIC_1_OFFSET, PIC_2_OFFSET) });
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum InterruptIndex {
+    Timer = PIC_1_OFFSET,
+    Keyboard,
+}
+
+impl InterruptIndex {
+    const fn as_u8(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+
+    fn _as_usize(self) -> usize {
+        usize::from(self.as_u8())
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn init_idt() {
+    IDT.load();
+}
+
+pub fn enable_pic() {
+    unsafe {
+        PICS.lock().initialize();
+        PICS.lock().write_masks(0xfc, 0xff);
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn disable_pic() {
+    unsafe {
+        PICS.lock().disable();
+    }
+}
+
+const extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(
+    _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+) {
+    // serial_println!("Exception: Breakpoint\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
+    // println_log!("Exception: Breakpoint\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
+}
+
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn general_protection_fault_handler(
+    stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+    _error_code: u64,
+) {
+    // serial_println!("Exception: General Protection Fault\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
+    panic!("Exception: General Protection Fault\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
+}
+
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(
+    stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+    _error_code: u64,
+) -> ! {
+    // serial_println!("Exception: Double Fault\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
+    panic!("Exception: Double Fault\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
+}
+
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(
+    _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+) {
+    use pc_keyboard::{HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1, layouts};
+    // use pc_keyboard::DecodedKey;
+    use spin::Mutex;
+    // use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
+
+    static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> =
+        Lazy::new(|| {
+            Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(
+                ScancodeSet1::new(),
+                layouts::Uk105Key,
+                HandleControl::Ignore,
+            ))
+        });
+
+    let _keyboard = KEYBOARD.lock();
+    // let mut port = Port::new(0x60);
+
+    // let scancode: u8 = unsafe { port.read() };
+    // libk::drivers::io::keyboard::add_scancode(scancode);
+
+    unsafe {
+        PICS.lock()
+            .notify_end_of_interrupt(InterruptIndex::Keyboard.as_u8());
+    }
+}
+
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(
+    _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+) {
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        print_log!("{:?}", _stack_frame)
+    });
+
+    unsafe {
+        PICS.lock()
+            .notify_end_of_interrupt(InterruptIndex::Timer.as_u8());
+    }
+}
+
+const extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
+    _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+    _error_code: PageFaultErrorCode,
+) {
+    // serial_println!("Exception: Page Fault");
+    // serial_println!("Accessed Address: {:?}", Cr2::read());
+    // serial_println!("Error Code: {:?}", _error_code);
+    // serial_println!("{:#?}", _stack_frame);
+
+    /*     if let Some(frame_allocator) = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get() {
+           let mut f = frame_allocator.lock();
+
+           let frame = f.allocate_frame().unwrap();
+           let flags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
+           let page: Page<Size4KiB> = Page::containing_address(Cr2::read().unwrap());
+
+           unsafe {
+               let mut mapper = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+
+               match mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, &mut *f) {
+                   Ok(_) => {}
+                   Err(why) => panic!("failed to map page: {:?}", why),
+               }
+           }
+           MapperFlushAll::new().flush_all();
+       } else {
+           panic!("failed to get frame allocator");
+       }
+    */
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memmap.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//! Sets up a memory map using Limine.
+use limine::{
+    request::{HhdmRequest, KernelAddressRequest, MemoryMapRequest},
+    response::MemoryMapResponse,
+};
+use spin::Lazy;
+
+#[used]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
+static MEMORY_MAP_REQUEST: MemoryMapRequest = MemoryMapRequest::new();
+
+#[used]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
+static HIGHER_HALF_DIRECT_MAP_REQUEST: HhdmRequest = HhdmRequest::new();
+
+#[used]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
+static KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST: KernelAddressRequest = KernelAddressRequest::new();
+
+/// ```rs
+/// let virt_addr = phys_addr + offset;
+/// let phys_addr = virt_addr - offset; // (given VA is in the HHDM). Do not use for executable code.
+/// ```
+pub static PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET: Lazy<u64> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    HIGHER_HALF_DIRECT_MAP_REQUEST
+        .get_response()
+        .unwrap()
+        .offset()
+});
+
+/// Converts virtual addresses in the kernel to a physical address like this:
+/// ```rs
+/// let phys_addr = virt_addr - virtual_base + physical_base;
+/// ```
+///
+/// Returns (virtual_base, physical_base)
+pub static _KERNEL_PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET: Lazy<(u64, u64)> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    let resp = KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST.get_response().unwrap();
+
+    // These are base addresses, using Limine's built in page table.
+    (resp.virtual_base(), resp.physical_base())
+});
+
+/// Fetches the memory map from Limine.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if the memory map was not found in MEMORY_MAP_REQUEST.
+pub fn get_memory_map() -> &'static MemoryMapResponse {
+    MEMORY_MAP_REQUEST.get_response().map_or_else(
+        || unreachable!("Could not fetch memory map from Limine."),
+        |memory_map| memory_map,
+    )
+}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+pub mod apic;
+pub mod cpu;
+pub mod dev;
+pub mod gdt;
+pub mod interrupts;
+pub mod memmap;

kernel/src/graphics/colour.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#[repr(u32)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+// Some predefined colours as well as custom colours in the proper format. This
+// assumes that the framebuffer uses 32bpp, something which we will assert on
+// initialisation.
+pub enum Colour {
+    Argb(u8, u8, u8, u8),
+    Rgb(u8, u8, u8),
+    HexARGB(u32),
+    Black = 0x000000FF,
+    Blue = 0x0000FFFF,
+    Green = 0x00FF00FF,
+    Cyan = 0x00FFFFFF,
+    Red = 0xFF0000FF,
+    Magenta = 0xFF00FFFF,
+    Yellow = 0xFFFF00FF,
+    White = 0xFFFFFFFF,
+}
+
+#[expect(
+    clippy::use_self,
+    reason = "Self is uglier and more verbose than `u32`"
+)]
+impl From<Colour> for u32 {
+    fn from(val: Colour) -> Self {
+        match val {
+            Colour::Argb(a, r, g, b) => {
+                (a as u32) << 24 | (r as u32) << 16 | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32)
+            }
+            Colour::Rgb(r, g, b) => {
+                ((r as u32) << 16) | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32)
+            }
+            Colour::HexARGB(hex) => hex,
+            Colour::Black => 0xFF000000,
+            Colour::Blue => 0xFF0000FF,
+            Colour::Green => 0xFF00FF00,
+            Colour::Cyan => 0xFF00FFFF,
+            Colour::Red => 0xFFFF0000,
+            Colour::Magenta => 0xFFFF00FF,
+            Colour::Yellow => 0xFFFFFF00,
+            Colour::White => 0xFFFFFFFF,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for Colour {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Argb(r, g, b, a) => {
+                write!(f, "RGBA(#{:x}{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b, a)
+            }
+            Self::Rgb(r, g, b) => write!(f, "RGB(#{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b),
+            Self::HexARGB(hex) => write!(f, "Hex(#{:x})", hex),
+            Self::Black => write!(f, "Black"),
+            Self::Blue => write!(f, "Blue"),
+            Self::Green => write!(f, "Green"),
+            Self::Cyan => write!(f, "Cyan"),
+            Self::Red => write!(f, "Red"),
+            Self::Magenta => write!(f, "Magenta"),
+            Self::Yellow => write!(f, "Yellow"),
+            Self::White => write!(f, "White"),
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/graphics/font.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#![allow(unused)]
+use libm::include_font;
+
+pub const FONT_SPLEEN_8X16: Font =
+    Font::new(include_font!("../../resources/font/spleen-8x16.psf"));
+
+pub const FONT_CP850_8X16: Font =
+    Font::new(include_font!("../../resources/font/cp850-8x16.psf"));
+
+pub struct Font {
+    width: usize,
+    height: usize,
+    length: u16,
+    data: [[u8; 16]; 512],
+}
+
+impl Font {
+    pub const fn new(data: [[u8; 16]; 512]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            width: 8,
+            height: 16,
+            length: data.len() as u16,
+            data,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn glyph_for(&self, c: u16) -> &[u8] {
+        if c > self.length {
+            return &self.data[0];
+        }
+
+        &self.data[c as usize]
+    }
+
+    pub const fn width(&self) -> usize {
+        self.width
+    }
+
+    pub const fn height(&self) -> usize {
+        self.height
+    }
+
+    pub const fn default() -> &'static Self {
+        &FONT_SPLEEN_8X16
+    }
+}

kernel/src/graphics/framebuffer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+//! Handles setting up the framebuffer passed to us by Limine.
+#![expect(unused)]
+use crate::DEFAULT_FONT;
+
+use super::{colour::Colour, font::Font};
+
+use limine::framebuffer::Framebuffer;
+use limine::request::FramebufferRequest;
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+
+#[used]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
+/// The Limine framebuffer request.
+static FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST: FramebufferRequest = FramebufferRequest::new();
+
+/// A mutex used for writing to the framebuffer, in most cases we can abstract
+/// this behind calls to println! etc.
+pub static FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<FramebufferWriter>>> = Lazy::new(
+    || {
+        Mutex::new(FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST.get_response().map_or_else(
+            || {
+                unreachable!("Framebuffer request failed, got None.");
+            },
+            |framebuffer_response| {
+                let framebuffer =
+                    framebuffer_response.framebuffers().next()
+                    .expect("Expected to find at least one framebuffer in response, got zero.");
+                Some(FramebufferWriter::new(framebuffer, Colour::Black))
+            },
+        ))
+    },
+);
+
+/// The updated writer stores necessary fields from the [Framebuffer].
+/// This ensures that the contained types are Send, as Framebuffer was
+/// not marked as Send.
+///
+/// It also avoids the requirement for lifetimes.
+///
+/// Note this does not implement Writer as these functions only handle drawing
+/// pixels.
+pub struct FramebufferWriter {
+    pitch: u64,
+    /// Number of bits used per pixel, we expect 32 so this will be asserted
+    /// when we initialise the framebuffer.
+    bpp: u16,
+    /// A raw pointer to the framebuffer.
+    addr: *mut u8,
+    /// The width of the screen in pixels.
+    width: u64,
+    /// The height of the screen in pixels.
+    height: u64,
+    /// The default background colour of the Framebuffer.
+    background_colour: Colour,
+}
+
+/// Marker trait required for sending the writer across threads, which will
+/// probably come in handy later.
+unsafe impl Send for FramebufferWriter {}
+/// Marker trait required for sharing the writer across threads, which will
+/// probably come in handy later.
+///
+/// # Note
+///
+/// We wrap this in a Mutex later so this should handle synchronising accesses.
+unsafe impl Sync for FramebufferWriter {}
+
+impl FramebufferWriter {
+    /// Creates a new [`FramebufferWriter`] with the specified background
+    /// colour.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the bits per pixel for the framebuffer is not 32 bits per
+    /// pixel, because we didn't exactly handle other cases.
+    pub fn new(framebuffer: Framebuffer, background_colour: Colour) -> Self {
+        // We don't handle other cases, this should not trigger on most newer
+        // hardware.
+        assert!(framebuffer.bpp() == 32);
+
+        Self {
+            pitch: framebuffer.pitch(),
+            bpp: framebuffer.bpp(),
+            addr: framebuffer.addr(),
+            width: framebuffer.width(),
+            height: framebuffer.height(),
+            background_colour,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes a pixel with `colour` to the screen at the given `(x, y)`
+    /// coordinates (in pixels).
+    pub fn write_pixel(&self, x: usize, y: usize, colour: Colour) {
+        let pitch = self.pitch as usize;
+        let bpp = (self.bpp / 8) as usize;
+        let pixel_offset = y * pitch + x * bpp;
+
+        // Safety: We assume the pointer to the framebuffer is valid, which it likely
+        // is because we copy it from the Limine request.
+        unsafe {
+            *(self.addr.add(pixel_offset) as *mut u32) = colour.into();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes a 2D slice `buffer` to the screen. This should be less than the
+    /// size of the screen in dimensions, but does not neccessarily fill the
+    /// whole screen.
+    pub fn render_frame(&self, buffer: &[&[Colour]]) {
+        // TODO: this should return errors.
+        for (y, &row) in buffer.iter().enumerate() {
+            if y >= self.height() as usize {
+                break;
+            }
+            for (x, pixel) in row.iter().enumerate() {
+                if x >= self.width() as usize {
+                    break;
+                }
+                self.write_pixel(x, y, *pixel);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the width of the framebuffer in pixels.
+    pub const fn width(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.width as u32
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the height of the framebuffer in pixels.
+    pub const fn height(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.height as u32
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the new default background colour.
+    pub const fn set_default_background_colour(&mut self, bg: Colour) {
+        self.background_colour = bg;
+    }
+
+    /// Clears the screen and sets the background to the default colour.
+    pub fn clear(&self) {
+        let width = self.width as usize;
+        let height = self.height as usize;
+
+        for y in 0..height {
+            for x in 0..width {
+                // Write the background in the preferred background colour.
+                self.write_pixel(x, y, self.background_colour);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the screen size in pixels or (0, 0) if something went wrong.
+pub fn screensize_px() -> (u32, u32) {
+    FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER
+        .lock()
+        .as_mut()
+        .map_or_else(|| (0, 0), |writer| (writer.width(), writer.height()))
+}

kernel/src/graphics/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub mod colour;
+pub mod font;
+pub mod framebuffer;
+pub mod writer;

kernel/src/graphics/writer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+//! Formerly called ascii.rs, this file defines helper functions for drawing
+//! characters to the screen.
+
+use core::fmt;
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
+
+use super::{colour::Colour, font::Font, framebuffer::FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER};
+
+static FONT_WIDTH: u32 = 8;
+static FONT_HEIGHT: u32 = 16;
+
+pub static WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Writer>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(Writer::new()));
+
+pub fn screensize_chars() -> (u32, u32) {
+    let writer = WRITER.lock();
+    (writer.screen_width, writer.screen_height)
+}
+
+pub struct Writer {
+    font: &'static Font,
+    /// Measured in chars not pixels.
+    screen_width: u32,
+    /// Measured in chars not pixels.
+    screen_height: u32,
+    /// 16 pixels tall.
+    text_line: u32,
+    /// 8 pixels wide.
+    text_col: u32,
+
+    fg_color: Colour,
+    bg_color: Colour,
+}
+
+impl Default for Writer {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Writer {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut().map_or_else(
+            || {
+                panic!("Framebuffer writer not initialized.");
+            },
+            |writer| Self {
+                font: &crate::DEFAULT_FONT,
+                screen_width: writer.width() / 8,
+                screen_height: writer.height() / 16,
+                text_line: 0,
+                text_col: 0,
+                fg_color: Colour::White,
+                bg_color: Colour::Black,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_font(&mut self, font: &'static Font) {
+        self.font = font;
+    }
+
+    /// This is sent when the user types a backspace.
+    const BACKSPACE: u8 = 8;
+
+    pub fn write_glyph(&mut self, c: u8) {
+        if c == b'\n' {
+            self.newline();
+            return;
+        } else if c == Self::BACKSPACE {
+            self.backspace();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Get the character data from the font array. -- each byte is a row of
+        // pixels
+        let data: &[u8] = self.font.glyph_for(c as u16);
+
+        if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            for (row, line) in data.iter().enumerate().take(16) {
+                for col in 0..8 {
+                    let pixel_x: u32 = self.text_col * FONT_WIDTH + col;
+                    let pixel_y: u32 = self.text_line * FONT_HEIGHT + row as u32;
+
+                    if line & (0x80 >> col) != 0 {
+                        // Write the foreground color
+                        writer.write_pixel(
+                            pixel_x as usize,
+                            pixel_y as usize,
+                            self.fg_color,
+                        );
+                    } else {
+                        // Write the background color
+                        writer.write_pixel(
+                            pixel_x as usize,
+                            pixel_y as usize,
+                            self.bg_color,
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Go to next position
+        if self.text_col + 1 >= self.screen_width {
+            self.newline();
+        } else {
+            self.text_col += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn dimensions(&self) -> (u32, u32) {
+        (self.screen_width, self.screen_height)
+    }
+
+    pub const fn next_char(&mut self) {
+        self.text_col += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn newline(&mut self) {
+        self.text_col = 0;
+
+        if self.text_line + 1 >= self.screen_height {
+            self.text_line = 0;
+        } else {
+            self.text_line += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Handles the backspace character. TODO: Implement VT-100 style terminal
+    /// control codes alongside a shell. Not simple.
+    pub fn backspace(&mut self) {
+        if self.text_col > 0 {
+            self.text_col -= 1;
+            // Blank out the previous char.
+            self.write_glyph(b' ');
+            self.text_col -= 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_string(&mut self, s: &str) {
+        for c in s.chars() {
+            self.write_glyph(c as u8);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_colour(&mut self, fg: Colour, bg: Colour) {
+        self.fg_color = fg;
+        self.bg_color = bg;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn reset_colour(&mut self) {
+        self.fg_color = Colour::White;
+        self.bg_color = Colour::Black;
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Write for Writer {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        self.write_string(s);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn write(args: fmt::Arguments, fg: Colour, bg: Colour) {
+    use core::fmt::Write;
+
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+        writer.set_colour(fg, bg);
+        writer.write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+        writer.reset_colour();
+    });
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        write(args, Colour::White, Colour::Black);
+    })
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn _print_err(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        write(args, Colour::Red, Colour::Black);
+    })
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn _print_log(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        write(args, Colour::Yellow, Colour::Black);
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn clear_screen() {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+        writer.text_line = 0;
+        writer.text_col = 0;
+
+        if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            writer.clear();
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+pub fn reset_cursor() {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+        writer.text_line = 0;
+        writer.text_col = 0;
+    });
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println_log {
+    () => ($crate::print_log!("\n"));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print_log!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print_log {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::graphics::writer::_print_log(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println {
+    () => ($crate::print!("\n"));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::graphics::writer::_print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! printlnerr {
+    () => ($crate::printerr!("\n"));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::printerr!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! printerr {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::graphics::writer::_print_err(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}

kernel/src/io/keyboard.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+use core::{
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+
+use crossbeam::queue::ArrayQueue;
+use futures_util::{Stream, StreamExt, task::AtomicWaker};
+use pc_keyboard::{
+    DecodedKey, HandleControl, KeyCode, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1,
+    layouts::{self, Uk105Key},
+};
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex, Once};
+
+static KBD_QUEUE: Once<ArrayQueue<u8>> = Once::new();
+static WAKER: AtomicWaker = AtomicWaker::new();
+
+pub static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> =
+    Lazy::new(|| {
+        Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(
+            ScancodeSet1::new(),
+            // TODO: Expose an API to change the default KB layout.
+            layouts::Uk105Key,
+            HandleControl::Ignore,
+        ))
+    });
+pub static SCANCODE_STREAM: Lazy<Mutex<ScancodeStream>> =
+    Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(ScancodeStream::new()));
+
+pub fn add_scancode(scancode: u8) {
+    if let Some(queue) = KBD_QUEUE.get() {
+        if queue.push(scancode).is_err() {
+            // println!("WARNING: scancode queue full; dropping keyboard
+            // input");
+        } else {
+            WAKER.wake();
+        }
+    } else {
+        // println!("WARNING: scancode queue not initialized");
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ScancodeStream {
+    _private: (),
+}
+
+impl ScancodeStream {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        KBD_QUEUE.call_once(|| ArrayQueue::new(5));
+        Self { _private: () }
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_next(&mut self) -> Option<u8> {
+        KBD_QUEUE.get().and_then(|queue| queue.pop())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for ScancodeStream {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Stream for ScancodeStream {
+    type Item = u8;
+
+    fn poll_next(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        let queue = KBD_QUEUE.get().unwrap();
+
+        if let Some(scancode) = queue.pop() {
+            return Poll::Ready(Some(scancode));
+        }
+
+        WAKER.register(cx.waker());
+        WAKER.register(cx.waker());
+
+        queue.pop().map_or(Poll::Pending, |scancode| {
+            WAKER.take();
+            Poll::Ready(Some(scancode))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn get_keystroke_async() -> KeyStroke {
+    loop {
+        if let Some(scancode) = SCANCODE_STREAM.lock().next().await {
+            if let Ok(keystroke) = KeyStroke::try_from(scancode) {
+                return keystroke;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn get_keystroke_optional() -> Option<KeyStroke> {
+    if let Some(scancode) = SCANCODE_STREAM.lock().try_next() {
+        if let Ok(keystroke) = KeyStroke::try_from(scancode) {
+            return Some(keystroke);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum KeyStroke {
+    Char(char),
+    Ctrl,
+    RCtrl,
+    Alt,
+    RAlt,
+    Shift,
+    RShift,
+    Meta,
+    RMeta,
+    Backspace,
+    Left,
+    Right,
+    Up,
+    Down,
+    None,
+    Enter,
+    Escape,
+    Del,
+}
+
+impl KeyStroke {
+    pub const fn from_keycode(key: KeyCode) -> Self {
+        match key {
+            KeyCode::LControl => Self::Ctrl,
+            KeyCode::RControl => Self::RCtrl,
+            KeyCode::LAlt => Self::Alt,
+            KeyCode::RAlt2 => Self::RAlt,
+            KeyCode::LShift => Self::Shift,
+            KeyCode::RShift => Self::RShift,
+            KeyCode::LWin => Self::Meta,
+            KeyCode::RWin => Self::RMeta,
+            KeyCode::Backspace => Self::Backspace,
+            KeyCode::ArrowLeft => Self::Left,
+            KeyCode::ArrowRight => Self::Right,
+            KeyCode::ArrowUp => Self::Up,
+            KeyCode::ArrowDown => Self::Down,
+            KeyCode::Return => Self::Enter,
+            KeyCode::Escape => Self::Escape,
+            KeyCode::Delete => Self::Del,
+            _ => Self::None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<u8> for KeyStroke {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    fn try_from(code: u8) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let mut keyboard = KEYBOARD.lock();
+
+        let key = match keyboard.add_byte(code) {
+            Ok(Some(event)) => match keyboard.process_keyevent(event) {
+                Some(key) => key,
+                _ => return Err(()),
+            },
+            _ => return Err(()),
+        };
+
+        match key {
+            DecodedKey::Unicode(ch) => Ok(Self::Char(ch)),
+            DecodedKey::RawKey(key) => match Self::from_keycode(key) {
+                Self::None => Err(()),
+                key => Ok(key),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryInto<char> for KeyStroke {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    fn try_into(self) -> Result<char, Self::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Char(c) => Ok(c),
+            _ => Err(()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for KeyStroke {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Char(c) => write!(f, "{}", c),
+            Self::Ctrl => write!(f, "CTRL"),
+            Self::RCtrl => write!(f, "RCtrl"),
+            Self::Alt => write!(f, "ALT"),
+            Self::RAlt => write!(f, "RAlt"),
+            Self::Shift => write!(f, "SHIFT"),
+            Self::RShift => write!(f, "RShift"),
+            Self::Meta => write!(f, "META"),
+            Self::RMeta => write!(f, "RMeta"),
+            Self::Backspace => write!(f, "BACKSPACE"),
+            Self::Left => write!(f, "LEFT"),
+            Self::Right => write!(f, "RIGHT"),
+            Self::Up => write!(f, "UP"),
+            Self::Down => write!(f, "DOWN"),
+            Self::Enter => write!(f, "ENTER"),
+            Self::Escape => write!(f, "ESCAPE"),
+            Self::None => write!(f, "NONE"),
+            Self::Del => write!(f, "DEL"),
+        }
+    }
+}

kernel/src/io/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// pub mod keyboard;

kernel/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#![no_std]
+#![feature(abi_x86_interrupt)]
+#![warn(
+    clippy::correctness,
+    clippy::nursery,
+    clippy::unnecessary_cast,
+    clippy::all,
+    clippy::suspicious,
+    clippy::perf,
+    rustdoc::missing_errors_doc,
+    rustdoc::missing_panics_doc
+)]
+
+use arch::x86_64::dev::serial;
+use arch::x86_64::{gdt, interrupts};
+use core::arch::asm;
+use graphics::font::{FONT_SPLEEN_8X16, Font};
+use limine::BaseRevision;
+
+pub mod arch;
+pub mod graphics;
+pub mod io;
+
+/// Sets the base revision to the latest revision supported by the crate.
+/// See specification for further info.
+/// Be sure to mark all limine requests with #[used], otherwise they may be
+/// removed by the compiler.
+#[used]
+// The .requests section allows limine to find the requests faster and more safely.
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
+static BASE_REVISION: BaseRevision = BaseRevision::new();
+
+/// The default font used when setting up the framebuffer code.
+pub const DEFAULT_FONT: Font = FONT_SPLEEN_8X16;
+
+#[panic_handler]
+fn rust_panic(_info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    hcf();
+}
+
+pub fn hcf() -> ! {
+    loop {
+        unsafe {
+            asm!("hlt");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn boot() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    if !BASE_REVISION.is_supported() {
+        return Err("Base Revision was not supported.");
+    }
+
+    print_log!("    Setting up Serial Communication... ");
+
+    if serial::init().is_err() {
+        println_log!("[Not Detected]")
+    } else {
+        println_log!("[Success]")
+    }
+
+    print_log!("    Setting up GDT... ");
+    gdt::init();
+    println_log!("[Success]");
+
+    interrupts::enable_pic();
+    // interrupts::disable_pic();
+
+    print_log!("    Initialising interrupts... ");
+    interrupts::init_idt();
+    println_log!("[Success]");
+
+    Ok(())
+}

kernel/src/main.rs

@@ -1,67 +1,12 @@
 #![no_std]
 #![no_main]
 
-use core::arch::asm;
+use foundry_os::boot;
 
-use limine::request::{FramebufferRequest, RequestsEndMarker, RequestsStartMarker};
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
-use limine::BaseRevision;
+extern "C" fn kmain() -> ! {
+    _ = boot();
 
-/// Sets the base revision to the latest revision supported by the crate.
+    #[allow(clippy::empty_loop)]
-/// See specification for further info.
+    loop {}
-/// Be sure to mark all limine requests with #[used], otherwise they may be removed by the compiler.
-#[used]
-// The .requests section allows limine to find the requests faster and more safely.
-#[link_section = ".requests"]
-static BASE_REVISION: BaseRevision = BaseRevision::new();
-
-#[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests"]
-static FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST: FramebufferRequest = FramebufferRequest::new();
-
-/// Define the stand and end markers for Limine requests.
-#[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests_start_marker"]
-static _START_MARKER: RequestsStartMarker = RequestsStartMarker::new();
-#[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests_end_marker"]
-static _END_MARKER: RequestsEndMarker = RequestsEndMarker::new();
-
-#[no_mangle]
-unsafe extern "C" fn kmain() -> ! {
-    // All limine requests must also be referenced in a called function, otherwise they may be
-    // removed by the linker.
-    assert!(BASE_REVISION.is_supported());
-
-    if let Some(framebuffer_response) = FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST.get_response() {
-        if let Some(framebuffer) = framebuffer_response.framebuffers().next() {
-            for i in 0..100_u64 {
-                // Calculate the pixel offset using the framebuffer information we obtained above.
-                // We skip `i` scanlines (pitch is provided in bytes) and add `i * 4` to skip `i` pixels forward.
-                let pixel_offset = i * framebuffer.pitch() + i * 4;
-
-                // Write 0xFFFFFFFF to the provided pixel offset to fill it white.
-                *(framebuffer.addr().add(pixel_offset as usize) as *mut u32) = 0xFFFFFFFF;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    hcf();
 }
-
-#[panic_handler]
-fn rust_panic(_info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
-    hcf();
-}
-
-fn hcf() -> ! {
-    loop {
-        unsafe {
-            #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
-            asm!("hlt");
-            #[cfg(any(target_arch = "aarch64", target_arch = "riscv64"))]
-            asm!("wfi");
-            #[cfg(target_arch = "loongarch64")]
-            asm!("idle 0");
-        }
-    }
-}

kernel/target/.rustc_info.json

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"rustc_fingerprint":10191676143533991604,"outputs":{"17747080675513052775":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"rustc 1.87.0-nightly (827a0d638 2025-02-18)\nbinary: rustc\ncommit-hash: 827a0d638dabc9a22c56f9c37a557568f86ac76c\ncommit-date: 2025-02-18\nhost: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\nrelease: 1.87.0-nightly\nLLVM version: 20.1.0\n","stderr":""},"7971740275564407648":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"___\nlib___.rlib\nlib___.so\nlib___.so\nlib___.a\nlib___.so\n/home/zxq5/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\noff\npacked\nunpacked\n___\ndebug_assertions\nfmt_debug=\"full\"\noverflow_checks\npanic=\"unwind\"\nproc_macro\nrelocation_model=\"pic\"\ntarget_abi=\"\"\ntarget_arch=\"x86_64\"\ntarget_endian=\"little\"\ntarget_env=\"gnu\"\ntarget_family=\"unix\"\ntarget_feature=\"fxsr\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse2\"\ntarget_feature=\"x87\"\ntarget_has_atomic\ntarget_has_atomic=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"ptr\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"ptr\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"ptr\"\ntarget_os=\"linux\"\ntarget_pointer_width=\"64\"\ntarget_thread_local\ntarget_vendor=\"unknown\"\nub_checks\nunix\n","stderr":""},"16938275954012004043":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"___\nlib___.rlib\nlib___.a\n/home/zxq5/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\noff\n___\ndebug_assertions\nfmt_debug=\"full\"\noverflow_checks\npanic=\"abort\"\nproc_macro\nrelocation_model=\"static\"\ntarget_abi=\"\"\ntarget_arch=\"x86_64\"\ntarget_endian=\"little\"\ntarget_env=\"\"\ntarget_feature=\"x87\"\ntarget_has_atomic\ntarget_has_atomic=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"ptr\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"ptr\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"ptr\"\ntarget_os=\"none\"\ntarget_pointer_width=\"64\"\ntarget_vendor=\"unknown\"\nub_checks\n","stderr":"warning: target feature `sse2` must be enabled to ensure that the ABI of the current target can be implemented correctly\n  |\n  = note: this was previously accepted by the compiler but is being phased out; it will become a hard error in a future release!\n  = note: for more information, see issue #116344 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/116344>\n\nwarning: dropping unsupported crate type `dylib` for target `../customos`\n\nwarning: dropping unsupported crate type `cdylib` for target `../customos`\n\nwarning: dropping unsupported crate type `proc-macro` for target `../customos`\n\nwarning: 4 warnings emitted\n\n"}},"successes":{}}

kernel/target/CACHEDIR.TAG

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55
-# This file is a cache directory tag created by cargo.
-# For information about cache directory tags see https://bford.info/cachedir/

kernel/target/debug/.fingerprint/compiler_builtins-96bb72fd3eed954b/build-script-build-script-build

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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kernel/target/debug/.fingerprint/compiler_builtins-96bb72fd3eed954b/build-script-build-script-build.json

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kernel/target/debug/.fingerprint/compiler_builtins-96bb72fd3eed954b/invoked.timestamp

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-This file has an mtime of when this was started.

kernel/target/debug/.fingerprint/foundryos_kernel-4c0b4334571dcf0e/build-script-build-script-build

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-a81848289b37bda7

kernel/target/debug/.fingerprint/foundryos_kernel-4c0b4334571dcf0e/build-script-build-script-build.json

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"rustc":5637828655848808591,"features":"[]","declared_features":"[]","target":5408242616063297496,"profile":8731458305071235362,"path":11588123521703303381,"deps":[],"local":[{"CheckDepInfo":{"dep_info":"debug/.fingerprint/foundryos_kernel-4c0b4334571dcf0e/dep-build-script-build-script-build","checksum":false}}],"rustflags":[],"config":2069994364910194474,"compile_kind":0}

kernel/target/debug/.fingerprint/foundryos_kernel-4c0b4334571dcf0e/invoked.timestamp

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-This file has an mtime of when this was started.

kernel/target/debug/build/compiler_builtins-96bb72fd3eed954b/build_script_build-96bb72fd3eed954b.d

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-/home/zxq5/Projects/OSDev/FoundryOS/kernel/./target/debug/build/compiler_builtins-96bb72fd3eed954b/build_script_build-96bb72fd3eed954b: /home/zxq5/.cargo/bin/registry/src/index.crates.io-1949cf8c6b5b557f/compiler_builtins-0.1.146/build.rs /home/zxq5/.cargo/bin/registry/src/index.crates.io-1949cf8c6b5b557f/compiler_builtins-0.1.146/configure.rs
-
-/home/zxq5/Projects/OSDev/FoundryOS/kernel/./target/debug/build/compiler_builtins-96bb72fd3eed954b/build_script_build-96bb72fd3eed954b.d: /home/zxq5/.cargo/bin/registry/src/index.crates.io-1949cf8c6b5b557f/compiler_builtins-0.1.146/build.rs /home/zxq5/.cargo/bin/registry/src/index.crates.io-1949cf8c6b5b557f/compiler_builtins-0.1.146/configure.rs
-
-/home/zxq5/.cargo/bin/registry/src/index.crates.io-1949cf8c6b5b557f/compiler_builtins-0.1.146/build.rs:
-/home/zxq5/.cargo/bin/registry/src/index.crates.io-1949cf8c6b5b557f/compiler_builtins-0.1.146/configure.rs:

kernel/target/debug/build/foundryos_kernel-4c0b4334571dcf0e/build_script_build-4c0b4334571dcf0e.d

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-/home/zxq5/Projects/OSDev/FoundryOS/kernel/./target/debug/build/foundryos_kernel-4c0b4334571dcf0e/build_script_build-4c0b4334571dcf0e: kernel/build.rs
-
-/home/zxq5/Projects/OSDev/FoundryOS/kernel/./target/debug/build/foundryos_kernel-4c0b4334571dcf0e/build_script_build-4c0b4334571dcf0e.d: kernel/build.rs
-
-kernel/build.rs: