compiler/src/backend/dsa/codegen.rs

@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                         code.push("\tpop zero".to_string());
                     }
                     // Comparison operators - return 1 (true) or 0 (false)
-                    BinaryOperator::Eq => {
+                    BinaryOperator::Equal => {
                         code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
                         code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
                         let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                         code.push(format!("\tlli 0, {}", result_reg));
                         code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
                     }
-                    BinaryOperator::Ne => {
+                    BinaryOperator::NotEqual => {
                         code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
                         code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
                         let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                         code.push(format!("\tlli 0, {}", result_reg));
                         code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
                     }
-                    BinaryOperator::Lt => {
+                    BinaryOperator::LessThan => {
                         code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
                         code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
                         let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                         code.push(format!("\tlli 0, {}", result_reg));
                         code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
                     }
-                    BinaryOperator::Le => {
+                    BinaryOperator::LessOrEqual => {
                         code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
                         code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
                         let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                         code.push(format!("\tlli 0, {}", result_reg));
                         code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
                     }
-                    BinaryOperator::Gt => {
+                    BinaryOperator::GreaterThan => {
                         code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
                         code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
                         let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                         code.push(format!("\tlli 0, {}", result_reg));
                         code.push(format!("{}:", end_label));
                     }
-                    BinaryOperator::Ge => {
+                    BinaryOperator::GreaterOrEqual => {
                         code.push(format!("\tcmp {}, {}", left_reg, right_reg));
                         code.push(format!("\tlli 1, {}", result_reg));
                         let end_label = format!("_cmp_end_{}", self.get_unique_label());
@@ -581,13 +581,6 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                     arg_regs.push(arg_reg);
                 }
 
-                // Save caller-saved registers and track which ones we saved
-                // old method, inefficient.
-                // let saved_regs = self.allocator.get_caller_saved_registers();
-                // for reg in &saved_regs {
-                //     code.push(format!("\tpush {}", reg));
-                // }
-
                 // Save caller-saved registers and track which ones we saved
                 let saved_regs = self.allocator.get_caller_saved_registers();
                 for reg in &saved_regs {
@@ -604,9 +597,6 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                     ));
                 }
 
-                // if GLOBAL_METHODS.contains_key(name.name.as_str()) {
-                //     code.push(format!("\tcall {}",
-                // GLOBAL_METHODS[name.name.as_str()])); } else
                 if self.symbols.contains(&name.name) {
                     // Call local function
                     code.push(format!("\tcall {}", name));
@@ -644,11 +634,6 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                     }
                 }
 
-                // Restore caller-saved registers in reverse order (LIFO)
-                // for reg in saved_regs.iter().rev() {
-                //     code.push(format!("\tpop {}", reg));
-                // }
-
                 // Free argument registers
                 for reg in arg_regs {
                     self.allocator.free_temp(reg);
@@ -677,7 +662,9 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                     UnaryOperator::Dereference => {
                         code.push(format!("\tldw {}, {}", operand_reg, result_reg));
                     }
-                    UnaryOperator::Reference => {
+                    UnaryOperator::AddressOf => {
+                        // ensure the referenced variable is on the stack and return its
+                        // address.
                         let (offset, alloc_code) =
                             self.allocator.free_register(&operand_reg)?;
                         code.extend(alloc_code);
@@ -687,6 +674,28 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
                             result_reg
                         ));
                     }
+                    UnaryOperator::SizeOf => {
+                        if let Ok(id) = operand.type_id() {
+                            let size = id.size();
+                            code.push(format!("\tmov {}, {}", size, result_reg));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::CastAs => {} /* this should be removed once the */
+                    // semantic analyser can handle it!
+                    UnaryOperator::Increment => {
+                        // prefix increment
+                        code.push(format!("\tmov {}, {}", operand_reg, result_reg));
+                        code.push(format!("\taddi {}, {}, 1", operand_reg, operand_reg));
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::Decrement => {
+                        // prefix decrement
+                        code.push(format!("\tmov {}, {}", operand_reg, result_reg));
+                        code.push(format!("\tsubi {}, {}, 1", operand_reg, operand_reg));
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::BitwiseNot => {
+                        code.push(format!("\tnot {}, {}", operand_reg, result_reg));
+                    }
+                    UnaryOperator::LogicalNot => unimplemented!(),
                 }
 
                 self.allocator.free_temp(operand_reg);
@@ -694,6 +703,8 @@ impl CodeGenerator {
             }
 
             Expression::Empty => Ok((Register::Null, code)),
+
+            _ => unimplemented!(),
         }
     }
 

compiler/src/backend/dsa/registers.rs

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
         }
 
         // This is a true temporary - safe to free
-        if reg != Register::Zero {
+        if !matches!(reg, Register::Zero | Register::Null) {
             self.in_use.insert(reg, false);
         }
     }
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
         // Check if this variable is in a register
         if let Some(location) = self.variable_locations.get(var).cloned() {
             if let Some(reg) = location.register
-                && reg != Register::Zero
+                && !matches!(reg, Register::Zero | Register::Null)
             {
                 self.register_contents.remove(&reg);
                 self.in_use.insert(reg, false);

compiler/src/frontend/dsc/parser.rs

@@ -353,12 +353,12 @@ impl Parser {
         let mut expr = self.parse_additive()?;
 
         while let Some(op) = match self.peek_next()? {
-            Token::EqualEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::Eq),
-            Token::BangEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::Ne),
-            Token::Less => Some(BinaryOperator::Lt),
-            Token::Greater => Some(BinaryOperator::Gt),
-            Token::LessEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::Le),
-            Token::GreaterEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::Ge),
+            Token::EqualEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::Equal),
+            Token::BangEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::NotEqual),
+            Token::Less => Some(BinaryOperator::LessThan),
+            Token::Greater => Some(BinaryOperator::GreaterThan),
+            Token::LessEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::LessOrEqual),
+            Token::GreaterEqual => Some(BinaryOperator::GreaterOrEqual),
             _ => None,
         } {
             self.next()?;
@@ -412,11 +412,27 @@ impl Parser {
 
     fn parse_unary(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
         let op = match self.peek_next()? {
+            // prefix inc/dec
+            Token::PlusPlus => UnaryOperator::Increment,
+            Token::MinusMinus => UnaryOperator::Decrement,
+
+            // arithmetic
             Token::Plus => UnaryOperator::Plus,
             Token::Minus => UnaryOperator::Minus,
+
+            // pointer
             Token::Star => UnaryOperator::Dereference,
-            Token::Amphersand => UnaryOperator::Reference,
-            _ => return ParseResult::Accept(self.parse_primary()?),
+            Token::Ampersand => UnaryOperator::AddressOf,
+
+            // boolean
+            Token::Bang => UnaryOperator::LogicalNot,
+            Token::Tilde => UnaryOperator::BitwiseNot,
+
+            Token::SizeOf => UnaryOperator::SizeOf,
+            _ => {
+                let expr = self.parse_primary()?;
+                return self.parse_postfix(expr);
+            }
         };
 
         self.next()?;
@@ -428,6 +444,99 @@ impl Parser {
         })
     }
 
+    fn parse_postfix(
+        &mut self,
+        mut expr: Expression,
+    ) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
+        loop {
+            match self.peek_next()? {
+                // Type cast: expr as Type
+                Token::As => {
+                    self.next()?; // consume 'as'
+                    let target_type = self.parse_type()?;
+                    expr = Expression::TypeCast {
+                        expr: Box::new(expr),
+                        target_type,
+                        type_id: None,
+                    };
+                }
+
+                // Postfix increment/decrement
+                Token::PlusPlus => {
+                    self.next()?;
+                    expr = Expression::UnaryPostfix {
+                        op: UnaryOperator::Increment,
+                        operand: Box::new(expr),
+                        type_id: None,
+                    };
+                }
+                Token::MinusMinus => {
+                    self.next()?;
+                    expr = Expression::UnaryPostfix {
+                        op: UnaryOperator::Decrement,
+                        operand: Box::new(expr),
+                        type_id: None,
+                    };
+                }
+
+                // Array indexing: expr[index]
+                Token::LeftBracket => {
+                    self.next()?; // consume '['
+                    let index = Box::new(self.parse_expression()?);
+
+                    let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, RightBracket)?;
+
+                    expr = Expression::IndexAccess {
+                        expr: Box::new(expr),
+                        index,
+                        type_id: None,
+                    };
+                }
+
+                // Function call: expr(args...)
+                Token::LeftParen => {
+                    self.next()?; // consume '('
+                    let mut args = Vec::new();
+
+                    if !matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::RightParen) {
+                        loop {
+                            args.push(self.parse_expression()?);
+                            if !matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::Comma) {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            self.next()?; // consume comma
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, RightParen)?;
+
+                    if let Expression::Variable { name, .. } = expr {
+                        expr = Expression::Call {
+                            func: Call { name, args },
+                            type_id: None,
+                        };
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Member access: expr.member (if you support structs)
+                Token::Dot => {
+                    self.next()?;
+                    let field_name = expect_value!(self.next()?, Identifier)?;
+                    expr = Expression::MemberAccess {
+                        expr: Box::new(expr),
+                        field_name,
+                        type_id: None,
+                    };
+                }
+
+                // No more postfix operations
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+
+        ParseResult::Accept(expr)
+    }
+
     fn parse_primary(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Expression, CompilerError> {
         match self.peek_next()? {
             Token::Integer(value) => {
@@ -441,39 +550,37 @@ impl Parser {
                 self.next()?;
                 ParseResult::Accept(Expression::StringLiteral(value))
             }
-            Token::Identifier(_) => {
-                let name = expect_value!(self.next()?, Identifier)?;
+            Token::Char(value) => {
+                self.next()?;
+                ParseResult::Accept(Expression::CharLiteral(value))
+            }
 
-                if matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::LeftParen) {
-                    // Function call
-                    self.next()?;
-                    let mut args = Vec::new();
+            Token::Identifier(name) => {
+                self.next()?;
+                ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Variable {
+                    name,
+                    expr_type: None,
+                })
+            }
+            Token::LeftBracket => {
+                self.next()?; // consume '['
+                let mut elements = Vec::new();
 
-                    if !matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::RightParen) {
-                        args.push(self.parse_expression()?);
-
-                        while matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::Comma) {
-                            self.next()?;
-                            args.push(self.parse_expression()?);
+                if !matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::RightBracket) {
+                    loop {
+                        elements.push(self.parse_expression()?);
+                        if !matches!(self.peek_next()?, Token::Comma) {
+                            break;
                         }
+                        self.next()?; // consume comma
                     }
-
-                    let _ = expect_tt!(self.next()?, RightParen)?;
-
-                    ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Call {
-                        func: Call {
-                            name: name.clone(),
-                            args,
-                        },
-
-                        type_id: None,
-                    })
-                } else {
-                    ParseResult::Accept(Expression::Variable {
-                        name,
-                        expr_type: None,
-                    })
                 }
+
+                expect_tt!(self.next()?, RightBracket)?;
+                ParseResult::Accept(Expression::ArrayLiteral {
+                    elements,
+                    type_id: None,
+                })
             }
             Token::LeftParen => {
                 self.next()?;

compiler/src/model.rs

@@ -65,6 +65,26 @@ pub enum TypeId {
     Struct { name: Name, fields: Vec<TypeId> },
 }
 
+impl TypeId {
+    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::U8 => 1,
+            Self::U16 => 2,
+            Self::U32 => 4,
+            Self::I8 => 1,
+            Self::I16 => 2,
+            Self::I32 => 4,
+            Self::Bool => 1,
+            Self::Char => 1,
+            Self::Void => 0,
+            Self::Ptr(t) => t.size(),
+            Self::Ref(t) => t.size(),
+            Self::Array(t, size) => t.size() * size,
+            Self::Struct { fields, .. } => fields.iter().map(|t| t.size()).sum(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for TypeId {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {
@@ -169,10 +189,38 @@ pub enum Expression {
         // Post-Semantic Analysis
         type_id: Option<TypeId>,
     },
+    UnaryPostfix {
+        op: UnaryOperator,
+        operand: Box<Expression>,
+
+        // Post-Semantic Analysis
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
     Variable {
         name: Name,
         expr_type: Option<TypeId>,
     },
+    TypeCast {
+        expr: Box<Expression>,
+        target_type: TypeId,
+
+        // Post-Semantic Analysis
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+    IndexAccess {
+        expr: Box<Expression>,
+        index: Box<Expression>,
+
+        // Post-Semantic Analysis
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
+    MemberAccess {
+        expr: Box<Expression>,
+        field_name: Name,
+
+        // Post-Semantic Analysis
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
     Call {
         func: Call,
 
@@ -187,6 +235,10 @@ pub enum Expression {
     },
     StringLiteral(String),
     CharLiteral(char),
+    ArrayLiteral {
+        elements: Vec<Expression>,
+        type_id: Option<TypeId>,
+    },
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -204,8 +256,17 @@ impl Expression {
             Expression::Call { .. } => false,
             Expression::Binary { left, right, .. } => left.is_pure() && right.is_pure(),
             Expression::Unary { operand, .. } => operand.is_pure(),
+            Expression::UnaryPostfix { operand, .. } => operand.is_pure(),
             Expression::Empty => true,
             Expression::Variable { .. } => true,
+            Expression::TypeCast { expr, .. } => expr.is_pure(),
+            Expression::IndexAccess { expr, index, .. } => {
+                expr.is_pure() && index.is_pure()
+            }
+            Expression::MemberAccess { expr, .. } => expr.is_pure(),
+            Expression::ArrayLiteral { elements, type_id } => {
+                elements.iter().all(|element| element.is_pure())
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -225,10 +286,24 @@ impl Expression {
             Expression::Unary { type_id, .. } => {
                 type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
             }
+            Expression::UnaryPostfix { type_id, .. } => {
+                type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
+            }
             Expression::Empty => Ok(TypeId::Void),
             Expression::Variable { expr_type, .. } => {
                 expr_type.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
             }
+            Expression::TypeCast { type_id, .. } => {
+                type_id.clone().ok_or(CompilerError::UnknownType)
+            }
+            Expression::IndexAccess { expr, .. } => expr.type_id(),
+            Expression::MemberAccess { expr, .. } => expr.type_id(),
+            Expression::ArrayLiteral { elements, .. } => {
+                let element_type = elements
+                    .first()
+                    .map_or(TypeId::Void, |e| e.type_id().unwrap_or(TypeId::Void));
+                Ok(TypeId::Array(Box::new(element_type), elements.len()))
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -236,31 +311,56 @@ impl Expression {
 #[allow(unused)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub enum BinaryOperator {
+    // arithmetic
     Add,
     Sub,
     Mul,
     Div,
-    Eq,
-    Ne,
-    Lt,
-    Gt,
-    Le,
-    Ge,
+    Mod,
+
+    // comparison
+    Equal,
+    NotEqual,
+    LessThan,
+    GreaterThan,
+    LessOrEqual,
+    GreaterOrEqual,
+
+    // bitwise
+    BitwiseAnd,
+    BitwiseOr,
+    BitwiseXor,
+
+    // logical
+    LogicalAnd,
+    LogicalOr,
+
+    // shift
+    LeftShift,
+    RightShift,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for BinaryOperator {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            BinaryOperator::Add => write!(f, "+"),
-            BinaryOperator::Sub => write!(f, "-"),
-            BinaryOperator::Mul => write!(f, "*"),
-            BinaryOperator::Div => write!(f, "/"),
-            BinaryOperator::Eq => write!(f, "=="),
-            BinaryOperator::Ne => write!(f, "!="),
-            BinaryOperator::Lt => write!(f, "<"),
-            BinaryOperator::Gt => write!(f, ">"),
-            BinaryOperator::Le => write!(f, "<="),
-            BinaryOperator::Ge => write!(f, ">="),
+            Self::Add => write!(f, "+"),
+            Self::Sub => write!(f, "-"),
+            Self::Mul => write!(f, "*"),
+            Self::Div => write!(f, "/"),
+            Self::Mod => write!(f, "%"),
+            Self::Equal => write!(f, "=="),
+            Self::NotEqual => write!(f, "!="),
+            Self::LessThan => write!(f, "<"),
+            Self::GreaterThan => write!(f, ">"),
+            Self::LessOrEqual => write!(f, "<="),
+            Self::GreaterOrEqual => write!(f, ">="),
+            Self::BitwiseAnd => write!(f, "&"),
+            Self::BitwiseOr => write!(f, "|"),
+            Self::BitwiseXor => write!(f, "^"),
+            Self::LogicalAnd => write!(f, "&&"),
+            Self::LogicalOr => write!(f, "||"),
+            Self::LeftShift => write!(f, "<<"),
+            Self::RightShift => write!(f, ">>"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -269,17 +369,29 @@ impl fmt::Display for BinaryOperator {
 pub enum UnaryOperator {
     Plus,
     Minus,
-    Reference,
+    AddressOf,
     Dereference,
+    CastAs,
+    BitwiseNot,
+    LogicalNot,
+    Increment,
+    Decrement,
+    SizeOf,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for UnaryOperator {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            UnaryOperator::Plus => write!(f, "+"),
-            UnaryOperator::Minus => write!(f, "-"),
-            UnaryOperator::Dereference => write!(f, "*"),
-            UnaryOperator::Reference => write!(f, "&"),
+            Self::Increment => write!(f, "++"),
+            Self::Decrement => write!(f, "--"),
+            Self::Plus => write!(f, "+"),
+            Self::Minus => write!(f, "-"),
+            Self::Dereference => write!(f, "*"),
+            Self::AddressOf => write!(f, "&"),
+            Self::CastAs => write!(f, "as"),
+            Self::BitwiseNot => write!(f, "~"),
+            Self::LogicalNot => write!(f, "!"),
+            Self::SizeOf => write!(f, "sizeof"),
         }
     }
 }