c_compiler/example.c

@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ int factorial(int n) {
 
 int main() {
   int res = factorial(3);
-  print(res);
+  printnum(res);
   return 0;
 }

c_compiler/example.dsc

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+include print: "lib/io/print.dsa"
+
+int factorial(int n) {
+  if (n <= 1) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return n * factorial(n - 1);
+}
+
+int add_(int a, int b) {
+    return a + b;
+}
+
+int greater(int a, int b) {
+    if (a + a > b + b) {
+        return a;
+    } else {
+        return b + a;
+    }
+}
+
+int main() {
+  printnum(greater(5, add_(5, 5)));
+
+  printnum(factorial(5));
+  return 0;
+}

c_compiler/src/assembly.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum Register {
+    // general purpose registers
+    Rg0,
+    Rg1,
+    Rg2,
+    Rg3,
+    Rg4,
+    Rg5,
+    Rg6,
+    Rg7,
+    Rg8,
+    Rg9,
+    Rga,
+    Rgb,
+    Rgc,
+    Rgd,
+    Rge,
+    Rgf,
+
+    // special purpose registers
+    Acc,
+    Spr,
+    Bpr,
+    Ret,
+    Idr,
+    Mmr,
+    Zero,
+    NoReg,
+
+    // system registers - can't be written to by instructions.
+    Mar,
+    Mdr,
+    Sts,
+    Cir,
+    Pcx,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+/// A list of all current instructions in the DSA Assembly language.
+pub enum Instruction {
+    // No-op
+    Nop = 0x0,
+
+    // Data transfer instructions
+    Mov(Register, Register) = 0x1,
+    Movs(Register, Register) = 0x2,
+
+    Ldb(Register, Register, Option<u32>) = 0x3,
+    Ldbs(Register, Register, Option<u32>) = 0x4,
+    Ldh(Register, Register, Option<u32>) = 0x5,
+    Ldhs(Register, Register, Option<u32>) = 0x6,
+    Ldw(Register, Register, Option<u32>) = 0x7,
+
+    Stb(Register, Register, Option<u32>) = 0x8,
+    Sth(Register, Register, Option<u32>) = 0x9,
+    Stw(Register, Register, Option<u32>) = 0xA,
+
+    Lli(u16, Register) = 0xB,
+    Lui(u16, Register) = 0xC,
+
+    // Jump Instructions
+    Jump(u16, Register) = 0xD,
+    JumpEq(u16, Register) = 0xE,
+    JumpNeq(u16, Register) = 0xF,
+    JumpGt(u16, Register) = 0x10,
+    JumpGe(u16, Register) = 0x11,
+    JumpLt(u16, Register) = 0x12,
+    JumpLe(u16, Register) = 0x13,
+
+    // Comparison
+    Compare(Register, Register) = 0x14,
+
+    // // Arithmetic
+    // Add(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x19,
+    // Sub(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x1A,
+    // Increment(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x15,
+    // Decrement(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x16,
+    // ShiftLeft(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x17,
+    // ShiftRight(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x18,
+
+    // // Logical
+    // And(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x1B,
+    // Or(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x1C,
+    // Not(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x1D,
+    // Xor(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x1E,
+    // Nand(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x1F,
+    // Nor(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x20,
+    // Xnor(args::RTypeArgs) = 0x21,
+
+    // // Misc
+    // Interrupt(Interrupt) = 0x22,
+    // IntReturn = 0x23,
+    // Halt = 0x24,
+
+    // // Immediate Arithmetic
+    // AddImmediate(args::ITypeArgs) = 0x25,
+    // SubImmediate(args::ITypeArgs) = 0x26,
+
+    // Fake Instructions
+    Data(u32) = 0x3E,
+    Segment(u32) = 0x3F,
+}

c_compiler/src/codegen.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 use std::{collections::HashMap, path::PathBuf};
@@ -18,23 +19,32 @@ pub struct CodeGenerator {
     imports: HashMap<String, String>,
     globals: Vec<String>,
     functions: Vec<String>,
+    symbols: Vec<String>,
     allocator: RegisterAllocator,
-    call_stack: Vec<String>,
 }
 
+static GLOBAL_METHODS: LazyLock<HashMap<&str, &str>> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    hash_map! {
+        "print" => "print::print",
+        "printnum" => "print::print_num"
+    }
+});
+
 fn import(name: &str, path: &str) -> String {
     format!("include {name}: \"{}\"", path)
 }
 
 impl CodeGenerator {
+    const RET: &'static str = "\tjmp _ret";
+
     pub fn new(ast: Program) -> Self {
         CodeGenerator {
             ast,
             imports: HashMap::new(),
             globals: Vec::new(),
             functions: Vec::new(),
+            symbols: Vec::new(),
             allocator: RegisterAllocator::new(),
-            call_stack: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -47,11 +57,15 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
         self.include("print", "./lib/io/print.dsa");
 
         for block in self.ast.clone().declarations {
-            self.generate_block(block.clone())?;
+            match block {
+                Declaration::Variable { name, .. } => self.symbols.push(name),
+                Declaration::Function { name, .. } => self.symbols.push(name),
+                Declaration::Import { name, .. } => self.symbols.push(name),
+            }
         }
 
-        for func in &self.functions {
-            println!("{func}");
+        for block in self.ast.clone().declarations {
+            self.generate_block(block.clone())?;
         }
 
         self.generate_layout()
@@ -88,6 +102,7 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                 dsa![mov bpr, spr],
                 dsa![push zero],
                 dsa![call main],
+                dsa![call print::print_newline],
                 dsa![lwi message, rg0],
                 dsa![push rg0],
                 dsa![call print::print],
@@ -96,6 +111,13 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                 dsa![pop zero],
                 dsa![hlt]
             ],
+            "",
+            comment!("Function return boilerplate"),
+            block! [ "_ret"
+                dsa![mov bpr, spr],
+                dsa![pop bpr],
+                dsa![return]
+            ],
             // block! [ "main"
             //     dsa![push bpr],
             //     dsa![mov spr, bpr],
@@ -131,6 +153,9 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
 
                 self.functions.push(format!("{func}\n"));
             }
+            Declaration::Import { name, path } => {
+                self.imports.insert(name, path);
+            }
         };
 
         Ok(())
@@ -143,8 +168,6 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
         params: &[Parameter],
         body: &[Statement],
     ) -> Vec<String> {
-        self.call_stack.push(name.to_string());
-
         let mut code = Vec::new();
 
         // Reset allocator for new function
@@ -154,6 +177,7 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
         code.push(format!("{}:", name));
         code.push("\tpush bpr".to_string());
         code.push("\tmov spr, bpr".to_string());
+        code.push(String::new());
 
         // Allocate parameters to registers or stack locations
         for (i, param) in params.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -170,13 +194,14 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
             code.extend(stmt_code);
         }
 
-        // Function epilogue
-        code.push(format!("_ret_{name}:"));
-        code.push("\tmov bpr, spr".to_string());
-        code.push("\tpop bpr".to_string());
-        code.push("\treturn".to_string());
+        // automatically return at function end
+        if let Some(x) = code.last()
+            && x == Self::RET
+        {
+        } else {
+            code.push(Self::RET.to_string());
+        }
 
-        self.call_stack.pop();
         code
     }
 
@@ -212,7 +237,7 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                     let (result_reg, expr_code) = self.generate_expression(e)?;
                     code.extend(expr_code);
                     code.push(format!("\tstw {}, bpr, 8", result_reg));
-                    code.push(format!("\tjmp _ret_{}", self.call_stack.last().unwrap()));
+                    code.push(format!("\tjmp _ret"));
                     self.allocator.free_temp(&result_reg);
                 }
             }
@@ -419,7 +444,7 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                     _ => return Err(format!("Unsupported binary operator: {:?}", op)),
                 }
 
-                // Free operand registers
+                // Free operand registers (allocator will protect variables)
                 self.allocator.free_temp(&left_reg);
                 self.allocator.free_temp(&right_reg);
 
@@ -427,9 +452,11 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
             }
 
             Expression::Call { name, args } => {
-                // Save caller-saved registers
-                let save_code = self.allocator.save_caller_saved();
-                code.extend(save_code);
+                // Save caller-saved registers and track which ones we saved
+                let saved_regs = self.allocator.get_caller_saved_registers();
+                for reg in &saved_regs {
+                    code.push(format!("\tpush {}", reg));
+                }
 
                 // Evaluate and push arguments in reverse order
                 let mut arg_regs = Vec::new();
@@ -440,18 +467,31 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                     arg_regs.push(arg_reg);
                 }
 
-                if self.functions.contains_key(name) {
+                if GLOBAL_METHODS.contains_key(name.as_str()) {
+                    code.push(format!("\tcall {}", GLOBAL_METHODS[name.as_str()]));
+                } else if self.symbols.contains(name) {
                     // Call local function
                     code.push(format!("\tcall {}", name));
+                } else {
+                    return Err(format!("undefined function {name}"));
                 }
 
-                if self.imports
-
+                // Result is in rg0, allocate a register and move it
+                let (result_reg, result_alloc) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
 
+                code.extend(result_alloc);
+                code.push(format!("\tpop {}", result_reg));
 
                 // Clean up arguments
-                for _ in 0..args.len() {
-                    code.push("\tpop zero".to_string());
+                if args.len() > 1 {
+                    for _ in 0..(args.len() - 1) {
+                        code.push("\tpop zero".to_string());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Restore caller-saved registers in reverse order (LIFO)
+                for reg in saved_regs.iter().rev() {
+                    code.push(format!("\tpop {}", reg));
                 }
 
                 // Free argument registers
@@ -459,16 +499,6 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                     self.allocator.free_temp(&reg);
                 }
 
-                // Result is in rg0, allocate a register and move it
-                let (result_reg, result_alloc) = self.allocator.alloc_temp()?;
-                code.extend(result_alloc);
-
-                if result_reg != "rg0" {
-                    code.push(format!("\tmov rg0, {}", result_reg));
-                }
-
-                // Restore caller-saved registers (simplified - you'd track which ones)
-
                 Ok((result_reg, code))
             }
 

c_compiler/src/lexer.rs

@@ -10,10 +10,13 @@ pub enum TokenType {
     Else,
     While,
     Return,
+    Include,
 
     // Identifiers and literals
     Identifier(String),
     Number(i32),
+    String(String),
+    Char(char),
 
     // Operators
     Plus,
@@ -35,10 +38,22 @@ pub enum TokenType {
     RBrace,
     Semicolon,
     Comma,
+    Colon,
+    Namespace,
 
     Eof,
 }
 
+pub enum Type {
+    Int32,
+    Int16,
+    Int8,
+    Uint32,
+    Uint16,
+    Uint8,
+    Char,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Token {
     pub token_type: TokenType,
@@ -150,6 +165,45 @@ impl Lexer {
         ident
     }
 
+    fn read_string(&mut self) -> Result<String, String> {
+        let mut string = String::new();
+        self.advance(); // Consume the opening quote
+
+        while let Some(ch) = self.peek(0) {
+            if ch == '"' {
+                self.advance(); // Consume the closing quote
+                return Ok(string);
+            } else if ch == '\\' {
+                self.advance(); // Consume the backslash
+                if let Some(escaped_char) = self.peek(0) {
+                    string.push(escaped_char);
+                    self.advance();
+                }
+            } else {
+                string.push(ch);
+                self.advance();
+            }
+        }
+
+        Err(String::from("Unexpected EOF"))
+    }
+
+    fn read_char(&mut self) -> Result<char, String> {
+        self.advance(); // Consume the opening quote
+
+        if let Some(ch) = self.peek(0) {
+            self.advance();
+            if self.peek(0) == Some('\'') {
+                self.advance();
+                return Ok(ch);
+            } else {
+                Err(String::from("expected closing quote"))
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err(String::from("expected character"))
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn tokenize(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Token>, String> {
         let mut tokens = Vec::new();
 
@@ -168,6 +222,12 @@ impl Lexer {
             let token_type = if ch.is_ascii_digit() {
                 let num = self.read_number();
                 TokenType::Number(num)
+            } else if ch == '"' {
+                let string = self.read_string()?;
+                TokenType::String(string)
+            } else if ch == '\'' {
+                let char = self.read_char()?;
+                TokenType::Char(char)
             } else if ch.is_alphabetic() || ch == '_' {
                 let ident = self.read_identifier();
                 match ident.as_str() {
@@ -176,10 +236,20 @@ impl Lexer {
                     "else" => TokenType::Else,
                     "while" => TokenType::While,
                     "return" => TokenType::Return,
+                    "include" => TokenType::Include,
                     _ => TokenType::Identifier(ident),
                 }
             } else {
                 match ch {
+                    ':' if self.peek(1) == Some(':') => {
+                        self.advance();
+                        self.advance();
+                        TokenType::Namespace
+                    }
+                    ':' => {
+                        self.advance();
+                        TokenType::Colon
+                    }
                     '=' if self.peek(1) == Some('=') => {
                         self.advance();
                         self.advance();

c_compiler/src/main.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
+#![feature(hash_map_macro)]
+
 use std::fmt;
 
 use crate::{codegen::CodeGenerator, lexer::Lexer, parser::Parser};
 
+// mod assembly;
 pub mod codegen;
 pub mod lexer;
 pub mod parser;

c_compiler/src/parser.rs

@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ pub enum Declaration {
         name: String,
         init: Option<ConstExpr>,
     },
+    Import {
+        name: String,
+        path: String,
+    },
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -225,6 +229,32 @@ impl Parser {
     }
 
     fn parse_declaration(&mut self) -> Result<Declaration, String> {
+        // check for an import
+        if let TokenType::Include = self.current().token_type {
+            self.advance();
+
+            let name =
+                if let TokenType::Identifier(id) = self.current().clone().token_type {
+                    Some(id)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+                .ok_or(String::from("Expected identifier"))?;
+
+            self.advance();
+            self.expect(TokenType::Colon)?;
+
+            let path = if let TokenType::String(id) = self.current().clone().token_type {
+                Some(id)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+            .ok_or(String::from("Expected string literal"))?;
+
+            self.advance();
+            return Ok(Declaration::Import { name, path });
+        }
+
         self.expect(TokenType::Int)?;
 
         let name = match &self.current().token_type {

c_compiler/src/registers.rs

@@ -81,7 +81,17 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
     }
 
     /// Free a temporary register after use
+    /// NOTE: This will NOT free registers that contain variables!
+    /// Variables persist throughout their scope and must not be freed
     pub fn free_temp(&mut self, reg: &str) {
+        // Check if this register contains a variable
+        if self.register_contents.contains_key(reg) {
+            // This register holds a variable - don't free it!
+            // Variables are only freed when they go out of scope via free_var()
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // This is a true temporary - safe to free
         self.in_use.insert(reg.to_string(), false);
     }
 
@@ -243,6 +253,16 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
         self.variable_locations.remove(var_name);
     }
 
+    /// Get list of registers that contain variables and are in use
+    /// These need to be saved before function calls
+    pub fn get_caller_saved_registers(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.register_contents
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(reg, _)| *self.in_use.get(*reg).unwrap_or(&false))
+            .map(|(reg, _)| reg.clone())
+            .collect()
+    }
+
     /// Save caller-saved registers before a function call
     /// Returns assembly code to save them
     pub fn save_caller_saved(&mut self) -> Vec<String> {

resources/dsa/code.dsa

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+
+// GENERATED BY DSA-C COMPILER
+// Generated at 2026-01-31 01:39:55
+
+// Imports
+include maths: "./lib/maths/core.dsa"
+include print: "lib/io/print.dsa"
+
+// Globals & Reserved Memory
+
+
+// Entry Point
+dw stack: 0x10000
+db message: "Process Exited with code:"
+_init:
+	ldw stack, bpr
+	mov bpr, spr
+	push zero
+	call main
+	call print::print_newline
+	lwi message, rg0
+	push rg0
+	call print::print
+	pop zero
+	call print::print_hex_word
+	pop zero
+	hlt
+
+
+// Function return boilerplate
+_ret:
+	mov bpr, spr
+	pop bpr
+	return
+
+
+factorial:
+	push bpr
+	mov spr, bpr
+
+	ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+	lli 1, rg1
+	cmp rg0, rg1
+	lli 0, rg2
+	jgt _cmp_end_1
+	lli 1, rg2
+_cmp_end_1:
+	cmp rg2, zero
+	jeq _else_3
+_then_2:
+	lli 1, rg1
+	stw rg1, bpr, 8
+	jmp _ret
+	jmp _end_4
+_else_3:
+	nop
+_end_4:
+	push rg0
+	lli 1, rg1
+	sub rg0, rg1, rg2
+	push rg2
+	call factorial
+	pop rg1
+	pop rg0
+	push rg1
+	push rg0
+	call maths::multiply
+	pop rg2
+	pop zero
+	stw rg2, bpr, 8
+	jmp _ret
+
+add_:
+	push bpr
+	mov spr, bpr
+
+	ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+	ldw bpr, rg1, 12
+	add rg0, rg1, rg2
+	stw rg2, bpr, 8
+	jmp _ret
+
+greater:
+	push bpr
+	mov spr, bpr
+
+	ldw bpr, rg0, 8
+	ldw bpr, rg1, 12
+	add rg0, rg0, rg2
+	add rg1, rg1, rg3
+	cmp rg2, rg3
+	lli 0, rg4
+	jle _cmp_end_5
+	lli 1, rg4
+_cmp_end_5:
+	cmp rg4, zero
+	jeq _else_7
+_then_6:
+	stw rg0, bpr, 8
+	jmp _ret
+	jmp _end_8
+_else_7:
+	add rg1, rg0, rg2
+	stw rg2, bpr, 8
+	jmp _ret
+_end_8:
+	jmp _ret
+
+main:
+	push bpr
+	mov spr, bpr
+
+	lli 5, rg0
+	push rg0
+	lli 5, rg1
+	push rg1
+	call add_
+	pop rg2
+	pop zero
+	push rg2
+	lli 5, rg0
+	push rg0
+	call greater
+	pop rg1
+	pop zero
+	push rg1
+	call print::print_num
+	pop rg0
+	lli 5, rg0
+	push rg0
+	call factorial
+	pop rg1
+	push rg1
+	call print::print_num
+	pop rg0
+	lli 0, rg0
+	stw rg0, bpr, 8
+	jmp _ret
+

resources/dsa/main.dsa

@@ -16,55 +16,17 @@ init:
 dw string: "hello world"
 start:
 
-	lwi 37, rg0
-	lwi 12, rg1
-	push rg0
-	push rg1
-	call maths::divmod
-	pop rg0 // result
-	pop rg1 // remainder
+	lwi 1, rg0
+	lwi 2, rg1
 
-	push rg1
 	push rg0
-	call print::print_hex_byte
-	call print::print_whitespace
+	push rg1
+	call maths::multiply
+	pop rg0
 	pop zero
-	call print::print_hex_byte
-	call print::print_newline
-
-	lwi string, rg0
-    //lwi 10, rg0
-    pusha 4
 	push rg0
-	call print::print
-    //call fib::fib_n
-    pop zero
-	call print::print_newline
-	popa 4
-
-	pusha 4
-	push rg0
-	call print::print
-    //call fib::fib_n
-    pop zero
-	call print::print_newline
-	popa 4
-
-	pusha 4
-	push rg0
-	call print::print
-    //call fib::fib_n
-    pop zero
-	call print::print_newline
-	popa 4
-
-	pusha 4
-	push rg0
-	call print::print
-    //call fib::fib_n
-    pop zero
-	call print::print_newline
-	popa 4
+	call print::print_num
+	pop zero
 
     hlt