updated vscode settings

This commit is contained in:
2025-06-27 18:30:26 +01:00
parent ae92510fb8
commit 2280f1e5d9
72 changed files with 14893 additions and 0 deletions
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"files.trimTrailingWhitespace": true, "files.trimTrailingWhitespace": true,
"gitea.owner": "LowLevelDevs", "gitea.owner": "LowLevelDevs",
"gitea.repo": "damn_simple_architecture", "gitea.repo": "damn_simple_architecture",
"[markdown]": {
"editor.formatOnSave": true,
"editor.formatOnPaste": true
}
} }
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This file makes sure that Github Pages doesn't process mdBook's output.
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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en" class="light sidebar-visible" dir="ltr">
<head>
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Page not found - damn_simple_architecture</title>
<base href="/">
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.svg">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.png">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/variables.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/general.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/chrome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/print.css" media="print">
<!-- Fonts -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="fonts/fonts.css">
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" id="highlight-css" href="highlight.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tomorrow-night-css" href="tomorrow-night.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ayu-highlight-css" href="ayu-highlight.css">
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
<!-- Provide site root and default themes to javascript -->
<script>
const path_to_root = "";
const default_light_theme = "light";
const default_dark_theme = "navy";
</script>
<!-- Start loading toc.js asap -->
<script src="toc.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="mdbook-help-container">
<div id="mdbook-help-popup">
<h2 class="mdbook-help-title">Keyboard shortcuts</h2>
<div>
<p>Press <kbd></kbd> or <kbd></kbd> to navigate between chapters</p>
<p>Press <kbd>S</kbd> or <kbd>/</kbd> to search in the book</p>
<p>Press <kbd>?</kbd> to show this help</p>
<p>Press <kbd>Esc</kbd> to hide this help</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="body-container">
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
<script>
try {
let theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
let sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
}
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
}
} catch (e) { }
</script>
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
<script>
const default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? default_dark_theme : default_light_theme;
let theme;
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
const html = document.documentElement;
html.classList.remove('light')
html.classList.add(theme);
html.classList.add("js");
</script>
<input type="checkbox" id="sidebar-toggle-anchor" class="hidden">
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
<script>
let sidebar = null;
const sidebar_toggle = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle-anchor");
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
} else {
sidebar = 'hidden';
}
sidebar_toggle.checked = sidebar === 'visible';
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
</script>
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
<!-- populated by js -->
<mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox class="sidebar-scrollbox"></mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox>
<noscript>
<iframe class="sidebar-iframe-outer" src="toc.html"></iframe>
</noscript>
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle">
<div class="sidebar-resize-indicator"></div>
</div>
</nav>
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
<div class="page">
<div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky">
<div class="left-buttons">
<label id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" for="sidebar-toggle-anchor" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</label>
<button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
<i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i>
</button>
<ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu">
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="default_theme">Auto</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="light">Light</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="rust">Rust</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="coal">Coal</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="navy">Navy</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="ayu">Ayu</button></li>
</ul>
<button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search (`/`)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="/ s" aria-controls="searchbar">
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<h1 class="menu-title">damn_simple_architecture</h1>
<div class="right-buttons">
<a href="print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
<i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
<form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
<input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
</form>
<div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
<div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
<ul id="searchresults">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
<script>
document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
});
</script>
<div id="content" class="content">
<main>
<h1 id="document-not-found-404"><a class="header" href="#document-not-found-404">Document not found (404)</a></h1>
<p>This URL is invalid, sorry. Please use the navigation bar or search to continue.</p>
</main>
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
</nav>
</div>
<!-- Livereload script (if served using the cli tool) -->
<script>
const wsProtocol = location.protocol === 'https:' ? 'wss:' : 'ws:';
const wsAddress = wsProtocol + "//" + location.host + "/" + "__livereload";
const socket = new WebSocket(wsAddress);
socket.onmessage = function (event) {
if (event.data === "reload") {
socket.close();
location.reload();
}
};
window.onbeforeunload = function() {
socket.close();
}
</script>
<script>
window.playground_copyable = true;
</script>
<script src="elasticlunr.min.js"></script>
<script src="mark.min.js"></script>
<script src="searcher.js"></script>
<script src="clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="highlight.js"></script>
<script src="book.js"></script>
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
</div>
</body>
</html>
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/*
Based off of the Ayu theme
Original by Dempfi (https://github.com/dempfi/ayu)
*/
.hljs {
display: block;
overflow-x: auto;
background: #191f26;
color: #e6e1cf;
}
.hljs-comment,
.hljs-quote {
color: #5c6773;
font-style: italic;
}
.hljs-variable,
.hljs-template-variable,
.hljs-attribute,
.hljs-attr,
.hljs-regexp,
.hljs-link,
.hljs-selector-id,
.hljs-selector-class {
color: #ff7733;
}
.hljs-number,
.hljs-meta,
.hljs-builtin-name,
.hljs-literal,
.hljs-type,
.hljs-params {
color: #ffee99;
}
.hljs-string,
.hljs-bullet {
color: #b8cc52;
}
.hljs-title,
.hljs-built_in,
.hljs-section {
color: #ffb454;
}
.hljs-keyword,
.hljs-selector-tag,
.hljs-symbol {
color: #ff7733;
}
.hljs-name {
color: #36a3d9;
}
.hljs-tag {
color: #00568d;
}
.hljs-emphasis {
font-style: italic;
}
.hljs-strong {
font-weight: bold;
}
.hljs-addition {
color: #91b362;
}
.hljs-deletion {
color: #d96c75;
}
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'use strict';
/* global default_theme, default_dark_theme, default_light_theme, hljs, ClipboardJS */
// Fix back button cache problem
window.onunload = function() { };
// Global variable, shared between modules
function playground_text(playground, hidden = true) {
const code_block = playground.querySelector('code');
if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains('editable')) {
const editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
return editor.getValue();
} else if (hidden) {
return code_block.textContent;
} else {
return code_block.innerText;
}
}
(function codeSnippets() {
function fetch_with_timeout(url, options, timeout = 6000) {
return Promise.race([
fetch(url, options),
new Promise((_, reject) => setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('timeout')), timeout)),
]);
}
const playgrounds = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.playground'));
if (playgrounds.length > 0) {
fetch_with_timeout('https://play.rust-lang.org/meta/crates', {
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
},
method: 'POST',
mode: 'cors',
})
.then(response => response.json())
.then(response => {
// get list of crates available in the rust playground
const playground_crates = response.crates.map(item => item['id']);
playgrounds.forEach(block => handle_crate_list_update(block, playground_crates));
});
}
function handle_crate_list_update(playground_block, playground_crates) {
// update the play buttons after receiving the response
update_play_button(playground_block, playground_crates);
// and install on change listener to dynamically update ACE editors
if (window.ace) {
const code_block = playground_block.querySelector('code');
if (code_block.classList.contains('editable')) {
const editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
editor.addEventListener('change', () => {
update_play_button(playground_block, playground_crates);
});
// add Ctrl-Enter command to execute rust code
editor.commands.addCommand({
name: 'run',
bindKey: {
win: 'Ctrl-Enter',
mac: 'Ctrl-Enter',
},
exec: _editor => run_rust_code(playground_block),
});
}
}
}
// updates the visibility of play button based on `no_run` class and
// used crates vs ones available on https://play.rust-lang.org
function update_play_button(pre_block, playground_crates) {
const play_button = pre_block.querySelector('.play-button');
// skip if code is `no_run`
if (pre_block.querySelector('code').classList.contains('no_run')) {
play_button.classList.add('hidden');
return;
}
// get list of `extern crate`'s from snippet
const txt = playground_text(pre_block);
const re = /extern\s+crate\s+([a-zA-Z_0-9]+)\s*;/g;
const snippet_crates = [];
let item;
// eslint-disable-next-line no-cond-assign
while (item = re.exec(txt)) {
snippet_crates.push(item[1]);
}
// check if all used crates are available on play.rust-lang.org
const all_available = snippet_crates.every(function(elem) {
return playground_crates.indexOf(elem) > -1;
});
if (all_available) {
play_button.classList.remove('hidden');
} else {
play_button.classList.add('hidden');
}
}
function run_rust_code(code_block) {
let result_block = code_block.querySelector('.result');
if (!result_block) {
result_block = document.createElement('code');
result_block.className = 'result hljs language-bash';
code_block.append(result_block);
}
const text = playground_text(code_block);
const classes = code_block.querySelector('code').classList;
let edition = '2015';
classes.forEach(className => {
if (className.startsWith('edition')) {
edition = className.slice(7);
}
});
const params = {
version: 'stable',
optimize: '0',
code: text,
edition: edition,
};
if (text.indexOf('#![feature') !== -1) {
params.version = 'nightly';
}
result_block.innerText = 'Running...';
fetch_with_timeout('https://play.rust-lang.org/evaluate.json', {
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
},
method: 'POST',
mode: 'cors',
body: JSON.stringify(params),
})
.then(response => response.json())
.then(response => {
if (response.result.trim() === '') {
result_block.innerText = 'No output';
result_block.classList.add('result-no-output');
} else {
result_block.innerText = response.result;
result_block.classList.remove('result-no-output');
}
})
.catch(error => result_block.innerText = 'Playground Communication: ' + error.message);
}
// Syntax highlighting Configuration
hljs.configure({
tabReplace: ' ', // 4 spaces
languages: [], // Languages used for auto-detection
});
const code_nodes = Array
.from(document.querySelectorAll('code'))
// Don't highlight `inline code` blocks in headers.
.filter(function(node) {
return !node.parentElement.classList.contains('header');
});
if (window.ace) {
// language-rust class needs to be removed for editable
// blocks or highlightjs will capture events
code_nodes
.filter(function(node) {
return node.classList.contains('editable');
})
.forEach(function(block) {
block.classList.remove('language-rust');
});
code_nodes
.filter(function(node) {
return !node.classList.contains('editable');
})
.forEach(function(block) {
hljs.highlightBlock(block);
});
} else {
code_nodes.forEach(function(block) {
hljs.highlightBlock(block);
});
}
// Adding the hljs class gives code blocks the color css
// even if highlighting doesn't apply
code_nodes.forEach(function(block) {
block.classList.add('hljs');
});
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('code.hljs')).forEach(function(block) {
const lines = Array.from(block.querySelectorAll('.boring'));
// If no lines were hidden, return
if (!lines.length) {
return;
}
block.classList.add('hide-boring');
const buttons = document.createElement('div');
buttons.className = 'buttons';
buttons.innerHTML = '<button class="fa fa-eye" title="Show hidden lines" \
aria-label="Show hidden lines"></button>';
// add expand button
const pre_block = block.parentNode;
pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
pre_block.querySelector('.buttons').addEventListener('click', function(e) {
if (e.target.classList.contains('fa-eye')) {
e.target.classList.remove('fa-eye');
e.target.classList.add('fa-eye-slash');
e.target.title = 'Hide lines';
e.target.setAttribute('aria-label', e.target.title);
block.classList.remove('hide-boring');
} else if (e.target.classList.contains('fa-eye-slash')) {
e.target.classList.remove('fa-eye-slash');
e.target.classList.add('fa-eye');
e.target.title = 'Show hidden lines';
e.target.setAttribute('aria-label', e.target.title);
block.classList.add('hide-boring');
}
});
});
if (window.playground_copyable) {
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('pre code')).forEach(function(block) {
const pre_block = block.parentNode;
if (!pre_block.classList.contains('playground')) {
let buttons = pre_block.querySelector('.buttons');
if (!buttons) {
buttons = document.createElement('div');
buttons.className = 'buttons';
pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
}
const clipButton = document.createElement('button');
clipButton.className = 'clip-button';
clipButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard';
clipButton.setAttribute('aria-label', clipButton.title);
clipButton.innerHTML = '<i class="tooltiptext"></i>';
buttons.insertBefore(clipButton, buttons.firstChild);
}
});
}
// Process playground code blocks
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.playground')).forEach(function(pre_block) {
// Add play button
let buttons = pre_block.querySelector('.buttons');
if (!buttons) {
buttons = document.createElement('div');
buttons.className = 'buttons';
pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
}
const runCodeButton = document.createElement('button');
runCodeButton.className = 'fa fa-play play-button';
runCodeButton.hidden = true;
runCodeButton.title = 'Run this code';
runCodeButton.setAttribute('aria-label', runCodeButton.title);
buttons.insertBefore(runCodeButton, buttons.firstChild);
runCodeButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
run_rust_code(pre_block);
});
if (window.playground_copyable) {
const copyCodeClipboardButton = document.createElement('button');
copyCodeClipboardButton.className = 'clip-button';
copyCodeClipboardButton.innerHTML = '<i class="tooltiptext"></i>';
copyCodeClipboardButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard';
copyCodeClipboardButton.setAttribute('aria-label', copyCodeClipboardButton.title);
buttons.insertBefore(copyCodeClipboardButton, buttons.firstChild);
}
const code_block = pre_block.querySelector('code');
if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains('editable')) {
const undoChangesButton = document.createElement('button');
undoChangesButton.className = 'fa fa-history reset-button';
undoChangesButton.title = 'Undo changes';
undoChangesButton.setAttribute('aria-label', undoChangesButton.title);
buttons.insertBefore(undoChangesButton, buttons.firstChild);
undoChangesButton.addEventListener('click', function() {
const editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
editor.setValue(editor.originalCode);
editor.clearSelection();
});
}
});
})();
(function themes() {
const html = document.querySelector('html');
const themeToggleButton = document.getElementById('theme-toggle');
const themePopup = document.getElementById('theme-list');
const themeColorMetaTag = document.querySelector('meta[name="theme-color"]');
const themeIds = [];
themePopup.querySelectorAll('button.theme').forEach(function(el) {
themeIds.push(el.id);
});
const stylesheets = {
ayuHighlight: document.querySelector('#ayu-highlight-css'),
tomorrowNight: document.querySelector('#tomorrow-night-css'),
highlight: document.querySelector('#highlight-css'),
};
function showThemes() {
themePopup.style.display = 'block';
themeToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', true);
themePopup.querySelector('button#' + get_theme()).focus();
}
function updateThemeSelected() {
themePopup.querySelectorAll('.theme-selected').forEach(function(el) {
el.classList.remove('theme-selected');
});
const selected = get_saved_theme() ?? 'default_theme';
let element = themePopup.querySelector('button#' + selected);
if (element === null) {
// Fall back in case there is no "Default" item.
element = themePopup.querySelector('button#' + get_theme());
}
element.classList.add('theme-selected');
}
function hideThemes() {
themePopup.style.display = 'none';
themeToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', false);
themeToggleButton.focus();
}
function get_saved_theme() {
let theme = null;
try {
theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
} catch (e) {
// ignore error.
}
return theme;
}
function delete_saved_theme() {
localStorage.removeItem('mdbook-theme');
}
function get_theme() {
const theme = get_saved_theme();
if (theme === null || theme === undefined || !themeIds.includes(theme)) {
if (typeof default_dark_theme === 'undefined') {
// A customized index.hbs might not define this, so fall back to
// old behavior of determining the default on page load.
return default_theme;
}
return window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches
? default_dark_theme
: default_light_theme;
} else {
return theme;
}
}
let previousTheme = default_theme;
function set_theme(theme, store = true) {
let ace_theme;
if (theme === 'coal' || theme === 'navy') {
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = false;
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = true;
ace_theme = 'ace/theme/tomorrow_night';
} else if (theme === 'ayu') {
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = false;
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = true;
ace_theme = 'ace/theme/tomorrow_night';
} else {
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = false;
ace_theme = 'ace/theme/dawn';
}
setTimeout(function() {
themeColorMetaTag.content = getComputedStyle(document.documentElement).backgroundColor;
}, 1);
if (window.ace && window.editors) {
window.editors.forEach(function(editor) {
editor.setTheme(ace_theme);
});
}
if (store) {
try {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme);
} catch (e) {
// ignore error.
}
}
html.classList.remove(previousTheme);
html.classList.add(theme);
previousTheme = theme;
updateThemeSelected();
}
const query = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)');
query.onchange = function() {
set_theme(get_theme(), false);
};
// Set theme.
set_theme(get_theme(), false);
themeToggleButton.addEventListener('click', function() {
if (themePopup.style.display === 'block') {
hideThemes();
} else {
showThemes();
}
});
themePopup.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
let theme;
if (e.target.className === 'theme') {
theme = e.target.id;
} else if (e.target.parentElement.className === 'theme') {
theme = e.target.parentElement.id;
} else {
return;
}
if (theme === 'default_theme' || theme === null) {
delete_saved_theme();
set_theme(get_theme(), false);
} else {
set_theme(theme);
}
});
themePopup.addEventListener('focusout', function(e) {
// e.relatedTarget is null in Safari and Firefox on macOS (see workaround below)
if (!!e.relatedTarget &&
!themeToggleButton.contains(e.relatedTarget) &&
!themePopup.contains(e.relatedTarget)
) {
hideThemes();
}
});
// Should not be needed, but it works around an issue on macOS & iOS:
// https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/628
document.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
if (themePopup.style.display === 'block' &&
!themeToggleButton.contains(e.target) &&
!themePopup.contains(e.target)
) {
hideThemes();
}
});
document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
if (e.altKey || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey || e.shiftKey) {
return;
}
if (!themePopup.contains(e.target)) {
return;
}
let li;
switch (e.key) {
case 'Escape':
e.preventDefault();
hideThemes();
break;
case 'ArrowUp':
e.preventDefault();
li = document.activeElement.parentElement;
if (li && li.previousElementSibling) {
li.previousElementSibling.querySelector('button').focus();
}
break;
case 'ArrowDown':
e.preventDefault();
li = document.activeElement.parentElement;
if (li && li.nextElementSibling) {
li.nextElementSibling.querySelector('button').focus();
}
break;
case 'Home':
e.preventDefault();
themePopup.querySelector('li:first-child button').focus();
break;
case 'End':
e.preventDefault();
themePopup.querySelector('li:last-child button').focus();
break;
}
});
})();
(function sidebar() {
const body = document.querySelector('body');
const sidebar = document.getElementById('sidebar');
const sidebarLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a');
const sidebarToggleButton = document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle');
const sidebarToggleAnchor = document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle-anchor');
const sidebarResizeHandle = document.getElementById('sidebar-resize-handle');
let firstContact = null;
function showSidebar() {
body.classList.remove('sidebar-hidden');
body.classList.add('sidebar-visible');
Array.from(sidebarLinks).forEach(function(link) {
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', 0);
});
sidebarToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', true);
sidebar.setAttribute('aria-hidden', false);
try {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', 'visible');
} catch (e) {
// Ignore error.
}
}
function hideSidebar() {
body.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
body.classList.add('sidebar-hidden');
Array.from(sidebarLinks).forEach(function(link) {
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', -1);
});
sidebarToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', false);
sidebar.setAttribute('aria-hidden', true);
try {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', 'hidden');
} catch (e) {
// Ignore error.
}
}
// Toggle sidebar
sidebarToggleAnchor.addEventListener('change', function sidebarToggle() {
if (sidebarToggleAnchor.checked) {
const current_width = parseInt(
document.documentElement.style.getPropertyValue('--sidebar-target-width'), 10);
if (current_width < 150) {
document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--sidebar-target-width', '150px');
}
showSidebar();
} else {
hideSidebar();
}
});
sidebarResizeHandle.addEventListener('mousedown', initResize, false);
function initResize() {
window.addEventListener('mousemove', resize, false);
window.addEventListener('mouseup', stopResize, false);
body.classList.add('sidebar-resizing');
}
function resize(e) {
let pos = e.clientX - sidebar.offsetLeft;
if (pos < 20) {
hideSidebar();
} else {
if (body.classList.contains('sidebar-hidden')) {
showSidebar();
}
pos = Math.min(pos, window.innerWidth - 100);
document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--sidebar-target-width', pos + 'px');
}
}
//on mouseup remove windows functions mousemove & mouseup
function stopResize() {
body.classList.remove('sidebar-resizing');
window.removeEventListener('mousemove', resize, false);
window.removeEventListener('mouseup', stopResize, false);
}
document.addEventListener('touchstart', function(e) {
firstContact = {
x: e.touches[0].clientX,
time: Date.now(),
};
}, { passive: true });
document.addEventListener('touchmove', function(e) {
if (!firstContact) {
return;
}
const curX = e.touches[0].clientX;
const xDiff = curX - firstContact.x,
tDiff = Date.now() - firstContact.time;
if (tDiff < 250 && Math.abs(xDiff) >= 150) {
if (xDiff >= 0 && firstContact.x < Math.min(document.body.clientWidth * 0.25, 300)) {
showSidebar();
} else if (xDiff < 0 && curX < 300) {
hideSidebar();
}
firstContact = null;
}
}, { passive: true });
})();
(function chapterNavigation() {
document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
if (e.altKey || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) {
return;
}
if (window.search && window.search.hasFocus()) {
return;
}
const html = document.querySelector('html');
function next() {
const nextButton = document.querySelector('.nav-chapters.next');
if (nextButton) {
window.location.href = nextButton.href;
}
}
function prev() {
const previousButton = document.querySelector('.nav-chapters.previous');
if (previousButton) {
window.location.href = previousButton.href;
}
}
function showHelp() {
const container = document.getElementById('mdbook-help-container');
const overlay = document.getElementById('mdbook-help-popup');
container.style.display = 'flex';
// Clicking outside the popup will dismiss it.
const mouseHandler = event => {
if (overlay.contains(event.target)) {
return;
}
if (event.button !== 0) {
return;
}
event.preventDefault();
event.stopPropagation();
document.removeEventListener('mousedown', mouseHandler);
hideHelp();
};
// Pressing esc will dismiss the popup.
const escapeKeyHandler = event => {
if (event.key === 'Escape') {
event.preventDefault();
event.stopPropagation();
document.removeEventListener('keydown', escapeKeyHandler, true);
hideHelp();
}
};
document.addEventListener('keydown', escapeKeyHandler, true);
document.getElementById('mdbook-help-container')
.addEventListener('mousedown', mouseHandler);
}
function hideHelp() {
document.getElementById('mdbook-help-container').style.display = 'none';
}
// Usually needs the Shift key to be pressed
switch (e.key) {
case '?':
e.preventDefault();
showHelp();
break;
}
// Rest of the keys are only active when the Shift key is not pressed
if (e.shiftKey) {
return;
}
switch (e.key) {
case 'ArrowRight':
e.preventDefault();
if (html.dir === 'rtl') {
prev();
} else {
next();
}
break;
case 'ArrowLeft':
e.preventDefault();
if (html.dir === 'rtl') {
next();
} else {
prev();
}
break;
}
});
})();
(function clipboard() {
const clipButtons = document.querySelectorAll('.clip-button');
function hideTooltip(elem) {
elem.firstChild.innerText = '';
elem.className = 'clip-button';
}
function showTooltip(elem, msg) {
elem.firstChild.innerText = msg;
elem.className = 'clip-button tooltipped';
}
const clipboardSnippets = new ClipboardJS('.clip-button', {
text: function(trigger) {
hideTooltip(trigger);
const playground = trigger.closest('pre');
return playground_text(playground, false);
},
});
Array.from(clipButtons).forEach(function(clipButton) {
clipButton.addEventListener('mouseout', function(e) {
hideTooltip(e.currentTarget);
});
});
clipboardSnippets.on('success', function(e) {
e.clearSelection();
showTooltip(e.trigger, 'Copied!');
});
clipboardSnippets.on('error', function(e) {
showTooltip(e.trigger, 'Clipboard error!');
});
})();
(function scrollToTop() {
const menuTitle = document.querySelector('.menu-title');
menuTitle.addEventListener('click', function() {
document.scrollingElement.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' });
});
})();
(function controllMenu() {
const menu = document.getElementById('menu-bar');
(function controllPosition() {
let scrollTop = document.scrollingElement.scrollTop;
let prevScrollTop = scrollTop;
const minMenuY = -menu.clientHeight - 50;
// When the script loads, the page can be at any scroll (e.g. if you reforesh it).
menu.style.top = scrollTop + 'px';
// Same as parseInt(menu.style.top.slice(0, -2), but faster
let topCache = menu.style.top.slice(0, -2);
menu.classList.remove('sticky');
let stickyCache = false; // Same as menu.classList.contains('sticky'), but faster
document.addEventListener('scroll', function() {
scrollTop = Math.max(document.scrollingElement.scrollTop, 0);
// `null` means that it doesn't need to be updated
let nextSticky = null;
let nextTop = null;
const scrollDown = scrollTop > prevScrollTop;
const menuPosAbsoluteY = topCache - scrollTop;
if (scrollDown) {
nextSticky = false;
if (menuPosAbsoluteY > 0) {
nextTop = prevScrollTop;
}
} else {
if (menuPosAbsoluteY > 0) {
nextSticky = true;
} else if (menuPosAbsoluteY < minMenuY) {
nextTop = prevScrollTop + minMenuY;
}
}
if (nextSticky === true && stickyCache === false) {
menu.classList.add('sticky');
stickyCache = true;
} else if (nextSticky === false && stickyCache === true) {
menu.classList.remove('sticky');
stickyCache = false;
}
if (nextTop !== null) {
menu.style.top = nextTop + 'px';
topCache = nextTop;
}
prevScrollTop = scrollTop;
}, { passive: true });
})();
(function controllBorder() {
function updateBorder() {
if (menu.offsetTop === 0) {
menu.classList.remove('bordered');
} else {
menu.classList.add('bordered');
}
}
updateBorder();
document.addEventListener('scroll', updateBorder, { passive: true });
})();
})();
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/* CSS for UI elements (a.k.a. chrome) */
html {
scrollbar-color: var(--scrollbar) var(--bg);
}
#searchresults a,
.content a:link,
a:visited,
a > .hljs {
color: var(--links);
}
/*
body-container is necessary because mobile browsers don't seem to like
overflow-x on the body tag when there is a <meta name="viewport"> tag.
*/
#body-container {
/*
This is used when the sidebar pushes the body content off the side of
the screen on small screens. Without it, dragging on mobile Safari
will want to reposition the viewport in a weird way.
*/
overflow-x: clip;
}
/* Menu Bar */
#menu-bar,
#menu-bar-hover-placeholder {
z-index: 101;
margin: auto calc(0px - var(--page-padding));
}
#menu-bar {
position: relative;
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
background-color: var(--bg);
border-block-end-color: var(--bg);
border-block-end-width: 1px;
border-block-end-style: solid;
}
#menu-bar.sticky,
#menu-bar-hover-placeholder:hover + #menu-bar,
#menu-bar:hover,
html.sidebar-visible #menu-bar {
position: -webkit-sticky;
position: sticky;
top: 0 !important;
}
#menu-bar-hover-placeholder {
position: sticky;
position: -webkit-sticky;
top: 0;
height: var(--menu-bar-height);
}
#menu-bar.bordered {
border-block-end-color: var(--table-border-color);
}
#menu-bar i, #menu-bar .icon-button {
position: relative;
padding: 0 8px;
z-index: 10;
line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
cursor: pointer;
transition: color 0.5s;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 420px) {
#menu-bar i, #menu-bar .icon-button {
padding: 0 5px;
}
}
.icon-button {
border: none;
background: none;
padding: 0;
color: inherit;
}
.icon-button i {
margin: 0;
}
.right-buttons {
margin: 0 15px;
}
.right-buttons a {
text-decoration: none;
}
.left-buttons {
display: flex;
margin: 0 5px;
}
html:not(.js) .left-buttons button {
display: none;
}
.menu-title {
display: inline-block;
font-weight: 200;
font-size: 2.4rem;
line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
text-align: center;
margin: 0;
flex: 1;
white-space: nowrap;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
.menu-title {
cursor: pointer;
}
.menu-bar,
.menu-bar:visited,
.nav-chapters,
.nav-chapters:visited,
.mobile-nav-chapters,
.mobile-nav-chapters:visited,
.menu-bar .icon-button,
.menu-bar a i {
color: var(--icons);
}
.menu-bar i:hover,
.menu-bar .icon-button:hover,
.nav-chapters:hover,
.mobile-nav-chapters i:hover {
color: var(--icons-hover);
}
/* Nav Icons */
.nav-chapters {
font-size: 2.5em;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
position: fixed;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
margin: 0;
max-width: 150px;
min-width: 90px;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-content: center;
flex-direction: column;
transition: color 0.5s, background-color 0.5s;
}
.nav-chapters:hover {
text-decoration: none;
background-color: var(--theme-hover);
transition: background-color 0.15s, color 0.15s;
}
.nav-wrapper {
margin-block-start: 50px;
display: none;
}
.mobile-nav-chapters {
font-size: 2.5em;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
width: 90px;
border-radius: 5px;
background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
}
/* Only Firefox supports flow-relative values */
.previous { float: left; }
[dir=rtl] .previous { float: right; }
/* Only Firefox supports flow-relative values */
.next {
float: right;
right: var(--page-padding);
}
[dir=rtl] .next {
float: left;
right: unset;
left: var(--page-padding);
}
/* Use the correct buttons for RTL layouts*/
[dir=rtl] .previous i.fa-angle-left:before {content:"\f105";}
[dir=rtl] .next i.fa-angle-right:before { content:"\f104"; }
@media only screen and (max-width: 1080px) {
.nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; }
.nav-wrapper { display: block; }
}
/* sidebar-visible */
@media only screen and (max-width: 1380px) {
#sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper .nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; }
#sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper .nav-wrapper { display: block; }
}
/* Inline code */
:not(pre) > .hljs {
display: inline;
padding: 0.1em 0.3em;
border-radius: 3px;
}
:not(pre):not(a) > .hljs {
color: var(--inline-code-color);
overflow-x: initial;
}
a:hover > .hljs {
text-decoration: underline;
}
pre {
position: relative;
}
pre > .buttons {
position: absolute;
z-index: 100;
right: 0px;
top: 2px;
margin: 0px;
padding: 2px 0px;
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
cursor: pointer;
visibility: hidden;
opacity: 0;
transition: visibility 0.1s linear, opacity 0.1s linear;
}
pre:hover > .buttons {
visibility: visible;
opacity: 1
}
pre > .buttons :hover {
color: var(--sidebar-active);
border-color: var(--icons-hover);
background-color: var(--theme-hover);
}
pre > .buttons i {
margin-inline-start: 8px;
}
pre > .buttons button {
cursor: inherit;
margin: 0px 5px;
padding: 4px 4px 3px 5px;
font-size: 23px;
border-style: solid;
border-width: 1px;
border-radius: 4px;
border-color: var(--icons);
background-color: var(--theme-popup-bg);
transition: 100ms;
transition-property: color,border-color,background-color;
color: var(--icons);
}
pre > .buttons button.clip-button {
padding: 2px 4px 0px 6px;
}
pre > .buttons button.clip-button::before {
/* clipboard image from octicons (https://github.com/primer/octicons/tree/v2.0.0) MIT license
*/
content: url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="21" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 25" \
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-label="Copy to clipboard">\
<path d="M18 20h2v3c0 1-1 2-2 2H2c-.998 0-2-1-2-2V5c0-.911.755-1.667 1.667-1.667h5A3.323 3.323 0 \
0110 0a3.323 3.323 0 013.333 3.333h5C19.245 3.333 20 4.09 20 5v8.333h-2V9H2v14h16v-3zM3 \
7h14c0-.911-.793-1.667-1.75-1.667H13.5c-.957 0-1.75-.755-1.75-1.666C11.75 2.755 10.957 2 10 \
2s-1.75.755-1.75 1.667c0 .911-.793 1.666-1.75 1.666H4.75C3.793 5.333 3 6.09 3 7z"/>\
<path d="M4 19h6v2H4zM12 11H4v2h8zM4 17h4v-2H4zM15 15v-3l-4.5 4.5L15 21v-3l8.027-.032L23 15z"/>\
</svg>');
filter: var(--copy-button-filter);
}
pre > .buttons button.clip-button:hover::before {
filter: var(--copy-button-filter-hover);
}
@media (pointer: coarse) {
pre > .buttons button {
/* On mobile, make it easier to tap buttons. */
padding: 0.3rem 1rem;
}
.sidebar-resize-indicator {
/* Hide resize indicator on devices with limited accuracy */
display: none;
}
}
pre > code {
display: block;
padding: 1rem;
}
/* FIXME: ACE editors overlap their buttons because ACE does absolute
positioning within the code block which breaks padding. The only solution I
can think of is to move the padding to the outer pre tag (or insert a div
wrapper), but that would require fixing a whole bunch of CSS rules.
*/
.hljs.ace_editor {
padding: 0rem 0rem;
}
pre > .result {
margin-block-start: 10px;
}
/* Search */
#searchresults a {
text-decoration: none;
}
mark {
border-radius: 2px;
padding-block-start: 0;
padding-block-end: 1px;
padding-inline-start: 3px;
padding-inline-end: 3px;
margin-block-start: 0;
margin-block-end: -1px;
margin-inline-start: -3px;
margin-inline-end: -3px;
background-color: var(--search-mark-bg);
transition: background-color 300ms linear;
cursor: pointer;
}
mark.fade-out {
background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;
cursor: auto;
}
.searchbar-outer {
margin-inline-start: auto;
margin-inline-end: auto;
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
}
#searchbar {
width: 100%;
margin-block-start: 5px;
margin-block-end: 0;
margin-inline-start: auto;
margin-inline-end: auto;
padding: 10px 16px;
transition: box-shadow 300ms ease-in-out;
border: 1px solid var(--searchbar-border-color);
border-radius: 3px;
background-color: var(--searchbar-bg);
color: var(--searchbar-fg);
}
#searchbar:focus,
#searchbar.active {
box-shadow: 0 0 3px var(--searchbar-shadow-color);
}
.searchresults-header {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 1em;
padding-block-start: 18px;
padding-block-end: 0;
padding-inline-start: 5px;
padding-inline-end: 0;
color: var(--searchresults-header-fg);
}
.searchresults-outer {
margin-inline-start: auto;
margin-inline-end: auto;
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
border-block-end: 1px dashed var(--searchresults-border-color);
}
ul#searchresults {
list-style: none;
padding-inline-start: 20px;
}
ul#searchresults li {
margin: 10px 0px;
padding: 2px;
border-radius: 2px;
}
ul#searchresults li.focus {
background-color: var(--searchresults-li-bg);
}
ul#searchresults span.teaser {
display: block;
clear: both;
margin-block-start: 5px;
margin-block-end: 0;
margin-inline-start: 20px;
margin-inline-end: 0;
font-size: 0.8em;
}
ul#searchresults span.teaser em {
font-weight: bold;
font-style: normal;
}
/* Sidebar */
.sidebar {
position: fixed;
left: 0;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
width: var(--sidebar-width);
font-size: 0.875em;
box-sizing: border-box;
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
overscroll-behavior-y: contain;
background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
}
.sidebar-iframe-inner {
--padding: 10px;
background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
padding: var(--padding);
margin: 0;
font-size: 1.4rem;
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
min-height: calc(100vh - var(--padding) * 2);
}
.sidebar-iframe-outer {
border: none;
height: 100%;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
}
[dir=rtl] .sidebar { left: unset; right: 0; }
.sidebar-resizing {
-moz-user-select: none;
-webkit-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
}
html:not(.sidebar-resizing) .sidebar {
transition: transform 0.3s; /* Animation: slide away */
}
.sidebar code {
line-height: 2em;
}
.sidebar .sidebar-scrollbox {
overflow-y: auto;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
padding: 10px 10px;
}
.sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
position: absolute;
cursor: col-resize;
width: 0;
right: calc(var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width) * -1);
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
}
.sidebar-resize-handle .sidebar-resize-indicator {
width: 100%;
height: 16px;
color: var(--icons);
margin-inline-start: var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-space);
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: flex-start;
}
.sidebar-resize-handle .sidebar-resize-indicator::before {
content: "";
width: 2px;
height: 12px;
border-left: dotted 2px currentColor;
}
.sidebar-resize-handle .sidebar-resize-indicator::after {
content: "";
width: 2px;
height: 16px;
border-left: dotted 2px currentColor;
}
[dir=rtl] .sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
left: calc(var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width) * -1);
right: unset;
}
.js .sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
cursor: col-resize;
width: calc(var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width) - var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-space));
}
/* sidebar-hidden */
#sidebar-toggle-anchor:not(:checked) ~ .sidebar {
transform: translateX(calc(0px - var(--sidebar-width) - var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width)));
z-index: -1;
}
[dir=rtl] #sidebar-toggle-anchor:not(:checked) ~ .sidebar {
transform: translateX(calc(var(--sidebar-width) + var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width)));
}
.sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar {
background: var(--sidebar-bg);
}
.sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
background: var(--scrollbar);
}
/* sidebar-visible */
#sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper {
transform: translateX(calc(var(--sidebar-width) + var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width)));
}
[dir=rtl] #sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper {
transform: translateX(calc(0px - var(--sidebar-width) - var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width)));
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 620px) {
#sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper {
transform: none;
margin-inline-start: calc(var(--sidebar-width) + var(--sidebar-resize-indicator-width));
}
[dir=rtl] #sidebar-toggle-anchor:checked ~ .page-wrapper {
transform: none;
}
}
.chapter {
list-style: none outside none;
padding-inline-start: 0;
line-height: 2.2em;
}
.chapter ol {
width: 100%;
}
.chapter li {
display: flex;
color: var(--sidebar-non-existant);
}
.chapter li a {
display: block;
padding: 0;
text-decoration: none;
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
}
.chapter li a:hover {
color: var(--sidebar-active);
}
.chapter li a.active {
color: var(--sidebar-active);
}
.chapter li > a.toggle {
cursor: pointer;
display: block;
margin-inline-start: auto;
padding: 0 10px;
user-select: none;
opacity: 0.68;
}
.chapter li > a.toggle div {
transition: transform 0.5s;
}
/* collapse the section */
.chapter li:not(.expanded) + li > ol {
display: none;
}
.chapter li.chapter-item {
line-height: 1.5em;
margin-block-start: 0.6em;
}
.chapter li.expanded > a.toggle div {
transform: rotate(90deg);
}
.spacer {
width: 100%;
height: 3px;
margin: 5px 0px;
}
.chapter .spacer {
background-color: var(--sidebar-spacer);
}
@media (-moz-touch-enabled: 1), (pointer: coarse) {
.chapter li a { padding: 5px 0; }
.spacer { margin: 10px 0; }
}
.section {
list-style: none outside none;
padding-inline-start: 20px;
line-height: 1.9em;
}
/* Theme Menu Popup */
.theme-popup {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: var(--menu-bar-height);
z-index: 1000;
border-radius: 4px;
font-size: 0.7em;
color: var(--fg);
background: var(--theme-popup-bg);
border: 1px solid var(--theme-popup-border);
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
list-style: none;
display: none;
/* Don't let the children's background extend past the rounded corners. */
overflow: hidden;
}
[dir=rtl] .theme-popup { left: unset; right: 10px; }
.theme-popup .default {
color: var(--icons);
}
.theme-popup .theme {
width: 100%;
border: 0;
margin: 0;
padding: 2px 20px;
line-height: 25px;
white-space: nowrap;
text-align: start;
cursor: pointer;
color: inherit;
background: inherit;
font-size: inherit;
}
.theme-popup .theme:hover {
background-color: var(--theme-hover);
}
.theme-selected::before {
display: inline-block;
content: "✓";
margin-inline-start: -14px;
width: 14px;
}
/* The container for the help popup that covers the whole window. */
#mdbook-help-container {
/* Position and size for the whole window. */
position: fixed;
top: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
bottom: 0;
/* This uses flex layout (which is set in book.js), and centers the popup
in the window.*/
display: none;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
z-index: 1000;
/* Dim out the book while the popup is visible. */
background: var(--overlay-bg);
}
/* The popup help box. */
#mdbook-help-popup {
box-shadow: 0 4px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
min-width: 300px;
max-width: 500px;
width: 100%;
box-sizing: border-box;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
background-color: var(--bg);
color: var(--fg);
border-width: 1px;
border-color: var(--theme-popup-border);
border-style: solid;
border-radius: 8px;
padding: 10px;
}
.mdbook-help-title {
text-align: center;
/* mdbook's margin for h2 is way too large. */
margin: 10px;
}
+279
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/* Base styles and content styles */
:root {
/* Browser default font-size is 16px, this way 1 rem = 10px */
font-size: 62.5%;
color-scheme: var(--color-scheme);
}
html {
font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
color: var(--fg);
background-color: var(--bg);
text-size-adjust: none;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: none;
}
body {
margin: 0;
font-size: 1.6rem;
overflow-x: hidden;
}
code {
font-family: var(--mono-font) !important;
font-size: var(--code-font-size);
direction: ltr !important;
}
/* make long words/inline code not x overflow */
main {
overflow-wrap: break-word;
}
/* make wide tables scroll if they overflow */
.table-wrapper {
overflow-x: auto;
}
/* Don't change font size in headers. */
h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code {
font-size: unset;
}
.left { float: left; }
.right { float: right; }
.boring { opacity: 0.6; }
.hide-boring .boring { display: none; }
.hidden { display: none !important; }
h2, h3 { margin-block-start: 2.5em; }
h4, h5 { margin-block-start: 2em; }
.header + .header h3,
.header + .header h4,
.header + .header h5 {
margin-block-start: 1em;
}
h1:target::before,
h2:target::before,
h3:target::before,
h4:target::before,
h5:target::before,
h6:target::before {
display: inline-block;
content: "»";
margin-inline-start: -30px;
width: 30px;
}
/* This is broken on Safari as of version 14, but is fixed
in Safari Technology Preview 117 which I think will be Safari 14.2.
https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=218076
*/
:target {
/* Safari does not support logical properties */
scroll-margin-top: calc(var(--menu-bar-height) + 0.5em);
}
.page {
outline: 0;
padding: 0 var(--page-padding);
margin-block-start: calc(0px - var(--menu-bar-height)); /* Compensate for the #menu-bar-hover-placeholder */
}
.page-wrapper {
box-sizing: border-box;
background-color: var(--bg);
}
.no-js .page-wrapper,
.js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .page-wrapper {
transition: margin-left 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease; /* Animation: slide away */
}
[dir=rtl] .js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .page-wrapper {
transition: margin-right 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease; /* Animation: slide away */
}
.content {
overflow-y: auto;
padding: 0 5px 50px 5px;
}
.content main {
margin-inline-start: auto;
margin-inline-end: auto;
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
}
.content p { line-height: 1.45em; }
.content ol { line-height: 1.45em; }
.content ul { line-height: 1.45em; }
.content a { text-decoration: none; }
.content a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.content img, .content video { max-width: 100%; }
.content .header:link,
.content .header:visited {
color: var(--fg);
}
.content .header:link,
.content .header:visited:hover {
text-decoration: none;
}
table {
margin: 0 auto;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table td {
padding: 3px 20px;
border: 1px var(--table-border-color) solid;
}
table thead {
background: var(--table-header-bg);
}
table thead td {
font-weight: 700;
border: none;
}
table thead th {
padding: 3px 20px;
}
table thead tr {
border: 1px var(--table-header-bg) solid;
}
/* Alternate background colors for rows */
table tbody tr:nth-child(2n) {
background: var(--table-alternate-bg);
}
blockquote {
margin: 20px 0;
padding: 0 20px;
color: var(--fg);
background-color: var(--quote-bg);
border-block-start: .1em solid var(--quote-border);
border-block-end: .1em solid var(--quote-border);
}
.warning {
margin: 20px;
padding: 0 20px;
border-inline-start: 2px solid var(--warning-border);
}
.warning:before {
position: absolute;
width: 3rem;
height: 3rem;
margin-inline-start: calc(-1.5rem - 21px);
content: "ⓘ";
text-align: center;
background-color: var(--bg);
color: var(--warning-border);
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 2rem;
}
blockquote .warning:before {
background-color: var(--quote-bg);
}
kbd {
background-color: var(--table-border-color);
border-radius: 4px;
border: solid 1px var(--theme-popup-border);
box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 var(--theme-hover);
display: inline-block;
font-size: var(--code-font-size);
font-family: var(--mono-font);
line-height: 10px;
padding: 4px 5px;
vertical-align: middle;
}
sup {
/* Set the line-height for superscript and footnote references so that there
isn't an awkward space appearing above lines that contain the footnote.
See https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/pull/2443#discussion_r1813773583
for an explanation.
*/
line-height: 0;
}
.footnote-definition {
font-size: 0.9em;
}
/* The default spacing for a list is a little too large. */
.footnote-definition ul,
.footnote-definition ol {
padding-left: 20px;
}
.footnote-definition > li {
/* Required to position the ::before target */
position: relative;
}
.footnote-definition > li:target {
scroll-margin-top: 50vh;
}
.footnote-reference:target {
scroll-margin-top: 50vh;
}
/* Draws a border around the footnote (including the marker) when it is selected.
TODO: If there are multiple linkbacks, highlight which one you just came
from so you know which one to click.
*/
.footnote-definition > li:target::before {
border: 2px solid var(--footnote-highlight);
border-radius: 6px;
position: absolute;
top: -8px;
right: -8px;
bottom: -8px;
left: -32px;
pointer-events: none;
content: "";
}
/* Pulses the footnote reference so you can quickly see where you left off reading.
This could use some improvement.
*/
@media not (prefers-reduced-motion) {
.footnote-reference:target {
animation: fn-highlight 0.8s;
border-radius: 2px;
}
@keyframes fn-highlight {
from {
background-color: var(--footnote-highlight);
}
}
}
.tooltiptext {
position: absolute;
visibility: hidden;
color: #fff;
background-color: #333;
transform: translateX(-50%); /* Center by moving tooltip 50% of its width left */
left: -8px; /* Half of the width of the icon */
top: -35px;
font-size: 0.8em;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 6px;
padding: 5px 8px;
margin: 5px;
z-index: 1000;
}
.tooltipped .tooltiptext {
visibility: visible;
}
.chapter li.part-title {
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
margin: 5px 0px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.result-no-output {
font-style: italic;
}
+50
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#sidebar,
#menu-bar,
.nav-chapters,
.mobile-nav-chapters {
display: none;
}
#page-wrapper.page-wrapper {
transform: none !important;
margin-inline-start: 0px;
overflow-y: initial;
}
#content {
max-width: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.page {
overflow-y: initial;
}
code {
direction: ltr !important;
}
pre > .buttons {
z-index: 2;
}
a, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {
color: #4183c4;
text-decoration: none;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
page-break-inside: avoid;
page-break-after: avoid;
}
pre, code {
page-break-inside: avoid;
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
.fa {
display: none !important;
}
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/* Globals */
:root {
--sidebar-target-width: 300px;
--sidebar-width: min(var(--sidebar-target-width), 80vw);
--sidebar-resize-indicator-width: 8px;
--sidebar-resize-indicator-space: 2px;
--page-padding: 15px;
--content-max-width: 750px;
--menu-bar-height: 50px;
--mono-font: "Source Code Pro", Consolas, "Ubuntu Mono", Menlo, "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace, monospace;
--code-font-size: 0.875em; /* please adjust the ace font size accordingly in editor.js */
}
/* Themes */
.ayu {
--bg: hsl(210, 25%, 8%);
--fg: #c5c5c5;
--sidebar-bg: #14191f;
--sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
--sidebar-non-existant: #5c6773;
--sidebar-active: #ffb454;
--sidebar-spacer: #2d334f;
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
--icons: #737480;
--icons-hover: #b7b9cc;
--links: #0096cf;
--inline-code-color: #ffb454;
--theme-popup-bg: #14191f;
--theme-popup-border: #5c6773;
--theme-hover: #191f26;
--quote-bg: hsl(226, 15%, 17%);
--quote-border: hsl(226, 15%, 22%);
--warning-border: #ff8e00;
--table-border-color: hsl(210, 25%, 13%);
--table-header-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 28%);
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 11%);
--searchbar-border-color: #848484;
--searchbar-bg: #424242;
--searchbar-fg: #fff;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #d4c89f;
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
--searchresults-border-color: #888;
--searchresults-li-bg: #252932;
--search-mark-bg: #e3b171;
--color-scheme: dark;
/* Same as `--icons` */
--copy-button-filter: invert(45%) sepia(6%) saturate(621%) hue-rotate(198deg) brightness(99%) contrast(85%);
/* Same as `--sidebar-active` */
--copy-button-filter-hover: invert(68%) sepia(55%) saturate(531%) hue-rotate(341deg) brightness(104%) contrast(101%);
--footnote-highlight: #2668a6;
--overlay-bg: rgba(33, 40, 48, 0.4);
}
.coal {
--bg: hsl(200, 7%, 8%);
--fg: #98a3ad;
--sidebar-bg: #292c2f;
--sidebar-fg: #a1adb8;
--sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
--sidebar-active: #3473ad;
--sidebar-spacer: #393939;
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
--icons: #43484d;
--icons-hover: #b3c0cc;
--links: #2b79a2;
--inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;
--theme-popup-bg: #141617;
--theme-popup-border: #43484d;
--theme-hover: #1f2124;
--quote-bg: hsl(234, 21%, 18%);
--quote-border: hsl(234, 21%, 23%);
--warning-border: #ff8e00;
--table-border-color: hsl(200, 7%, 13%);
--table-header-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 28%);
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 11%);
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
--searchbar-bg: #b7b7b7;
--searchbar-fg: #000;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
--searchresults-border-color: #98a3ad;
--searchresults-li-bg: #2b2b2f;
--search-mark-bg: #355c7d;
--color-scheme: dark;
/* Same as `--icons` */
--copy-button-filter: invert(26%) sepia(8%) saturate(575%) hue-rotate(169deg) brightness(87%) contrast(82%);
/* Same as `--sidebar-active` */
--copy-button-filter-hover: invert(36%) sepia(70%) saturate(503%) hue-rotate(167deg) brightness(98%) contrast(89%);
--footnote-highlight: #4079ae;
--overlay-bg: rgba(33, 40, 48, 0.4);
}
.light, html:not(.js) {
--bg: hsl(0, 0%, 100%);
--fg: hsl(0, 0%, 0%);
--sidebar-bg: #fafafa;
--sidebar-fg: hsl(0, 0%, 0%);
--sidebar-non-existant: #aaaaaa;
--sidebar-active: #1f1fff;
--sidebar-spacer: #f4f4f4;
--scrollbar: #8F8F8F;
--icons: #747474;
--icons-hover: #000000;
--links: #20609f;
--inline-code-color: #301900;
--theme-popup-bg: #fafafa;
--theme-popup-border: #cccccc;
--theme-hover: #e6e6e6;
--quote-bg: hsl(197, 37%, 96%);
--quote-border: hsl(197, 37%, 91%);
--warning-border: #ff8e00;
--table-border-color: hsl(0, 0%, 95%);
--table-header-bg: hsl(0, 0%, 80%);
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(0, 0%, 97%);
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
--searchbar-bg: #fafafa;
--searchbar-fg: #000;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
--searchresults-border-color: #888;
--searchresults-li-bg: #e4f2fe;
--search-mark-bg: #a2cff5;
--color-scheme: light;
/* Same as `--icons` */
--copy-button-filter: invert(45.49%);
/* Same as `--sidebar-active` */
--copy-button-filter-hover: invert(14%) sepia(93%) saturate(4250%) hue-rotate(243deg) brightness(99%) contrast(130%);
--footnote-highlight: #7e7eff;
--overlay-bg: rgba(200, 200, 205, 0.4);
}
.navy {
--bg: hsl(226, 23%, 11%);
--fg: #bcbdd0;
--sidebar-bg: #282d3f;
--sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
--sidebar-non-existant: #505274;
--sidebar-active: #2b79a2;
--sidebar-spacer: #2d334f;
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
--icons: #737480;
--icons-hover: #b7b9cc;
--links: #2b79a2;
--inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;
--theme-popup-bg: #161923;
--theme-popup-border: #737480;
--theme-hover: #282e40;
--quote-bg: hsl(226, 15%, 17%);
--quote-border: hsl(226, 15%, 22%);
--warning-border: #ff8e00;
--table-border-color: hsl(226, 23%, 16%);
--table-header-bg: hsl(226, 23%, 31%);
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(226, 23%, 14%);
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
--searchbar-bg: #aeaec6;
--searchbar-fg: #000;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
--searchresults-header-fg: #5f5f71;
--searchresults-border-color: #5c5c68;
--searchresults-li-bg: #242430;
--search-mark-bg: #a2cff5;
--color-scheme: dark;
/* Same as `--icons` */
--copy-button-filter: invert(51%) sepia(10%) saturate(393%) hue-rotate(198deg) brightness(86%) contrast(87%);
/* Same as `--sidebar-active` */
--copy-button-filter-hover: invert(46%) sepia(20%) saturate(1537%) hue-rotate(156deg) brightness(85%) contrast(90%);
--footnote-highlight: #4079ae;
--overlay-bg: rgba(33, 40, 48, 0.4);
}
.rust {
--bg: hsl(60, 9%, 87%);
--fg: #262625;
--sidebar-bg: #3b2e2a;
--sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
--sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
--sidebar-active: #e69f67;
--sidebar-spacer: #45373a;
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
--icons: #737480;
--icons-hover: #262625;
--links: #2b79a2;
--inline-code-color: #6e6b5e;
--theme-popup-bg: #e1e1db;
--theme-popup-border: #b38f6b;
--theme-hover: #99908a;
--quote-bg: hsl(60, 5%, 75%);
--quote-border: hsl(60, 5%, 70%);
--warning-border: #ff8e00;
--table-border-color: hsl(60, 9%, 82%);
--table-header-bg: #b3a497;
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(60, 9%, 84%);
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
--searchbar-bg: #fafafa;
--searchbar-fg: #000;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
--searchresults-border-color: #888;
--searchresults-li-bg: #dec2a2;
--search-mark-bg: #e69f67;
/* Same as `--icons` */
--copy-button-filter: invert(51%) sepia(10%) saturate(393%) hue-rotate(198deg) brightness(86%) contrast(87%);
/* Same as `--sidebar-active` */
--copy-button-filter-hover: invert(77%) sepia(16%) saturate(1798%) hue-rotate(328deg) brightness(98%) contrast(83%);
--footnote-highlight: #d3a17a;
--overlay-bg: rgba(150, 150, 150, 0.25);
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
html:not(.js) {
--bg: hsl(200, 7%, 8%);
--fg: #98a3ad;
--sidebar-bg: #292c2f;
--sidebar-fg: #a1adb8;
--sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
--sidebar-active: #3473ad;
--sidebar-spacer: #393939;
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
--icons: #43484d;
--icons-hover: #b3c0cc;
--links: #2b79a2;
--inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;
--theme-popup-bg: #141617;
--theme-popup-border: #43484d;
--theme-hover: #1f2124;
--quote-bg: hsl(234, 21%, 18%);
--quote-border: hsl(234, 21%, 23%);
--warning-border: #ff8e00;
--table-border-color: hsl(200, 7%, 13%);
--table-header-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 28%);
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 11%);
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
--searchbar-bg: #b7b7b7;
--searchbar-fg: #000;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
--searchresults-border-color: #98a3ad;
--searchresults-li-bg: #2b2b2f;
--search-mark-bg: #355c7d;
--color-scheme: dark;
/* Same as `--icons` */
--copy-button-filter: invert(26%) sepia(8%) saturate(575%) hue-rotate(169deg) brightness(87%) contrast(82%);
/* Same as `--sidebar-active` */
--copy-button-filter-hover: invert(36%) sepia(70%) saturate(503%) hue-rotate(167deg) brightness(98%) contrast(89%);
}
}
+237
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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en" class="light sidebar-visible" dir="ltr">
<head>
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>The Damn Simple Architecture - damn_simple_architecture</title>
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.svg">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.png">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/variables.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/general.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/chrome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/print.css" media="print">
<!-- Fonts -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="fonts/fonts.css">
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" id="highlight-css" href="highlight.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tomorrow-night-css" href="tomorrow-night.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ayu-highlight-css" href="ayu-highlight.css">
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
<!-- Provide site root and default themes to javascript -->
<script>
const path_to_root = "";
const default_light_theme = "light";
const default_dark_theme = "navy";
</script>
<!-- Start loading toc.js asap -->
<script src="toc.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="mdbook-help-container">
<div id="mdbook-help-popup">
<h2 class="mdbook-help-title">Keyboard shortcuts</h2>
<div>
<p>Press <kbd></kbd> or <kbd></kbd> to navigate between chapters</p>
<p>Press <kbd>S</kbd> or <kbd>/</kbd> to search in the book</p>
<p>Press <kbd>?</kbd> to show this help</p>
<p>Press <kbd>Esc</kbd> to hide this help</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="body-container">
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
<script>
try {
let theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
let sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
}
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
}
} catch (e) { }
</script>
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
<script>
const default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? default_dark_theme : default_light_theme;
let theme;
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
const html = document.documentElement;
html.classList.remove('light')
html.classList.add(theme);
html.classList.add("js");
</script>
<input type="checkbox" id="sidebar-toggle-anchor" class="hidden">
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
<script>
let sidebar = null;
const sidebar_toggle = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle-anchor");
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
} else {
sidebar = 'hidden';
}
sidebar_toggle.checked = sidebar === 'visible';
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
</script>
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
<!-- populated by js -->
<mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox class="sidebar-scrollbox"></mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox>
<noscript>
<iframe class="sidebar-iframe-outer" src="toc.html"></iframe>
</noscript>
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle">
<div class="sidebar-resize-indicator"></div>
</div>
</nav>
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
<div class="page">
<div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky">
<div class="left-buttons">
<label id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" for="sidebar-toggle-anchor" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</label>
<button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
<i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i>
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<h1 id="instruction-set"><a class="header" href="#instruction-set">Instruction Set</a></h1>
<h1 id="instruction-set-1"><a class="header" href="#instruction-set-1">Instruction Set</a></h1>
<h2 id="overview"><a class="header" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Below is an overview of the instruction set and the various operands. This table is non-exhaustive and may be updated as the design changes. <em>Please note that the table spans multiple pages.</em></p>
<p>Also note that immediate (constant/literal) arguments are 16-bits long in I (immediate argument) typed instructions. For more information on this, refer to instruction encoding.</p>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>R</td><td>Used when an instruction takes one or more register arguments, but no immediates. This type is also used by shift and rotation operations, as it contains a 5 bit shift amount field.</td></tr>
<tr><td>I</td><td>Used when an instruction takes at most two register arguments as well as a halfword immediate argument. This is typically used by immediate arithmetic operations e.g. addi, as well as loads and stores (where a base register and immediate offset are passed). Also used by branching instructions. The operand is a signed offset from the current value of PCX.</td></tr>
<tr><td>J</td><td>Used by jumps excluding jr, which uses a register as its argument. Jumps are absolute addresses, but there is a 256MB region around PCX since the argument is 26 bits. Since arguments are always word aligned, we bitshift left twice and set the upper 4 bits to match that of the value in PCX. This then forms a valid word-sized address.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>
J-type instructions are currently unused.</p>
<h3 id="r-type-instruction-encoding"><a class="header" href="#r-type-instruction-encoding">R-type Instruction Encoding</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Bits 31-26</th><th>Bits 25-21</th><th>Bits 20-16</th><th>Bits 15-11</th><th>Bits 10-6</th><th>Bits 5-0</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Opcode</td><td>Source Reg 1</td><td>Source Reg 2</td><td>Destination Reg</td><td>Shift Amount</td><td>Unused</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p>The shift amount must be 0 when the opcode does not match a shift instruction or else the CPU will assert an Illegal Instruction exception.</p>
<p>If any register field is not used, it should be set to the special value NOREG, defined in the Registers section of this document. Failure to do so may result in an Illegal Instruction exception as this is undefined for an instruction that does not expect this argument to be provided.</p>
<h3 id="i-type-instruction-encoding"><a class="header" href="#i-type-instruction-encoding">I-type Instruction Encoding</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Bits 31-26</th><th>Bits 25-21</th><th>Bits 20-16</th><th>Bits 15-0</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Opcode</td><td>Source Reg</td><td>Dest Reg</td><td>16-bit immediate</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p>I-type instructions are used when 16-bit immediate arguments are desired. This could be for
immediate arithmetic instructions (like adding 10 to the value in ACC), or loads and stores, where we may want to access the ith index of an array using an offset.</p>
<h3 id="j-type-instruction-encoding"><a class="header" href="#j-type-instruction-encoding">J-type Instruction Encoding</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Bits 31-26</th><th>Bits 25-0</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Opcode</td><td>Address</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p>J-type instructions are used for absolute jumps.</p>
<p>The 26-bit address is converted to a 32-bit address by:
The 26-bit address field is shifted left by 2 bits (due to word alignment we ignore the 2 least significant bits).
Combined with the upper 4 bits of the PC to form a 32-bit address (bitwise OR).</p>
<p>The jump range: 256MB region around current PC. For longer jumps than this, see jr (Jump to word address in register).</p>
<p>To compute this address, the linker should find the address of the label, cut off the top 4 bits, then rightward shift twice. The CPU will then convert this to the actual 32-bit address following the steps outlined above.</p>
<h2 id="instructions"><a class="header" href="#instructions">Instructions</a></h2>
<h3 id="hardware-instructions"><a class="header" href="#hardware-instructions">Hardware Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Hex</th><th>Type</th><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>0x00</td><td>R</td><td>NOP</td><td>n/a</td><td>No operation - a blank line.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x01</td><td>R</td><td>MOV</td><td>SrcReg, DestReg</td><td>Copies from SrcReg to DestReg.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x02</td><td>R</td><td>MOVS</td><td>SrcReg, DestReg</td><td>Copies from SrcReg to DestReg, sign extending the value to take up a full word.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x03</td><td>I</td><td>LDB</td><td>BaseReg, Offset, DestReg</td><td>Loads a byte from memory address (base + offset) into DestReg. The effective address must be byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x04</td><td>I</td><td>LDBS</td><td>BaseReg, Offset, DestReg</td><td>Loads a sign-extended byte from memory address (base + offset) into DestReg. The effective address must be byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x05</td><td>I</td><td>LDH</td><td>BaseReg, Offset, DestReg</td><td>Loads a half-word from memory address (base + offset) into DestReg. The effective address must be 2-byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x06</td><td>I</td><td>LDHS</td><td>BaseReg, Offset, DestReg</td><td>Loads a sign-extended half-word from memory address (base + offset) into DestReg. The effective address must be 2-byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x07</td><td>I</td><td>LDW</td><td>BaseReg, Offset, DestReg</td><td>Loads a word from memory address (base + offset) into DestReg. The effective address must be 4-byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x08</td><td>I</td><td>STB</td><td>SrcReg, BaseReg, Offset</td><td>Stores a byte from SrcReg in memory address (base + offset). The effective address must be byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x09</td><td>I</td><td>STH</td><td>SrcReg, BaseReg, Offset</td><td>Stores a half-word from SrcReg in memory address (base + offset). The effective address must be 2-byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0A</td><td>I</td><td>STW</td><td>SrcReg, BaseReg, Offset</td><td>Stores a word from SrcReg in memory address (base + offset). The effective address must be 4-byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0B</td><td>I</td><td>LLI</td><td>DstReg, Value</td><td>Loads a 16-bit literal value into reg, setting the bottom 16 bits of the word. To populate the upper 16 bits, see LUI.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0C</td><td>I</td><td>LUI</td><td>DstReg, Value</td><td>Loads a 16-bit literal value into reg, setting the top 16 bits of the word. To populate the lower 16 bits, see LLI.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0D</td><td>I</td><td>JMP</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Unconditionally jumps to the calculated address or direct address.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0E</td><td>I</td><td>JEQ</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if equal flag set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0F</td><td>I</td><td>JNE</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if the equal flag is not set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x10</td><td>I</td><td>JGT</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if greater than flag set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x11</td><td>I</td><td>JGE</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if greater than flag or equal flag set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x12</td><td>I</td><td>JLT</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if less than flag set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x13</td><td>I</td><td>JLE</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if less than flag or equal flag set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x14</td><td>R</td><td>CMP</td><td>Reg1, Reg2</td><td>Compares the value of Reg1 to the value in Reg2. The results of the comparisons are set in the Status register.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x15</td><td>R</td><td>INC</td><td>Reg</td><td>Increments the value in the given register.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x16</td><td>R</td><td>DEC</td><td>Reg</td><td>Decrements the value in the given register.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x17</td><td>R</td><td>SHL</td><td>Reg, Literal | ValReg</td><td>Left shifts the value in Reg by the given amount (either a register, or a literal value).</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x18</td><td>R</td><td>SHR</td><td>Reg, Literal | ValReg</td><td>Right shifts the value in Reg by the given amount (either a register, or a literal value).</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x19</td><td>R</td><td>ADD</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Adds the value of Src2 to Src1 and writes the result to Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1A</td><td>R</td><td>SUB</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Subtracts the value of Src2 from Src1 and writes the result to Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1B</td><td>R</td><td>AND</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise AND on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1C</td><td>R</td><td>OR</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise OR on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1D</td><td>R</td><td>NOT</td><td>Src, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise NOT on Src storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1E</td><td>R</td><td>XOR</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise XOR on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1F</td><td>R</td><td>NAND</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise NAND on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x20</td><td>R</td><td>NOR</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise NOR on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x21</td><td>R</td><td>XNOR</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise XNOR on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x22</td><td>I</td><td>INT</td><td>Literal</td><td>Initiates an interrupt with the given 8 bit interrupt code. Triggering an interrupt invokes the following behaviour: The return address is saved to the RET register. The stack base ptr is set to the kernel stack.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x23</td><td>R</td><td>IRT</td><td>n/a</td><td>Returns from an interrupt.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x24</td><td>R</td><td>HLT</td><td>n/a</td><td>Halts the processor.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x25</td><td>I</td><td>IADD</td><td>Src1, Literal, Dest</td><td>An immediate version of addition taking a 16-bit immediate value.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x26</td><td>I</td><td>ISUB</td><td>Src1, Literal, Dest</td><td>An immediate version of subtraction taking a 16-bit immediate value.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<h1 id="calling-convention"><a class="header" href="#calling-convention">Calling Convention</a></h1>
<h2 id="calling-convention-1"><a class="header" href="#calling-convention-1">Calling Convention</a></h2>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Step</th><th>Responsibility</th><th>Action</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>0</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Save Current State</td><td>Ensure that any registers with important data in are pushed to the stack so that they can be restored later.</td></tr>
<tr><td>1</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Push arguments</td><td>Push exactly n arguments to the stack </br>(in order, last argument pushed first)</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Call function</td><td>Execute <code>call namespace::function</code></br>this automatically pushes the return address (pcx) and jumps to the function</td></tr>
<tr><td>3</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Set up stack frame</td><td>Execute <code>push bpr; mov spr, bpr</code> to establish new stack frame</td></tr>
<tr><td>4</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Access arguments</td><td>Read arguments starting at <code>spr+8</code> </br>(first 3 args at offsets 8, 12, 16)</td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Execute function</td><td>Perform the function's operations using the arguments</td></tr>
<tr><td>6</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Store return value</td><td>Write return value (if any) to <code>spr+8</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>7</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Restore stack frame</td><td>Execute <code>mov bpr, spr; pop bpr</code> to restore previous stack frame</td></tr>
<tr><td>8</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Return</td><td>Execute <code>return</code> pseudo-instruction to return to caller</td></tr>
<tr><td>9</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Clean up stack</td><td>Pop exactly n arguments from the stack to clean up</td></tr>
<tr><td>10</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Handle unused values</td><td>Use <code>pop zero</code> to discard any unused stack values if needed</td></tr>
<tr><td>11</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Restore State</td><td>Pop any registers that were pushed in step 0 </br>(or <code>pop zero</code> if no longer needed)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The namespace in step 2 is the name assigned in the <code>include</code> statement</li>
<li>The <code>call</code> pseudo-instruction automatically handles return address management so long as the callee does not mess with the stack</li>
<li>Arguments are accessed by the callee using offsets from the base pointer (bpr)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="function-control"><a class="header" href="#function-control">Function Control</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>CALL</strong></td><td><code>namespace::function</code></td><td>Call a function with automatic return address management</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>RETURN</strong></td><td>-</td><td>Return from a function to the caller</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<p><code>call-local.dsa</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">// ensure the stack is set up first!
caller:
push rg0
push rg1
call callee // make call to a local function
pop rg0 // put result in rg0
pop zero // void second return val
callee:
// setup new stack frame
push bpr
mov spr, bpr
// function body
// restore the stack frame
mov bpr, spr
pop bpr
return ; Return from the current function
</code></pre>
<p><code>call-external.dsa</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">include external "./external.dsa"
// ensure the stack is set up first!
db string: "Hello, world!"
caller:
// push args
lwi string, rg0
push rg0
call external::callee // do something with the string
pop zero
</code></pre>
<p><code>external.dsa</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">callee:
// set up the stack
push bpr
mov spr, bpr
// function body
// restore the stack frame
mov bpr, spr
pop bpr
return ; Return from the current function
</code></pre>
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<h1 id="examples"><a class="header" href="#examples">Examples</a></h1>
<h2 id="library-examples"><a class="header" href="#library-examples">Library Examples</a></h2>
<h3 id="multiplication-library-multiplydsa"><a class="header" href="#multiplication-library-multiplydsa">Multiplication Library (multiply.dsa)</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">// multiply.dsa
// usage:
//
// include multiply "&lt;relative path&gt;"
//
// usage for multiply:
// push (arg1)
// push (arg0)
// call multiply::multiply
// pop (arg0)
// pop (arg1)
multiply:
push bpr
mov spr, bpr
ldw bpr, rg0, 8 // load op 1
ldw bpr, rg1, 12 // load op 2
lli 0, acc // initialize accumulator
start:
add acc, rg0, acc
dec rg1
cmp rg1, zero
jgt start
end:
stw acc, bpr, 8 // store result for caller
mov bpr, spr
pop bpr
return
</code></pre>
<h3 id="print-library-printdsa"><a class="header" href="#print-library-printdsa">Print Library (print.dsa)</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">// print.dsa
// usage:
//
// include print "&lt;relative path&gt;"
//
// usage for print:
// push (register containing address of string)
// call print::print
// pop zero
//
// usage for reset:
// call print::reset
dw display: 0x20000
dw current: 0x20000
// prints the given text to the screen.
print:
push bpr
mov spr, bpr
ldw bpr, rg0, 8 // get string address argument
ldw current, rg1 // get current display position
print_loop:
ldb rg0, acc
stb acc, rg1
iadd rg0, 1
iadd rg1, 1
cmp acc, zero
jne print_loop
jmp end
// return
end:
stw rg1, current
mov bpr, spr
pop bpr
return
// resets the cursor position on the screen
reset:
push bpr
mov spr, bpr
ldw display, rg1
stw rg1, current
mov bpr, spr
pop bpr
return
</code></pre>
<h3 id="example-program-maindsa"><a class="header" href="#example-program-maindsa">Example Program (main.dsa)</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">include print "./print.dsa"
dw stack: 0x10000
db string: "'To confuse your enemy, you must first confuse yourself' - Probably Sun Tzu."
init:
// set up a stack.
ldw stack, bpr
mov bpr, spr
start:
lwi string, rg1
// push string address argument
push rg1
// call print function
call print::print
// clean up stack
pop rg1
hlt
</code></pre>
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<h1 id="imports"><a class="header" href="#imports">Imports</a></h1>
<h2 id="module-system"><a class="header" href="#module-system">Module System</a></h2>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Syntax</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>INCLUDE</strong></td><td><code>alias[:] "path"</code></td><td>Include module symbols</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h2 id="import-precedence"><a class="header" href="#import-precedence">Import Precedence</a></h2>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The order of imports may affect the order in which dependencies are placed into the output binary.</li>
<li>Circular dependencies are allowed and fully supported.</li>
<li>The module name is caller-defined and can be used to create aliases for libraries within the scope of the calling file. This makes namespacing easy.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">include print "./lib/print.dsa"
include maths "./lib/maths.dsa"
</code></pre>
<h2 id="external-symbol-access-convention"><a class="header" href="#external-symbol-access-convention">External Symbol Access Convention</a></h2>
<p>External symbols are accessed using the <code>::</code> operator.</p>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">include print "./lib/print.dsa"
init:
// ensure we have a stack setup so we can call functions properly
db string: "Hello world!"
start:
// load the address of the string into rg1.
lwi string, rg1
// push the string address argument
push rg1
// call the print function
call print::print
// clean up the stack
pop zero
hlt
</code></pre>
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<h1 id="instructions"><a class="header" href="#instructions">Instructions</a></h1>
<p>This section is a complete overview of the assembly language and instructions. It includes both the hardware instructions that translate directly to machine code as well as pseudo instructions and directives that are translated to hardware instructions or directives by the assembler.</p>
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<h1 id="data-directives"><a class="header" href="#data-directives">Data Directives</a></h1>
<h3 id="data-definition"><a class="header" href="#data-definition">Data Definition</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Syntax</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>DB</strong></td><td><code>name: value1 [, value2, ...]</code></td><td>Define bytes</br><em>(byte aligned)</em></td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>DH</strong></td><td><code>name: value1 [, value2, ...]</code></td><td>Define half-words</br><em>(2 byte aligned)</em></td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>DW</strong></td><td><code>name: value1 [, value2, ...]</code></td><td>Define words</br><em>(4 byte aligned)</em></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">db message: "Hello World", 0, 0x20, 231
dh numbers: 1000, 2000, 3000
dw stack: 0x10000
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>All string literals are automatically <em>null-terminated</em></li>
<li></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="memory-reservation"><a class="header" href="#memory-reservation">Memory Reservation</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Syntax</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>RESB</strong></td><td><code>name: size</code></td><td>Reserve bytes</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>RESH</strong></td><td><code>name: size</code></td><td>Reserve half-words</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>RESW</strong></td><td><code>name: size</code></td><td>Reserve words</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">resb buffer: 256 ; Reserve 256 bytes
resh array: 100 ; Reserve space for 100 half-words
resw heap: 1024 ; Reserve space for 1024 words
</code></pre>
<h3 id="imports"><a class="header" href="#imports">Imports</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Syntax</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>INCLUDE</strong></td><td><code>module_name "path"</code></td><td>Include module symbols</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="../imports.html">More details on the module System</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
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<h1 id="hardware-instructions"><a class="header" href="#hardware-instructions">Hardware Instructions</a></h1>
<h3 id="data-movement-instructions"><a class="header" href="#data-movement-instructions">Data Movement Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>MOV</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Copy value from source to destination register</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>MOVS</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Copy with sign extension</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">mov rg0, rg1 ; Copy rg0 to rg1
movs rg0, rg1 ; Copy rg0 to rg1 with sign extension
</code></pre>
<h3 id="memory-access-instructions"><a class="header" href="#memory-access-instructions">Memory Access Instructions</a></h3>
<h4 id="load-instructions"><a class="header" href="#load-instructions">Load Instructions</a></h4>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>LDB</strong></td><td><code>base_reg, dest_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>label, dest_reg [, offset]</code></td><td>Load byte from memory</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>LDBS</strong></td><td><code>base_reg, dest_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>label, dest_reg [, offset]</code></td><td>Load byte with sign extension</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>LDH</strong></td><td><code>base_reg, dest_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>label, dest_reg [, offset]</code></td><td>Load half-word (16-bit)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>LDHS</strong></td><td><code>base_reg, dest_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>label, dest_reg [, offset]</code></td><td>Load half-word with sign extension</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>LDW</strong></td><td><code>base_reg, dest_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>label, dest_reg [, offset]</code></td><td>Load word (32-bit)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">; Direct register addressing
ldb rg0, rg1 ; Load byte from address in rg0
ldw rg0, rg1, 8 ; Load word from (rg0 + 8)
; Label addressing
ldb buffer, rg2 ; Load byte from label 'buffer'
ldw stack, bpr ; Load stack address into base pointer
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Label Expansions:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">; ldb buffer, rg2 expands to:
lli buffer, rg2 ; Load lower 16 bits of buffer address
lui buffer, rg2 ; Load upper 16 bits of buffer address
ldb rg2, rg2 ; Load byte from address in rg2
; ldw stack, bpr expands to:
lli stack, bpr ; Load lower 16 bits of stack address
lui stack, bpr ; Load upper 16 bits of stack address
ldw bpr, bpr ; Load word from address in bpr
</code></pre>
<h4 id="store-instructions"><a class="header" href="#store-instructions">Store Instructions</a></h4>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>STB</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, base_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>src_reg, label [, offset]</code></td><td>Store byte to memory</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>STH</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, base_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>src_reg, label [, offset]</code></td><td>Store half-word to memory</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>STW</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, base_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>src_reg, label [, offset]</code></td><td>Store word to memory</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">; Direct register addressing
stb rg0, rg1 ; Store byte from rg0 to address in rg1
stw rg0, rg1, 12 ; Store word to (rg1 + 12)
; Label addressing
stb acc, buffer ; Store byte from accumulator to 'buffer'
stw rg1, current ; Store word to 'current' variable
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Label Expansions:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">; stb acc, buffer expands to:
lli buffer, rgf ; Load lower 16 bits of buffer address
lui buffer, rgf ; Load upper 16 bits of buffer address
stb acc, rgf ; Store byte from acc to address in rgf
; stw rg1, current expands to:
lli current, rgf ; Load lower 16 bits of current address
lui current, rgf ; Load upper 16 bits of current address
stw rg1, rgf ; Store word from rg1 to address in rgf
</code></pre>
<h3 id="immediate-load-instructions"><a class="header" href="#immediate-load-instructions">Immediate Load Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>LLI</strong></td><td><code>imm, dest_reg</code></td><td>Load 16-bit immediate into lower 16 bits<br/><strong>Clears upper 16 bits!</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>LUI</strong></td><td><code>imm, dest_reg</code></td><td>Load 16-bit immediate into upper 16 bits</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Usage</strong></p>
<p>ensure that you always run <strong>Lli</strong> before <strong>Lui</strong> as <strong>Lli</strong> clears the upper 16 bits.</p>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">lli 0x1234, rg0 ; Load 0x1234 into lower 16 bits of rg0
lui 0xABCD, rg0 ; Load 0xABCD into upper 16 bits of rg0
</code></pre>
<h3 id="jump-instructions"><a class="header" href="#jump-instructions">Jump Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>JMP</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code><br><code>imm, offset_reg</code></td><td>Unconditional jump</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JEQ</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if equal flag set</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JNE</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if not equal flag set</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JGT</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if greater than flag set</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JGE</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if greater or equal flags set</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JLT</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if less than flag set</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JLE</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if less or equal flags set</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">jmp start ; Jump to label 'start'
jmp 4, ret ; Jump to address (4 + ret register)
jeq end ; Jump to 'end' if equal flag set
jgt loop ; Jump to 'loop' if greater than flag set
</code></pre>
<h3 id="arithmetic-instructions"><a class="header" href="#arithmetic-instructions">Arithmetic Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>ADD</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Addition</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>SUB</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Subtraction</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>IADD</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, imm [, dest_reg]</code></td><td>Immediate addition</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>ISUB</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, imm [, dest_reg]</code></td><td>Immediate subtraction</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>INC</strong></td><td><code>reg</code></td><td>Increment register by 1</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>DEC</strong></td><td><code>reg</code></td><td>Decrement register by 1</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">add rg0, rg1, rg2 ; rg2 = rg0 + rg1
sub rg0, rg1, rg2 ; rg2 = rg0 - rg1
iadd rg0, 10 ; rg0 = rg0 + 10
// or using alternate syntax
addi rg0, 1 ; rg0 = rg0 + 1
inc rg0 ; rg0 = rg0 + 1
</code></pre>
<h3 id="bitwise-operations"><a class="header" href="#bitwise-operations">Bitwise Operations</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>AND</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise AND</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>OR</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise OR</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>XOR</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise XOR</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>NOT</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise NOT</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>NAND</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise NAND</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>NOR</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise NOR</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>XNOR</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise XNOR</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">and rg0, rg1, rg2 ; rg2 = rg0 &amp; rg1
not rg0, rg1 ; rg1 = ~rg0
</code></pre>
<h3 id="shift-operations"><a class="header" href="#shift-operations">Shift Operations</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>SHL</strong></td><td><code>reg, shift_amount</code></td><td>Shift left</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>SHR</strong></td><td><code>reg, shift_amount</code></td><td>Shift right</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">shl rg0, 2 ; Shift rg0 left by 2 bits
shr rg0, 3 ; Shift rg0 right by 3 bits
</code></pre>
<h3 id="comparison-and-control"><a class="header" href="#comparison-and-control">Comparison and Control</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>CMP</strong></td><td><code>reg1, reg2</code></td><td>Compare registers and set flags</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">cmp rg0, zero ; Compare rg0 with zero register
cmp rg1, rg2 ; Compare rg1 with rg2
</code></pre>
<h3 id="system-instructions"><a class="header" href="#system-instructions">System Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>HLT</strong></td><td>-</td><td>Halt processor execution</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>NOP</strong></td><td>-</td><td>No operation</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>INT</strong></td><td><code>interrupt_code</code></td><td>Trigger interrupt</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>IRT</strong></td><td>-</td><td>Return from interrupt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">hlt ; Stop processor execution
int 0x21 ; Trigger interrupt 0x21
</code></pre>
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<h1 id="pseudo-instructions"><a class="header" href="#pseudo-instructions">Pseudo Instructions</a></h1>
<h3 id="stack-operations"><a class="header" href="#stack-operations">Stack Operations</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>PUSH</strong></td><td><code>reg</code></td><td>Push register value onto stack</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>POP</strong></td><td><code>reg</code></td><td>Pop stack value into register</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">push rg0 ; Push rg0 value onto stack
pop ret ; Pop return address
</code></pre>
<h3 id="memory-access-shortcuts"><a class="header" href="#memory-access-shortcuts">Memory Access Shortcuts</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>LWI</strong></td><td><code>name, reg</code></td><td>Load address into register</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">lwi string, rg1 ; Load address of 'string' into rg1
</code></pre>
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<tr><td><code>rg0-rgf</code></td><td>General Purpose</td><td>General-purpose registers.</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>acc</code></td><td>Special</td><td>Accumulator for calculations and temporary storage - don't use this for variables as pseudo instructions may overwrite this implicitly!</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>spr</code></td><td>Special</td><td>Stack pointer</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>bpr</code></td><td>Special</td><td>Base pointer for stack frames</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>ret</code></td><td>Special</td><td>Return address register</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>idr</code></td><td>Privileged</td><td>Interrupt descriptor table address<br/><strong>on-read/write: protection fault (unless in kernel mode)</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>mmr</code></td><td>Privileged</td><td>Hardware memory map table address<br/><strong>on-read/write: protection fault (unless in kernel mode)</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>zero</code></td><td>Read-only</td><td>Always contains zero<br/><strong>on-read: always returns zero</strong><br/><strong>on-write: value is voided</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>pcx</code></td><td>Read-only</td><td>Program counter<br/><strong>on-write: protection fault</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>noreg</code></td><td>Placeholder</td><td>Indicates absence of register argument<br/><strong>on-read/write: illegal instruction fault</strong></td></tr>
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<h3 id="assembler"><a class="header" href="#assembler">Assembler</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>The assembler is the program that translates assembly code into machine code.</li>
<li>It is the only tool required to build DSA assembly language programs.</li>
<li>The assembler also works as a library that can be called from applications such as the emulator</li>
</ul>
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<h1 id="assembler"><a class="header" href="#assembler">Assembler</a></h1>
<h2 id="building-the-assembler"><a class="header" href="#building-the-assembler">Building the Assembler</a></h2>
<h3 id="clone-the-repository"><a class="header" href="#clone-the-repository">Clone the repository</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">git clone https://git.zxq5.dev/LowLevelDevs/damn_simple_architecture.git
cd damn_simple_architecture
</code></pre>
<h3 id="build-the-assembler"><a class="header" href="#build-the-assembler">Build the assembler</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">cd assembler
cargo build --release
</code></pre>
<h2 id="usage"><a class="header" href="#usage">Usage</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-bash">&lt;binary&gt; -i &lt;input_file.dsa&gt; -o &lt;output_file.dsb&gt;
</code></pre>
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<h1 id="dsc---damn-simple-code"><a class="header" href="#dsc---damn-simple-code">DSC - Damn Simple Code</a></h1>
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<h2 id="syntax"><a class="header" href="#syntax">Syntax</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>we aim to make the syntax simple and easy to understand, this has the following benefits
<ul>
<li>easy to write</li>
<li>easy to parse</li>
<li>little variation in syntax means we have to handle less cases in semantic analysis, meaning we will be able to create a working compiler quicker.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="types"><a class="header" href="#types">Types</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>we should support the following types
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<li>unsigned integer types (U8, U16, U32)</li>
<li>signed integer types (I8, I16, I32)</li>
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Copyright 2010, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated (http://www.adobe.com/), with Reserved Font Name 'Source'. All Rights Reserved. Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.
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SIL OPEN FONT LICENSE Version 1.1 - 26 February 2007
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<h1 id="brainf"><a class="header" href="#brainf">Brainf*</a></h1>
<h2 id="language-overview"><a class="header" href="#language-overview">Language overview</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Brainf* instructions are as follows:</li>
</ul>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Instruction</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>+</code></td><td>Increment the current memory cell</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>-</code></td><td>Decrement the current memory cell</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>&lt;</code></td><td>Move the data pointer to the left</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>&gt;</code></td><td>Move the data pointer to the right</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>.</code></td><td>Output the value of the current memory cell as a character</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>,</code></td><td>Input a character and store its value in the current memory cell</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>[</code></td><td>Jump to the instruction after the matching <code>]</code> if the value in the current memory cell is zero</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>]</code></td><td>Jump to the instruction after the matching <code>[</code> if the value in the current memory cell is non-zero</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h2 id="implementations"><a class="header" href="#implementations">Implementations</a></h2>
<p>we currently have two implementations of the brainf* esoteric programming language:</p>
<h3 id="compiler"><a class="header" href="#compiler">Compiler</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>this is the most efficient way to run brainf* programs on the DSA architecture, but of course, still terribly inefficient due to the nature of the language.</li>
<li>compiling allows us to calculate the jump addresses at compile time, therefore making each brainf* instruction take at maximum three DSA instructions to execute</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="interpreter"><a class="header" href="#interpreter">Interpreter</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>this method is much slower, with even jumping to the start of a loop having an O(n) time complexity, which depending on the complexity of the program can up to double the running time.</li>
<li>additionally, interpreting the language means much more logic is required at runtime relative to compiling.</li>
<li>from our testing on a few example programs such as a fibonacci sequence generator, the interpreter is several orders of magnitude slower, with the fibonacci generator beingabout 10 times slower than it's compiled equivalent, at around 3.8 million instructions to generate and pretty-print the first 16 fibonacci numbers, compared to around 350,000 for the compiled version, which we estimate is about as efficient as brainf* can be on our architecture without writing an optimiser.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="usage"><a class="header" href="#usage">Usage</a></h2>
<h3 id="compiling"><a class="header" href="#compiling">Compiling</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>currently <a href="../dsa/tooling/assembler.html">The DSA Assembler</a> supports compiling brainf* programs, with the following command:</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-bash">&lt;assembler binary name&gt; -brainf
</code></pre>
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<h1 id="introduction"><a class="header" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="the-damn-simple-architecture"><a class="header" href="#the-damn-simple-architecture">The Damn Simple Architecture</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="instruction-set"><a class="header" href="#instruction-set">Instruction Set</a></h1>
<h1 id="instruction-set-1"><a class="header" href="#instruction-set-1">Instruction Set</a></h1>
<h2 id="overview"><a class="header" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Below is an overview of the instruction set and the various operands. This table is non-exhaustive and may be updated as the design changes. <em>Please note that the table spans multiple pages.</em></p>
<p>Also note that immediate (constant/literal) arguments are 16-bits long in I (immediate argument) typed instructions. For more information on this, refer to instruction encoding.</p>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>R</td><td>Used when an instruction takes one or more register arguments, but no immediates. This type is also used by shift and rotation operations, as it contains a 5 bit shift amount field.</td></tr>
<tr><td>I</td><td>Used when an instruction takes at most two register arguments as well as a halfword immediate argument. This is typically used by immediate arithmetic operations e.g. addi, as well as loads and stores (where a base register and immediate offset are passed). Also used by branching instructions. The operand is a signed offset from the current value of PCX.</td></tr>
<tr><td>J</td><td>Used by jumps excluding jr, which uses a register as its argument. Jumps are absolute addresses, but there is a 256MB region around PCX since the argument is 26 bits. Since arguments are always word aligned, we bitshift left twice and set the upper 4 bits to match that of the value in PCX. This then forms a valid word-sized address.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>
J-type instructions are currently unused.</p>
<h3 id="r-type-instruction-encoding"><a class="header" href="#r-type-instruction-encoding">R-type Instruction Encoding</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Bits 31-26</th><th>Bits 25-21</th><th>Bits 20-16</th><th>Bits 15-11</th><th>Bits 10-6</th><th>Bits 5-0</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Opcode</td><td>Source Reg 1</td><td>Source Reg 2</td><td>Destination Reg</td><td>Shift Amount</td><td>Unused</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p>The shift amount must be 0 when the opcode does not match a shift instruction or else the CPU will assert an Illegal Instruction exception.</p>
<p>If any register field is not used, it should be set to the special value NOREG, defined in the Registers section of this document. Failure to do so may result in an Illegal Instruction exception as this is undefined for an instruction that does not expect this argument to be provided.</p>
<h3 id="i-type-instruction-encoding"><a class="header" href="#i-type-instruction-encoding">I-type Instruction Encoding</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Bits 31-26</th><th>Bits 25-21</th><th>Bits 20-16</th><th>Bits 15-0</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Opcode</td><td>Source Reg</td><td>Dest Reg</td><td>16-bit immediate</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p>I-type instructions are used when 16-bit immediate arguments are desired. This could be for
immediate arithmetic instructions (like adding 10 to the value in ACC), or loads and stores, where we may want to access the ith index of an array using an offset.</p>
<h3 id="j-type-instruction-encoding"><a class="header" href="#j-type-instruction-encoding">J-type Instruction Encoding</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Bits 31-26</th><th>Bits 25-0</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Opcode</td><td>Address</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p>J-type instructions are used for absolute jumps.</p>
<p>The 26-bit address is converted to a 32-bit address by:
The 26-bit address field is shifted left by 2 bits (due to word alignment we ignore the 2 least significant bits).
Combined with the upper 4 bits of the PC to form a 32-bit address (bitwise OR).</p>
<p>The jump range: 256MB region around current PC. For longer jumps than this, see jr (Jump to word address in register).</p>
<p>To compute this address, the linker should find the address of the label, cut off the top 4 bits, then rightward shift twice. The CPU will then convert this to the actual 32-bit address following the steps outlined above.</p>
<h2 id="instructions"><a class="header" href="#instructions">Instructions</a></h2>
<h3 id="hardware-instructions"><a class="header" href="#hardware-instructions">Hardware Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Hex</th><th>Type</th><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>0x00</td><td>R</td><td>NOP</td><td>n/a</td><td>No operation - a blank line.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x01</td><td>R</td><td>MOV</td><td>SrcReg, DestReg</td><td>Copies from SrcReg to DestReg.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x02</td><td>R</td><td>MOVS</td><td>SrcReg, DestReg</td><td>Copies from SrcReg to DestReg, sign extending the value to take up a full word.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x03</td><td>I</td><td>LDB</td><td>BaseReg, Offset, DestReg</td><td>Loads a byte from memory address (base + offset) into DestReg. The effective address must be byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x04</td><td>I</td><td>LDBS</td><td>BaseReg, Offset, DestReg</td><td>Loads a sign-extended byte from memory address (base + offset) into DestReg. The effective address must be byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x05</td><td>I</td><td>LDH</td><td>BaseReg, Offset, DestReg</td><td>Loads a half-word from memory address (base + offset) into DestReg. The effective address must be 2-byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x06</td><td>I</td><td>LDHS</td><td>BaseReg, Offset, DestReg</td><td>Loads a sign-extended half-word from memory address (base + offset) into DestReg. The effective address must be 2-byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x07</td><td>I</td><td>LDW</td><td>BaseReg, Offset, DestReg</td><td>Loads a word from memory address (base + offset) into DestReg. The effective address must be 4-byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x08</td><td>I</td><td>STB</td><td>SrcReg, BaseReg, Offset</td><td>Stores a byte from SrcReg in memory address (base + offset). The effective address must be byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x09</td><td>I</td><td>STH</td><td>SrcReg, BaseReg, Offset</td><td>Stores a half-word from SrcReg in memory address (base + offset). The effective address must be 2-byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0A</td><td>I</td><td>STW</td><td>SrcReg, BaseReg, Offset</td><td>Stores a word from SrcReg in memory address (base + offset). The effective address must be 4-byte-aligned.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0B</td><td>I</td><td>LLI</td><td>DstReg, Value</td><td>Loads a 16-bit literal value into reg, setting the bottom 16 bits of the word. To populate the upper 16 bits, see LUI.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0C</td><td>I</td><td>LUI</td><td>DstReg, Value</td><td>Loads a 16-bit literal value into reg, setting the top 16 bits of the word. To populate the lower 16 bits, see LLI.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0D</td><td>I</td><td>JMP</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Unconditionally jumps to the calculated address or direct address.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0E</td><td>I</td><td>JEQ</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if equal flag set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0F</td><td>I</td><td>JNE</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if the equal flag is not set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x10</td><td>I</td><td>JGT</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if greater than flag set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x11</td><td>I</td><td>JGE</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if greater than flag or equal flag set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x12</td><td>I</td><td>JLT</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if less than flag set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x13</td><td>I</td><td>JLE</td><td>DestReg, Offset | Address</td><td>Jumps to the calculated address or direct address if less than flag or equal flag set.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x14</td><td>R</td><td>CMP</td><td>Reg1, Reg2</td><td>Compares the value of Reg1 to the value in Reg2. The results of the comparisons are set in the Status register.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x15</td><td>R</td><td>INC</td><td>Reg</td><td>Increments the value in the given register.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x16</td><td>R</td><td>DEC</td><td>Reg</td><td>Decrements the value in the given register.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x17</td><td>R</td><td>SHL</td><td>Reg, Literal | ValReg</td><td>Left shifts the value in Reg by the given amount (either a register, or a literal value).</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x18</td><td>R</td><td>SHR</td><td>Reg, Literal | ValReg</td><td>Right shifts the value in Reg by the given amount (either a register, or a literal value).</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x19</td><td>R</td><td>ADD</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Adds the value of Src2 to Src1 and writes the result to Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1A</td><td>R</td><td>SUB</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Subtracts the value of Src2 from Src1 and writes the result to Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1B</td><td>R</td><td>AND</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise AND on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1C</td><td>R</td><td>OR</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise OR on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1D</td><td>R</td><td>NOT</td><td>Src, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise NOT on Src storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1E</td><td>R</td><td>XOR</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise XOR on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x1F</td><td>R</td><td>NAND</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise NAND on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x20</td><td>R</td><td>NOR</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise NOR on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x21</td><td>R</td><td>XNOR</td><td>Src1, Src2, Dest</td><td>Performs bitwise XNOR on Src1 and Src2 storing the result in Dest.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x22</td><td>I</td><td>INT</td><td>Literal</td><td>Initiates an interrupt with the given 8 bit interrupt code. Triggering an interrupt invokes the following behaviour: The return address is saved to the RET register. The stack base ptr is set to the kernel stack.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x23</td><td>R</td><td>IRT</td><td>n/a</td><td>Returns from an interrupt.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x24</td><td>R</td><td>HLT</td><td>n/a</td><td>Halts the processor.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x25</td><td>I</td><td>IADD</td><td>Src1, Literal, Dest</td><td>An immediate version of addition taking a 16-bit immediate value.</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x26</td><td>I</td><td>ISUB</td><td>Src1, Literal, Dest</td><td>An immediate version of subtraction taking a 16-bit immediate value.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="dsa-assembly-language-instruction-reference"><a class="header" href="#dsa-assembly-language-instruction-reference">DSA Assembly Language Instruction Reference</a></h1>
<h2 id="overview-1"><a class="header" href="#overview-1">Overview</a></h2>
<p>This document provides a comprehensive reference for the DSA (Damn Simple Architecture) assembly language, including all hardware instructions and pseudo-instructions with their syntax variations and usage examples.</p>
<h2 id="table-of-contents"><a class="header" href="#table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="instructions.html">Instructions</a></li>
<li><a href="tooling.html">Tooling</a></li>
<li><a href="imports.html">Imports</a></li>
<li><a href="cconv.html">Calling Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="examples.html">Examples</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="instructions-1"><a class="header" href="#instructions-1">Instructions</a></h1>
<p>This section is a complete overview of the assembly language and instructions. It includes both the hardware instructions that translate directly to machine code as well as pseudo instructions and directives that are translated to hardware instructions or directives by the assembler.</p>
<h3 id="instruction-types"><a class="header" href="#instruction-types">Instruction Types</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="dsa/hardware.html">Hardware Instructions</a></li>
<li><a href="dsa/pseudo.html">Pseudo Instructions</a></li>
<li><a href="dsa/directives.html">Directives</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="hardware-instructions-1"><a class="header" href="#hardware-instructions-1">Hardware Instructions</a></h1>
<h3 id="data-movement-instructions"><a class="header" href="#data-movement-instructions">Data Movement Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>MOV</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Copy value from source to destination register</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>MOVS</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Copy with sign extension</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">mov rg0, rg1 ; Copy rg0 to rg1
movs rg0, rg1 ; Copy rg0 to rg1 with sign extension
</code></pre>
<h3 id="memory-access-instructions"><a class="header" href="#memory-access-instructions">Memory Access Instructions</a></h3>
<h4 id="load-instructions"><a class="header" href="#load-instructions">Load Instructions</a></h4>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>LDB</strong></td><td><code>base_reg, dest_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>label, dest_reg [, offset]</code></td><td>Load byte from memory</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>LDBS</strong></td><td><code>base_reg, dest_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>label, dest_reg [, offset]</code></td><td>Load byte with sign extension</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>LDH</strong></td><td><code>base_reg, dest_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>label, dest_reg [, offset]</code></td><td>Load half-word (16-bit)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>LDHS</strong></td><td><code>base_reg, dest_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>label, dest_reg [, offset]</code></td><td>Load half-word with sign extension</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>LDW</strong></td><td><code>base_reg, dest_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>label, dest_reg [, offset]</code></td><td>Load word (32-bit)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">; Direct register addressing
ldb rg0, rg1 ; Load byte from address in rg0
ldw rg0, rg1, 8 ; Load word from (rg0 + 8)
; Label addressing
ldb buffer, rg2 ; Load byte from label 'buffer'
ldw stack, bpr ; Load stack address into base pointer
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Label Expansions:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">; ldb buffer, rg2 expands to:
lli buffer, rg2 ; Load lower 16 bits of buffer address
lui buffer, rg2 ; Load upper 16 bits of buffer address
ldb rg2, rg2 ; Load byte from address in rg2
; ldw stack, bpr expands to:
lli stack, bpr ; Load lower 16 bits of stack address
lui stack, bpr ; Load upper 16 bits of stack address
ldw bpr, bpr ; Load word from address in bpr
</code></pre>
<h4 id="store-instructions"><a class="header" href="#store-instructions">Store Instructions</a></h4>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>STB</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, base_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>src_reg, label [, offset]</code></td><td>Store byte to memory</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>STH</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, base_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>src_reg, label [, offset]</code></td><td>Store half-word to memory</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>STW</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, base_reg [, offset]</code><br><code>src_reg, label [, offset]</code></td><td>Store word to memory</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">; Direct register addressing
stb rg0, rg1 ; Store byte from rg0 to address in rg1
stw rg0, rg1, 12 ; Store word to (rg1 + 12)
; Label addressing
stb acc, buffer ; Store byte from accumulator to 'buffer'
stw rg1, current ; Store word to 'current' variable
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Label Expansions:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">; stb acc, buffer expands to:
lli buffer, rgf ; Load lower 16 bits of buffer address
lui buffer, rgf ; Load upper 16 bits of buffer address
stb acc, rgf ; Store byte from acc to address in rgf
; stw rg1, current expands to:
lli current, rgf ; Load lower 16 bits of current address
lui current, rgf ; Load upper 16 bits of current address
stw rg1, rgf ; Store word from rg1 to address in rgf
</code></pre>
<h3 id="immediate-load-instructions"><a class="header" href="#immediate-load-instructions">Immediate Load Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>LLI</strong></td><td><code>imm, dest_reg</code></td><td>Load 16-bit immediate into lower 16 bits<br/><strong>Clears upper 16 bits!</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>LUI</strong></td><td><code>imm, dest_reg</code></td><td>Load 16-bit immediate into upper 16 bits</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Usage</strong></p>
<p>ensure that you always run <strong>Lli</strong> before <strong>Lui</strong> as <strong>Lli</strong> clears the upper 16 bits.</p>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">lli 0x1234, rg0 ; Load 0x1234 into lower 16 bits of rg0
lui 0xABCD, rg0 ; Load 0xABCD into upper 16 bits of rg0
</code></pre>
<h3 id="jump-instructions"><a class="header" href="#jump-instructions">Jump Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>JMP</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code><br><code>imm, offset_reg</code></td><td>Unconditional jump</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JEQ</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if equal flag set</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JNE</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if not equal flag set</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JGT</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if greater than flag set</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JGE</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if greater or equal flags set</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JLT</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if less than flag set</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>JLE</strong></td><td><code>addr [, offset_reg]</code></td><td>Jump if less or equal flags set</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">jmp start ; Jump to label 'start'
jmp 4, ret ; Jump to address (4 + ret register)
jeq end ; Jump to 'end' if equal flag set
jgt loop ; Jump to 'loop' if greater than flag set
</code></pre>
<h3 id="arithmetic-instructions"><a class="header" href="#arithmetic-instructions">Arithmetic Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>ADD</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Addition</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>SUB</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Subtraction</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>IADD</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, imm [, dest_reg]</code></td><td>Immediate addition</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>ISUB</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, imm [, dest_reg]</code></td><td>Immediate subtraction</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>INC</strong></td><td><code>reg</code></td><td>Increment register by 1</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>DEC</strong></td><td><code>reg</code></td><td>Decrement register by 1</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">add rg0, rg1, rg2 ; rg2 = rg0 + rg1
sub rg0, rg1, rg2 ; rg2 = rg0 - rg1
iadd rg0, 10 ; rg0 = rg0 + 10
// or using alternate syntax
addi rg0, 1 ; rg0 = rg0 + 1
inc rg0 ; rg0 = rg0 + 1
</code></pre>
<h3 id="bitwise-operations"><a class="header" href="#bitwise-operations">Bitwise Operations</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>AND</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise AND</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>OR</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise OR</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>XOR</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise XOR</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>NOT</strong></td><td><code>src_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise NOT</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>NAND</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise NAND</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>NOR</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise NOR</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>XNOR</strong></td><td><code>src1_reg, src2_reg, dest_reg</code></td><td>Bitwise XNOR</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">and rg0, rg1, rg2 ; rg2 = rg0 &amp; rg1
not rg0, rg1 ; rg1 = ~rg0
</code></pre>
<h3 id="shift-operations"><a class="header" href="#shift-operations">Shift Operations</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>SHL</strong></td><td><code>reg, shift_amount</code></td><td>Shift left</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>SHR</strong></td><td><code>reg, shift_amount</code></td><td>Shift right</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">shl rg0, 2 ; Shift rg0 left by 2 bits
shr rg0, 3 ; Shift rg0 right by 3 bits
</code></pre>
<h3 id="comparison-and-control"><a class="header" href="#comparison-and-control">Comparison and Control</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>CMP</strong></td><td><code>reg1, reg2</code></td><td>Compare registers and set flags</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">cmp rg0, zero ; Compare rg0 with zero register
cmp rg1, rg2 ; Compare rg1 with rg2
</code></pre>
<h3 id="system-instructions"><a class="header" href="#system-instructions">System Instructions</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>HLT</strong></td><td>-</td><td>Halt processor execution</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>NOP</strong></td><td>-</td><td>No operation</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>INT</strong></td><td><code>interrupt_code</code></td><td>Trigger interrupt</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>IRT</strong></td><td>-</td><td>Return from interrupt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">hlt ; Stop processor execution
int 0x21 ; Trigger interrupt 0x21
</code></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="pseudo-instructions"><a class="header" href="#pseudo-instructions">Pseudo Instructions</a></h1>
<h3 id="stack-operations"><a class="header" href="#stack-operations">Stack Operations</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>PUSH</strong></td><td><code>reg</code></td><td>Push register value onto stack</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>POP</strong></td><td><code>reg</code></td><td>Pop stack value into register</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">push rg0 ; Push rg0 value onto stack
pop ret ; Pop return address
</code></pre>
<h3 id="memory-access-shortcuts"><a class="header" href="#memory-access-shortcuts">Memory Access Shortcuts</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>LWI</strong></td><td><code>name, reg</code></td><td>Load address into register</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">lwi string, rg1 ; Load address of 'string' into rg1
</code></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="data-directives"><a class="header" href="#data-directives">Data Directives</a></h1>
<h3 id="data-definition"><a class="header" href="#data-definition">Data Definition</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Syntax</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>DB</strong></td><td><code>name: value1 [, value2, ...]</code></td><td>Define bytes</br><em>(byte aligned)</em></td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>DH</strong></td><td><code>name: value1 [, value2, ...]</code></td><td>Define half-words</br><em>(2 byte aligned)</em></td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>DW</strong></td><td><code>name: value1 [, value2, ...]</code></td><td>Define words</br><em>(4 byte aligned)</em></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">db message: "Hello World", 0, 0x20, 231
dh numbers: 1000, 2000, 3000
dw stack: 0x10000
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>All string literals are automatically <em>null-terminated</em></li>
<li></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="memory-reservation"><a class="header" href="#memory-reservation">Memory Reservation</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Syntax</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>RESB</strong></td><td><code>name: size</code></td><td>Reserve bytes</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>RESH</strong></td><td><code>name: size</code></td><td>Reserve half-words</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>RESW</strong></td><td><code>name: size</code></td><td>Reserve words</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">resb buffer: 256 ; Reserve 256 bytes
resh array: 100 ; Reserve space for 100 half-words
resw heap: 1024 ; Reserve space for 1024 words
</code></pre>
<h3 id="imports"><a class="header" href="#imports">Imports</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Syntax</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>INCLUDE</strong></td><td><code>module_name "path"</code></td><td>Include module symbols</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="dsa/instructions/../imports.html">More details on the module System</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="usable-registers"><a class="header" href="#usable-registers">Usable Registers</a></h1>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Register</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>rg0-rgf</code></td><td>General Purpose</td><td>General-purpose registers.</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>acc</code></td><td>Special</td><td>Accumulator for calculations and temporary storage - don't use this for variables as pseudo instructions may overwrite this implicitly!</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>spr</code></td><td>Special</td><td>Stack pointer</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>bpr</code></td><td>Special</td><td>Base pointer for stack frames</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>ret</code></td><td>Special</td><td>Return address register</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>idr</code></td><td>Privileged</td><td>Interrupt descriptor table address<br/><strong>on-read/write: protection fault (unless in kernel mode)</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>mmr</code></td><td>Privileged</td><td>Hardware memory map table address<br/><strong>on-read/write: protection fault (unless in kernel mode)</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>zero</code></td><td>Read-only</td><td>Always contains zero<br/><strong>on-read: always returns zero</strong><br/><strong>on-write: value is voided</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>pcx</code></td><td>Read-only</td><td>Program counter<br/><strong>on-write: protection fault</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>noreg</code></td><td>Placeholder</td><td>Indicates absence of register argument<br/><strong>on-read/write: illegal instruction fault</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="imports-1"><a class="header" href="#imports-1">Imports</a></h1>
<h2 id="module-system"><a class="header" href="#module-system">Module System</a></h2>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Syntax</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>INCLUDE</strong></td><td><code>alias[:] "path"</code></td><td>Include module symbols</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h2 id="import-precedence"><a class="header" href="#import-precedence">Import Precedence</a></h2>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The order of imports may affect the order in which dependencies are placed into the output binary.</li>
<li>Circular dependencies are allowed and fully supported.</li>
<li>The module name is caller-defined and can be used to create aliases for libraries within the scope of the calling file. This makes namespacing easy.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">include print "./lib/print.dsa"
include maths "./lib/maths.dsa"
</code></pre>
<h2 id="external-symbol-access-convention"><a class="header" href="#external-symbol-access-convention">External Symbol Access Convention</a></h2>
<p>External symbols are accessed using the <code>::</code> operator.</p>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">include print "./lib/print.dsa"
init:
// ensure we have a stack setup so we can call functions properly
db string: "Hello world!"
start:
// load the address of the string into rg1.
lwi string, rg1
// push the string address argument
push rg1
// call the print function
call print::print
// clean up the stack
pop zero
hlt
</code></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="calling-convention"><a class="header" href="#calling-convention">Calling Convention</a></h1>
<h2 id="calling-convention-1"><a class="header" href="#calling-convention-1">Calling Convention</a></h2>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Step</th><th>Responsibility</th><th>Action</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>0</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Save Current State</td><td>Ensure that any registers with important data in are pushed to the stack so that they can be restored later.</td></tr>
<tr><td>1</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Push arguments</td><td>Push exactly n arguments to the stack </br>(in order, last argument pushed first)</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Call function</td><td>Execute <code>call namespace::function</code></br>this automatically pushes the return address (pcx) and jumps to the function</td></tr>
<tr><td>3</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Set up stack frame</td><td>Execute <code>push bpr; mov spr, bpr</code> to establish new stack frame</td></tr>
<tr><td>4</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Access arguments</td><td>Read arguments starting at <code>spr+8</code> </br>(first 3 args at offsets 8, 12, 16)</td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Execute function</td><td>Perform the function's operations using the arguments</td></tr>
<tr><td>6</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Store return value</td><td>Write return value (if any) to <code>spr+8</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>7</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Restore stack frame</td><td>Execute <code>mov bpr, spr; pop bpr</code> to restore previous stack frame</td></tr>
<tr><td>8</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td>Return</td><td>Execute <code>return</code> pseudo-instruction to return to caller</td></tr>
<tr><td>9</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Clean up stack</td><td>Pop exactly n arguments from the stack to clean up</td></tr>
<tr><td>10</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Handle unused values</td><td>Use <code>pop zero</code> to discard any unused stack values if needed</td></tr>
<tr><td>11</td><td><strong>Caller</strong></td><td>Restore State</td><td>Pop any registers that were pushed in step 0 </br>(or <code>pop zero</code> if no longer needed)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The namespace in step 2 is the name assigned in the <code>include</code> statement</li>
<li>The <code>call</code> pseudo-instruction automatically handles return address management so long as the callee does not mess with the stack</li>
<li>Arguments are accessed by the callee using offsets from the base pointer (bpr)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="function-control"><a class="header" href="#function-control">Function Control</a></h3>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Mnemonic</th><th>Operands</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><strong>CALL</strong></td><td><code>namespace::function</code></td><td>Call a function with automatic return address management</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>RETURN</strong></td><td>-</td><td>Return from a function to the caller</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<p><code>call-local.dsa</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">// ensure the stack is set up first!
caller:
push rg0
push rg1
call callee // make call to a local function
pop rg0 // put result in rg0
pop zero // void second return val
callee:
// setup new stack frame
push bpr
mov spr, bpr
// function body
// restore the stack frame
mov bpr, spr
pop bpr
return ; Return from the current function
</code></pre>
<p><code>call-external.dsa</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">include external "./external.dsa"
// ensure the stack is set up first!
db string: "Hello, world!"
caller:
// push args
lwi string, rg0
push rg0
call external::callee // do something with the string
pop zero
</code></pre>
<p><code>external.dsa</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">callee:
// set up the stack
push bpr
mov spr, bpr
// function body
// restore the stack frame
mov bpr, spr
pop bpr
return ; Return from the current function
</code></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="examples"><a class="header" href="#examples">Examples</a></h1>
<h2 id="library-examples"><a class="header" href="#library-examples">Library Examples</a></h2>
<h3 id="multiplication-library-multiplydsa"><a class="header" href="#multiplication-library-multiplydsa">Multiplication Library (multiply.dsa)</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">// multiply.dsa
// usage:
//
// include multiply "&lt;relative path&gt;"
//
// usage for multiply:
// push (arg1)
// push (arg0)
// call multiply::multiply
// pop (arg0)
// pop (arg1)
multiply:
push bpr
mov spr, bpr
ldw bpr, rg0, 8 // load op 1
ldw bpr, rg1, 12 // load op 2
lli 0, acc // initialize accumulator
start:
add acc, rg0, acc
dec rg1
cmp rg1, zero
jgt start
end:
stw acc, bpr, 8 // store result for caller
mov bpr, spr
pop bpr
return
</code></pre>
<h3 id="print-library-printdsa"><a class="header" href="#print-library-printdsa">Print Library (print.dsa)</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">// print.dsa
// usage:
//
// include print "&lt;relative path&gt;"
//
// usage for print:
// push (register containing address of string)
// call print::print
// pop zero
//
// usage for reset:
// call print::reset
dw display: 0x20000
dw current: 0x20000
// prints the given text to the screen.
print:
push bpr
mov spr, bpr
ldw bpr, rg0, 8 // get string address argument
ldw current, rg1 // get current display position
print_loop:
ldb rg0, acc
stb acc, rg1
iadd rg0, 1
iadd rg1, 1
cmp acc, zero
jne print_loop
jmp end
// return
end:
stw rg1, current
mov bpr, spr
pop bpr
return
// resets the cursor position on the screen
reset:
push bpr
mov spr, bpr
ldw display, rg1
stw rg1, current
mov bpr, spr
pop bpr
return
</code></pre>
<h3 id="example-program-maindsa"><a class="header" href="#example-program-maindsa">Example Program (main.dsa)</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-dsa">include print "./print.dsa"
dw stack: 0x10000
db string: "'To confuse your enemy, you must first confuse yourself' - Probably Sun Tzu."
init:
// set up a stack.
ldw stack, bpr
mov bpr, spr
start:
lwi string, rg1
// push string address argument
push rg1
// call print function
call print::print
// clean up stack
pop rg1
hlt
</code></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="tooling"><a class="header" href="#tooling">Tooling</a></h1>
<h2 id="tooling-options"><a class="header" href="#tooling-options">Tooling Options</a></h2>
<h3 id="assembler"><a class="header" href="#assembler">Assembler</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>The assembler is the program that translates assembly code into machine code.</li>
<li>It is the only tool required to build DSA assembly language programs.</li>
<li>The assembler also works as a library that can be called from applications such as the emulator</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="our-tooling"><a class="header" href="#our-tooling">Our Tooling:</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="dsa/assembler.html">Assembler</a></li>
<li><a href="dsa/syntax_tooling.html">Syntax Tooling</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="assembler-1"><a class="header" href="#assembler-1">Assembler</a></h1>
<h2 id="building-the-assembler"><a class="header" href="#building-the-assembler">Building the Assembler</a></h2>
<h3 id="clone-the-repository"><a class="header" href="#clone-the-repository">Clone the repository</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">git clone https://git.zxq5.dev/LowLevelDevs/damn_simple_architecture.git
cd damn_simple_architecture
</code></pre>
<h3 id="build-the-assembler"><a class="header" href="#build-the-assembler">Build the assembler</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">cd assembler
cargo build --release
</code></pre>
<h2 id="usage"><a class="header" href="#usage">Usage</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-bash">&lt;binary&gt; -i &lt;input_file.dsa&gt; -o &lt;output_file.dsb&gt;
</code></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="syntax-tooling"><a class="header" href="#syntax-tooling">Syntax tooling</a></h1>
<h2 id="syntax-highlighting"><a class="header" href="#syntax-highlighting">Syntax Highlighting</a></h2>
<h3 id="emulator"><a class="header" href="#emulator">Emulator</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>our custom Emulator has built-in syntax highlighting for the DSA assembly language. all files with the .dsa extension have the syntax applies</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="vscode"><a class="header" href="#vscode">VSCode</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>install our custom VSCode extension from the marketplace
<a href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=dsa-tooling.dsa-language-support">dsa-tooling.dsa-language-support</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="dsa-emulator"><a class="header" href="#dsa-emulator">DSA Emulator</a></h1>
<h1 id="dsa-emulator-1"><a class="header" href="#dsa-emulator-1">DSA Emulator</a></h1>
<p>The DSA Emulator is a visual emulator that allows you to debug and test your programs in a controlled environment. It is composed of a control panel, memory inspector, and a built in editor.</p>
<p>The control panel lets you view all of the registers, step through the instructions, and view the current instruction counter.</p>
<p>The memory inspector lets you view any region of memory in the emulator.</p>
<p>The editor contains a built in assembler instance, so you can edit and assemble your code from the comfort of the emulator.</p>
<p>The loader is responsible for loading your code into memory so that the emulator can run it.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="building-the-emulator"><a class="header" href="#building-the-emulator">Building the Emulator</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="features"><a class="header" href="#features">Features</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="control-panel"><a class="header" href="#control-panel">Control Panel</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="memory-inspector"><a class="header" href="#memory-inspector">Memory Inspector</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="stack-inspector"><a class="header" href="#stack-inspector">Stack Inspector</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="editor"><a class="header" href="#editor">Editor</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="loader"><a class="header" href="#loader">Loader</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="display"><a class="header" href="#display">Display</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="instruction-history"><a class="header" href="#instruction-history">Instruction History</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="dsc---damn-simple-code"><a class="header" href="#dsc---damn-simple-code">DSC - Damn Simple Code</a></h1>
<h1 id="this-document-is-a-work-in-progress"><a class="header" href="#this-document-is-a-work-in-progress">This document is a work in progress!</a></h1>
<h1 id="nothing-is-final"><a class="header" href="#nothing-is-final">Nothing is final!</a></h1>
<h2 id="syntax"><a class="header" href="#syntax">Syntax</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>we aim to make the syntax simple and easy to understand, this has the following benefits
<ul>
<li>easy to write</li>
<li>easy to parse</li>
<li>little variation in syntax means we have to handle less cases in semantic analysis, meaning we will be able to create a working compiler quicker.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="types"><a class="header" href="#types">Types</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>we should support the following types
<ul>
<li>unsigned integer types (U8, U16, U32)</li>
<li>signed integer types (I8, I16, I32)</li>
<li>boolean type (Bool)</li>
<li>struct types (Struct)</li>
<li>dynamic types *(Dyn)</li>
<li></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="functions"><a class="header" href="#functions">Functions</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="other-language-support"><a class="header" href="#other-language-support">Other Language Support</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="brainf"><a class="header" href="#brainf">Brainf*</a></h1>
<h2 id="language-overview"><a class="header" href="#language-overview">Language overview</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Brainf* instructions are as follows:</li>
</ul>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Instruction</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>+</code></td><td>Increment the current memory cell</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>-</code></td><td>Decrement the current memory cell</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>&lt;</code></td><td>Move the data pointer to the left</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>&gt;</code></td><td>Move the data pointer to the right</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>.</code></td><td>Output the value of the current memory cell as a character</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>,</code></td><td>Input a character and store its value in the current memory cell</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>[</code></td><td>Jump to the instruction after the matching <code>]</code> if the value in the current memory cell is zero</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>]</code></td><td>Jump to the instruction after the matching <code>[</code> if the value in the current memory cell is non-zero</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h2 id="implementations"><a class="header" href="#implementations">Implementations</a></h2>
<p>we currently have two implementations of the brainf* esoteric programming language:</p>
<h3 id="compiler"><a class="header" href="#compiler">Compiler</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>this is the most efficient way to run brainf* programs on the DSA architecture, but of course, still terribly inefficient due to the nature of the language.</li>
<li>compiling allows us to calculate the jump addresses at compile time, therefore making each brainf* instruction take at maximum three DSA instructions to execute</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="interpreter"><a class="header" href="#interpreter">Interpreter</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>this method is much slower, with even jumping to the start of a loop having an O(n) time complexity, which depending on the complexity of the program can up to double the running time.</li>
<li>additionally, interpreting the language means much more logic is required at runtime relative to compiling.</li>
<li>from our testing on a few example programs such as a fibonacci sequence generator, the interpreter is several orders of magnitude slower, with the fibonacci generator beingabout 10 times slower than it's compiled equivalent, at around 3.8 million instructions to generate and pretty-print the first 16 fibonacci numbers, compared to around 350,000 for the compiled version, which we estimate is about as efficient as brainf* can be on our architecture without writing an optimiser.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="usage-1"><a class="header" href="#usage-1">Usage</a></h2>
<h3 id="compiling"><a class="header" href="#compiling">Compiling</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>currently <a href="misc_languages/../dsa/tooling/assembler.html">The DSA Assembler</a> supports compiling brainf* programs, with the following command:</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-bash">&lt;assembler binary name&gt; -brainf
</code></pre>
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return url;
}
// Helper to escape html special chars for displaying the teasers
const escapeHTML = (function() {
const MAP = {
'&': '&amp;',
'<': '&lt;',
'>': '&gt;',
'"': '&#34;',
'\'': '&#39;',
};
const repl = function(c) {
return MAP[c];
};
return function(s) {
return s.replace(/[&<>'"]/g, repl);
};
})();
function formatSearchMetric(count, searchterm) {
if (count === 1) {
return count + ' search result for \'' + searchterm + '\':';
} else if (count === 0) {
return 'No search results for \'' + searchterm + '\'.';
} else {
return count + ' search results for \'' + searchterm + '\':';
}
}
function formatSearchResult(result, searchterms) {
const teaser = makeTeaser(escapeHTML(result.doc.body), searchterms);
teaser_count++;
// The ?URL_MARK_PARAM= parameter belongs inbetween the page and the #heading-anchor
const url = doc_urls[result.ref].split('#');
if (url.length === 1) { // no anchor found
url.push('');
}
// encodeURIComponent escapes all chars that could allow an XSS except
// for '. Due to that we also manually replace ' with its url-encoded
// representation (%27).
const encoded_search = encodeURIComponent(searchterms.join(' ')).replace(/'/g, '%27');
return '<a href="' + path_to_root + url[0] + '?' + URL_MARK_PARAM + '=' + encoded_search
+ '#' + url[1] + '" aria-details="teaser_' + teaser_count + '">'
+ result.doc.breadcrumbs + '</a>' + '<span class="teaser" id="teaser_' + teaser_count
+ '" aria-label="Search Result Teaser">' + teaser + '</span>';
}
function makeTeaser(body, searchterms) {
// The strategy is as follows:
// First, assign a value to each word in the document:
// Words that correspond to search terms (stemmer aware): 40
// Normal words: 2
// First word in a sentence: 8
// Then use a sliding window with a constant number of words and count the
// sum of the values of the words within the window. Then use the window that got the
// maximum sum. If there are multiple maximas, then get the last one.
// Enclose the terms in <em>.
const stemmed_searchterms = searchterms.map(function(w) {
return elasticlunr.stemmer(w.toLowerCase());
});
const searchterm_weight = 40;
const weighted = []; // contains elements of ["word", weight, index_in_document]
// split in sentences, then words
const sentences = body.toLowerCase().split('. ');
let index = 0;
let value = 0;
let searchterm_found = false;
for (const sentenceindex in sentences) {
const words = sentences[sentenceindex].split(' ');
value = 8;
for (const wordindex in words) {
const word = words[wordindex];
if (word.length > 0) {
for (const searchtermindex in stemmed_searchterms) {
if (elasticlunr.stemmer(word).startsWith(
stemmed_searchterms[searchtermindex])
) {
value = searchterm_weight;
searchterm_found = true;
}
}
weighted.push([word, value, index]);
value = 2;
}
index += word.length;
index += 1; // ' ' or '.' if last word in sentence
}
index += 1; // because we split at a two-char boundary '. '
}
if (weighted.length === 0) {
return body;
}
const window_weight = [];
const window_size = Math.min(weighted.length, results_options.teaser_word_count);
let cur_sum = 0;
for (let wordindex = 0; wordindex < window_size; wordindex++) {
cur_sum += weighted[wordindex][1];
}
window_weight.push(cur_sum);
for (let wordindex = 0; wordindex < weighted.length - window_size; wordindex++) {
cur_sum -= weighted[wordindex][1];
cur_sum += weighted[wordindex + window_size][1];
window_weight.push(cur_sum);
}
let max_sum_window_index = 0;
if (searchterm_found) {
let max_sum = 0;
// backwards
for (let i = window_weight.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
if (window_weight[i] > max_sum) {
max_sum = window_weight[i];
max_sum_window_index = i;
}
}
} else {
max_sum_window_index = 0;
}
// add <em/> around searchterms
const teaser_split = [];
index = weighted[max_sum_window_index][2];
for (let i = max_sum_window_index; i < max_sum_window_index + window_size; i++) {
const word = weighted[i];
if (index < word[2]) {
// missing text from index to start of `word`
teaser_split.push(body.substring(index, word[2]));
index = word[2];
}
if (word[1] === searchterm_weight) {
teaser_split.push('<em>');
}
index = word[2] + word[0].length;
teaser_split.push(body.substring(word[2], index));
if (word[1] === searchterm_weight) {
teaser_split.push('</em>');
}
}
return teaser_split.join('');
}
function init(config) {
results_options = config.results_options;
search_options = config.search_options;
doc_urls = config.doc_urls;
searchindex = elasticlunr.Index.load(config.index);
// Set up events
searchicon.addEventListener('click', () => {
searchIconClickHandler();
}, false);
searchbar.addEventListener('keyup', () => {
searchbarKeyUpHandler();
}, false);
document.addEventListener('keydown', e => {
globalKeyHandler(e);
}, false);
// If the user uses the browser buttons, do the same as if a reload happened
window.onpopstate = () => {
doSearchOrMarkFromUrl();
};
// Suppress "submit" events so the page doesn't reload when the user presses Enter
document.addEventListener('submit', e => {
e.preventDefault();
}, false);
// If reloaded, do the search or mark again, depending on the current url parameters
doSearchOrMarkFromUrl();
// Exported functions
config.hasFocus = hasFocus;
}
function unfocusSearchbar() {
// hacky, but just focusing a div only works once
const tmp = document.createElement('input');
tmp.setAttribute('style', 'position: absolute; opacity: 0;');
searchicon.appendChild(tmp);
tmp.focus();
tmp.remove();
}
// On reload or browser history backwards/forwards events, parse the url and do search or mark
function doSearchOrMarkFromUrl() {
// Check current URL for search request
const url = parseURL(window.location.href);
if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(url.params, URL_SEARCH_PARAM)
&& url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM] !== '') {
showSearch(true);
searchbar.value = decodeURIComponent(
(url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM] + '').replace(/\+/g, '%20'));
searchbarKeyUpHandler(); // -> doSearch()
} else {
showSearch(false);
}
if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(url.params, URL_MARK_PARAM)) {
const words = decodeURIComponent(url.params[URL_MARK_PARAM]).split(' ');
marker.mark(words, {
exclude: mark_exclude,
});
const markers = document.querySelectorAll('mark');
const hide = () => {
for (let i = 0; i < markers.length; i++) {
markers[i].classList.add('fade-out');
window.setTimeout(() => {
marker.unmark();
}, 300);
}
};
for (let i = 0; i < markers.length; i++) {
markers[i].addEventListener('click', hide);
}
}
}
// Eventhandler for keyevents on `document`
function globalKeyHandler(e) {
if (e.altKey ||
e.ctrlKey ||
e.metaKey ||
e.shiftKey ||
e.target.type === 'textarea' ||
e.target.type === 'text' ||
!hasFocus() && /^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i.test(e.target.nodeName)
) {
return;
}
if (e.key === 'Escape') {
e.preventDefault();
searchbar.classList.remove('active');
setSearchUrlParameters('',
searchbar.value.trim() !== '' ? 'push' : 'replace');
if (hasFocus()) {
unfocusSearchbar();
}
showSearch(false);
marker.unmark();
} else if (!hasFocus() && (e.key === 's' || e.key === '/')) {
e.preventDefault();
showSearch(true);
window.scrollTo(0, 0);
searchbar.select();
} else if (hasFocus() && (e.key === 'ArrowDown'
|| e.key === 'Enter')) {
e.preventDefault();
const first = searchresults.firstElementChild;
if (first !== null) {
unfocusSearchbar();
first.classList.add('focus');
if (e.key === 'Enter') {
window.location.assign(first.querySelector('a'));
}
}
} else if (!hasFocus() && (e.key === 'ArrowDown'
|| e.key === 'ArrowUp'
|| e.key === 'Enter')) {
// not `:focus` because browser does annoying scrolling
const focused = searchresults.querySelector('li.focus');
if (!focused) {
return;
}
e.preventDefault();
if (e.key === 'ArrowDown') {
const next = focused.nextElementSibling;
if (next) {
focused.classList.remove('focus');
next.classList.add('focus');
}
} else if (e.key === 'ArrowUp') {
focused.classList.remove('focus');
const prev = focused.previousElementSibling;
if (prev) {
prev.classList.add('focus');
} else {
searchbar.select();
}
} else { // Enter
window.location.assign(focused.querySelector('a'));
}
}
}
function showSearch(yes) {
if (yes) {
search_wrap.classList.remove('hidden');
searchicon.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true');
} else {
search_wrap.classList.add('hidden');
searchicon.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false');
const results = searchresults.children;
for (let i = 0; i < results.length; i++) {
results[i].classList.remove('focus');
}
}
}
function showResults(yes) {
if (yes) {
searchresults_outer.classList.remove('hidden');
} else {
searchresults_outer.classList.add('hidden');
}
}
// Eventhandler for search icon
function searchIconClickHandler() {
if (search_wrap.classList.contains('hidden')) {
showSearch(true);
window.scrollTo(0, 0);
searchbar.select();
} else {
showSearch(false);
}
}
// Eventhandler for keyevents while the searchbar is focused
function searchbarKeyUpHandler() {
const searchterm = searchbar.value.trim();
if (searchterm !== '') {
searchbar.classList.add('active');
doSearch(searchterm);
} else {
searchbar.classList.remove('active');
showResults(false);
removeChildren(searchresults);
}
setSearchUrlParameters(searchterm, 'push_if_new_search_else_replace');
// Remove marks
marker.unmark();
}
// Update current url with ?URL_SEARCH_PARAM= parameter, remove ?URL_MARK_PARAM and
// `#heading-anchor`. `action` can be one of "push", "replace",
// "push_if_new_search_else_replace" and replaces or pushes a new browser history item.
// "push_if_new_search_else_replace" pushes if there is no `?URL_SEARCH_PARAM=abc` yet.
function setSearchUrlParameters(searchterm, action) {
const url = parseURL(window.location.href);
const first_search = !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(url.params, URL_SEARCH_PARAM);
if (searchterm !== '' || action === 'push_if_new_search_else_replace') {
url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM] = searchterm;
delete url.params[URL_MARK_PARAM];
url.hash = '';
} else {
delete url.params[URL_MARK_PARAM];
delete url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM];
}
// A new search will also add a new history item, so the user can go back
// to the page prior to searching. A updated search term will only replace
// the url.
if (action === 'push' || action === 'push_if_new_search_else_replace' && first_search ) {
history.pushState({}, document.title, renderURL(url));
} else if (action === 'replace' ||
action === 'push_if_new_search_else_replace' &&
!first_search
) {
history.replaceState({}, document.title, renderURL(url));
}
}
function doSearch(searchterm) {
// Don't search the same twice
if (current_searchterm === searchterm) {
return;
} else {
current_searchterm = searchterm;
}
if (searchindex === null) {
return;
}
// Do the actual search
const results = searchindex.search(searchterm, search_options);
const resultcount = Math.min(results.length, results_options.limit_results);
// Display search metrics
searchresults_header.innerText = formatSearchMetric(resultcount, searchterm);
// Clear and insert results
const searchterms = searchterm.split(' ');
removeChildren(searchresults);
for (let i = 0; i < resultcount ; i++) {
const resultElem = document.createElement('li');
resultElem.innerHTML = formatSearchResult(results[i], searchterms);
searchresults.appendChild(resultElem);
}
// Display results
showResults(true);
}
function loadScript(url, id) {
const script = document.createElement('script');
script.src = url;
script.id = id;
script.onload = () => init(window.search);
script.onerror = error => {
console.error(`Failed to load \`${url}\`: ${error}`);
};
document.head.append(script);
}
loadScript(path_to_root + 'searchindex.js', 'search-index');
})(window.search);
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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en" class="light" dir="ltr">
<head>
<!-- sidebar iframe generated using mdBook
This is a frame, and not included directly in the page, to control the total size of the
book. The TOC contains an entry for each page, so if each page includes a copy of the TOC,
the total size of the page becomes O(n**2).
The frame is only used as a fallback when JS is turned off. When it's on, the sidebar is
instead added to the main page by `toc.js` instead. The JavaScript mode is better
because, when running in a `file:///` URL, the iframed page would not be Same-Origin as
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="index.html" target="_parent">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa-arch.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> The Damn Simple Architecture</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa-arch/instruction_set.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Instruction Set</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> DSA - Damn Simple Assembly</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/instructions.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Instructions</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/instructions/hardware.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.1.</strong> Hardware Instructions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/instructions/pseudo.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.2.</strong> Pseudo Instructions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/instructions/directives.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.3.</strong> Data Directives</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/registers.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Usable Registers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/imports.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Imports</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/cconv.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Calling Convention</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/examples.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Examples</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/tooling.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> Tooling</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/tooling/assembler.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.1.</strong> Assembler</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/tooling/syntax_tooling.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.2.</strong> Syntax</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> DSA Emulator</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/building.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Building the Emulator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Features</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/control_panel.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.1.</strong> Control Panel</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/memory_inspector.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.2.</strong> Memory Inspector</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/stack_inspector.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.3.</strong> Stack Inspector</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/editor.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.4.</strong> Editor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/loader.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.5.</strong> Loader</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/display.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.6.</strong> Display</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/instruction_history.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.7.</strong> Instruction History</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsc.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> DSC - Damn Simple Code</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsc/functions.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Functions</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="misc_languages.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Other Language Support</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="misc_languages/brainf.html" target="_parent"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Brainf*</a></li></ol></li></ol>
</body>
</html>
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// Populate the sidebar
//
// This is a script, and not included directly in the page, to control the total size of the book.
// The TOC contains an entry for each page, so if each page includes a copy of the TOC,
// the total size of the page becomes O(n**2).
class MDBookSidebarScrollbox extends HTMLElement {
constructor() {
super();
}
connectedCallback() {
this.innerHTML = '<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="index.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa-arch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> The Damn Simple Architecture</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa-arch/instruction_set.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Instruction Set</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> DSA - Damn Simple Assembly</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/instructions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Instructions</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/instructions/hardware.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.1.</strong> Hardware Instructions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/instructions/pseudo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.2.</strong> Pseudo Instructions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/instructions/directives.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.3.</strong> Data Directives</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Usable Registers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/imports.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Imports</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/cconv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Calling Convention</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Examples</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/tooling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> Tooling</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/tooling/assembler.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.1.</strong> Assembler</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsa/tooling/syntax_tooling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.2.</strong> Syntax</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> DSA Emulator</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/building.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Building the Emulator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Features</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/control_panel.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.1.</strong> Control Panel</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/memory_inspector.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.2.</strong> Memory Inspector</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/stack_inspector.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.3.</strong> Stack Inspector</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.4.</strong> Editor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/loader.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.5.</strong> Loader</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/display.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.6.</strong> Display</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="emulator/features/instruction_history.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.7.</strong> Instruction History</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> DSC - Damn Simple Code</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dsc/functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Functions</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="misc_languages.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Other Language Support</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="misc_languages/brainf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Brainf*</a></li></ol></li></ol>';
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let current_page = document.location.href.toString().split("#")[0].split("?")[0];
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}
var links = Array.prototype.slice.call(this.querySelectorAll("a"));
var l = links.length;
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var href = link.getAttribute("href");
if (href && !href.startsWith("#") && !/^(?:[a-z+]+:)?\/\//.test(href)) {
link.href = path_to_root + href;
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if (link.href === current_page || (i === 0 && path_to_root === "" && current_page.endsWith("/index.html"))) {
link.classList.add("active");
var parent = link.parentElement;
if (parent && parent.classList.contains("chapter-item")) {
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if (parent.tagName === "LI" && parent.previousElementSibling) {
if (parent.previousElementSibling.classList.contains("chapter-item")) {
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parent = parent.parentElement;
}
}
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if (e.target.tagName === 'A') {
sessionStorage.setItem('sidebar-scroll', this.scrollTop);
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function toggleSection(ev) {
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window.customElements.define("mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox", MDBookSidebarScrollbox);
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/* Tomorrow Night Theme */
/* https://github.com/jmblog/color-themes-for-highlightjs */
/* Original theme - https://github.com/chriskempson/tomorrow-theme */
/* https://github.com/jmblog/color-themes-for-highlightjs */
/* Tomorrow Comment */
.hljs-comment {
color: #969896;
}
/* Tomorrow Red */
.hljs-variable,
.hljs-attribute,
.hljs-attr,
.hljs-tag,
.hljs-regexp,
.ruby .hljs-constant,
.xml .hljs-tag .hljs-title,
.xml .hljs-pi,
.xml .hljs-doctype,
.html .hljs-doctype,
.css .hljs-id,
.css .hljs-class,
.css .hljs-pseudo {
color: #cc6666;
}
/* Tomorrow Orange */
.hljs-number,
.hljs-preprocessor,
.hljs-pragma,
.hljs-built_in,
.hljs-literal,
.hljs-params,
.hljs-constant {
color: #de935f;
}
/* Tomorrow Yellow */
.ruby .hljs-class .hljs-title,
.css .hljs-rule .hljs-attribute {
color: #f0c674;
}
/* Tomorrow Green */
.hljs-string,
.hljs-value,
.hljs-inheritance,
.hljs-header,
.hljs-name,
.ruby .hljs-symbol,
.xml .hljs-cdata {
color: #b5bd68;
}
/* Tomorrow Aqua */
.hljs-title,
.hljs-section,
.css .hljs-hexcolor {
color: #8abeb7;
}
/* Tomorrow Blue */
.hljs-function,
.python .hljs-decorator,
.python .hljs-title,
.ruby .hljs-function .hljs-title,
.ruby .hljs-title .hljs-keyword,
.perl .hljs-sub,
.javascript .hljs-title,
.coffeescript .hljs-title {
color: #81a2be;
}
/* Tomorrow Purple */
.hljs-keyword,
.javascript .hljs-function {
color: #b294bb;
}
.hljs {
display: block;
overflow-x: auto;
background: #1d1f21;
color: #c5c8c6;
}
.coffeescript .javascript,
.javascript .xml,
.tex .hljs-formula,
.xml .javascript,
.xml .vbscript,
.xml .css,
.xml .hljs-cdata {
opacity: 0.5;
}
.hljs-addition {
color: #718c00;
}
.hljs-deletion {
color: #c82829;
}