Add HAL/abstractions to TODOs

I will try to focus on getting things working, as simply as possible

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -5,5 +5,7 @@
         "editor.defaultFormatter": "rust-lang.rust-analyzer",
         "editor.formatOnSave": true
     },
-    "rust-analyzer.check.command": "clippy"
+    "rust-analyzer.check.command": "clippy",
+    "rust-analyzer.procMacro.attributes.enable": true,
+    "rust-analyzer.cargo.buildScripts.enable": true
 }

Cargo.lock

@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ checksum = "8f68f53c83ab957f72c32642f3868eec03eb974d1fb82e453128456482613d36"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.15"
+version = "1.2.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c736e259eea577f443d5c86c304f9f4ae0295c43f3ba05c21f1d66b5f06001af"
+checksum = "be714c154be609ec7f5dad223a33bf1482fff90472de28f7362806e6d4832b8c"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
@@ -35,20 +35,10 @@ version = "0.8.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1137cd7e7fc0fb5d3c5a8678be38ec56e819125d8d7907411fe24ccb943faca8"
 dependencies = [
- "crossbeam-epoch",
  "crossbeam-queue",
  "crossbeam-utils",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "crossbeam-epoch"
-version = "0.9.18"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b82ac4a3c2ca9c3460964f020e1402edd5753411d7737aa39c3714ad1b5420e"
-dependencies = [
- "crossbeam-utils",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-queue"
 version = "0.3.12"
@@ -114,7 +104,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-util",
  "libm",
  "limine",
- "linked_list_allocator",
  "pc-keyboard",
  "pic8259",
  "spin",
@@ -170,15 +159,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "linked_list_allocator"
-version = "0.10.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9afa463f5405ee81cdb9cc2baf37e08ec7e4c8209442b5d72c04cfb2cd6e6286"
-dependencies = [
- "spinning_top",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.12"
@@ -261,15 +241,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "lock_api",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "spinning_top"
-version = "0.2.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b9eb1a2f4c41445a3a0ff9abc5221c5fcd28e1f13cd7c0397706f9ac938ddb0"
-dependencies = [
- "lock_api",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "strsim"
 version = "0.11.1"

docs/Planning & To-Dos.md

@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@
 > 	- [ ] figure out how to run QEMU in the test environment
 > 	- [ ] write a script to run tests
 > 	- [ ] a release should only be published if all tests pass
-
+>
+> [!todo] HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer)
+> - [ ] use either traits or cfg attributes to support more than just x86_64
+>   - [ ] prefer writing cross platform code (I am aware I made the problem slightly worse by merging libk with the kernel sources)
+>
 > [!todo] Allocator
 > - [ ] learn about several allocator designs and decide on the optimal one
 > - [ ] implementation

kernel/Cargo.toml

@@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ authors.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 limine = "0.3.1"
+# libk = { path = "../libk" }
 x86_64 = "0.15.2"
 spin = "0.9.8"
 pic8259 = "0.11.0"
 pc-keyboard = "0.8.0"
-libm = { path = "../libm" }
+libm = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../libm" }
 crossbeam = { version = "0.8.4", default-features = false, features = [
-    "alloc",
+    # "alloc",
     "crossbeam-queue",
 ] }
 futures-util = { version = "0.3.31", default-features = false, features = [
-    "alloc",
+    # "alloc",
 ] }
-linked_list_allocator = { version = "0.10.5", features = ["use_spin"] }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 cc = "1.2.14"

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/apic/mod.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
+#![expect(unused)]
 use core::arch::x86_64::__cpuid;
 
-use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::memory_map::PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET;
-use crate::serial_print;
+use spin::Lazy;
+// use libk::drivers::memory::{FRAME_ALLOCATOR, FoundryOSFrameAllocator,
+// OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE};
 use x86_64::{
     PhysAddr, VirtAddr,
-    structures::paging::{Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, PhysFrame, Size4KiB},
+    structures::paging::{Page, PageTableFlags, PhysFrame, Size4KiB},
 };
 
-use crate::arch::x86_64::cpu::msr::*;
-use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::{FRAME_ALLOCATOR, OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE};
+// use crate::serial_print;
+
+use super::{cpu::msr::*, memmap::PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET};
 
 const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR: u32 = 0x1b;
 const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_BSP: u64 = 0x100;
@@ -17,12 +20,11 @@ const IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_DISABLE: u64 = !IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE;
 
 const CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC: u64 = 1 << 9; // the cpuid instruction will return this flag if it supports APIC
 
-// const APIC_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS: Lazy<VirtAddr> = Lazy::new(|| {
-//     let apic_base = get_apic_base();
-//     let virt_addr = unsafe { phys_to_virt(apic_base) };
+static APIC_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS: Lazy<VirtAddr> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    let apic_base = get_apic_base();
 
-//     virt_addr
-// });
+    unsafe { phys_to_virt(apic_base) }
+});
 
 fn set_apic_base_enable(apic: PhysAddr) {
     let rax = (apic.as_u64() & 0xfffff0000) | IA32_APIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE;
@@ -46,10 +48,10 @@ fn write_apic_register(apic_base: &VirtAddr, reg: u8, value: u32) {
     unsafe { *(reg_addr as *mut u32) = value };
 }
 
-fn read_apic_register(apic_base: &VirtAddr, reg: u8) -> u32 {
+const fn read_apic_register(apic_base: &VirtAddr, reg: u8) -> u32 {
     let apic_base = apic_base.as_u64();
 
-    serial_print!("got apic base");
+    // serial_print!("got apic base");
 
     let reg_addr = (apic_base & 0xFFFFF0000) + reg as u64;
     unsafe { *(reg_addr as *const u32) }
@@ -68,8 +70,8 @@ unsafe fn phys_to_virt(phys: PhysAddr) -> VirtAddr {
 }
 
 pub fn enable_apic() {
-    let mut mapper = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
-    let mut frame_allocator = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get().unwrap().lock();
+    // let mut mapper = OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+    // let mut frame_allocator = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get().unwrap().lock();
 
     let apic_phys_addr = get_apic_base();
     set_apic_base_enable(apic_phys_addr);
@@ -80,19 +82,19 @@ pub fn enable_apic() {
     let frame: PhysFrame<Size4KiB> = PhysFrame::containing_address(apic_phys_addr);
     let flags: PageTableFlags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
 
-    unsafe {
+    /*     unsafe {
            match mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, &mut *frame_allocator) {
                Ok(_) => {}
                Err(why) => panic!("failed to map apic: {:?}", why),
            }
        }
-
+    */
     // // FIXME: this causes a page fault
-    // // TODO: map to virtual memory
+    // // TODO: map to virtual memor
 
-    let reg = read_apic_register(&apic_virt, 0xF0);
+    let reg = read_apic_register(&APIC_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS, 0xF0);
 
-    serial_print!("ok2");
+    // serial_print!("ok2");
 
     write_apic_register(&apic_virt, 0xF0, reg | 0x100);
 }

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-pub mod apic;
-mod msr;
-pub mod pic;
+pub mod msr;
+pub mod port;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/cpu/port.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 //! Functions for IO using ports.
-
 use core::arch::asm;
 
-#[inline]
-pub fn inb(port: u16) -> u8 {
+/// Take a byte in from a port.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This might have side effects so it is marked unsafe just in case.
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn inb(port: u16) -> u8 {
     let value: u8;
     unsafe {
         asm!(
@@ -16,8 +20,13 @@ pub fn inb(port: u16) -> u8 {
     value
 }
 
-#[inline]
-pub fn outb(port: u16, value: u8) {
+/// Take a byte in from a port.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This might have side effects so it is marked unsafe just in case.
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn outb(port: u16, value: u8) {
     unsafe {
         asm!(
             "out dx, al",

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/dev/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod pic;
+pub mod serial;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/dev/pic.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
 use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
 
 const CMD_INIT: u8 = 0x11;
@@ -40,15 +41,8 @@ pub struct ChainedPics {
 }
 
 impl ChainedPics {
-    /// Construct a new `ChainedPics` given the base offsets of the two PICs.
-    ///
-    /// # Safety
-    ///
-    /// This function is unsafe because it requires you to pass valid offsets.
-    /// If you pass offsets that are out of range, or if you pass offsets that
-    /// conflict with one another, the resulting object will be useless and
-    /// will likely cause problems for your system.
-    pub const unsafe fn new(offset1: u8, offset2: u8) -> Self {
+    /// Creates a new [`ChainedPics`].
+    pub const fn new(offset1: u8, offset2: u8) -> Self {
         Self {
             pics: [
                 Pic {
@@ -65,20 +59,15 @@ impl ChainedPics {
         }
     }
 
-    /// .
-    ///
-    /// # Safety
-    ///
-    /// .
-    pub const unsafe fn new_contiguous(primary_offset: u8) -> Self {
-        unsafe { Self::new(primary_offset, primary_offset + 8) }
+    pub const fn new_contiguous(primary_offset: u8) -> Self {
+        Self::new(primary_offset, primary_offset + 8)
     }
 
-    /// Returns a new instance of [`ChainedPics`].
+    /// Returns the initialize of this [`ChainedPics`].
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
-    /// this is unsafe because it required writing to CPU I/O ports.
+    /// .
     pub unsafe fn initialize(&mut self) {
         unsafe {
             let mut wait_port: Port<u8> = Port::new(0x80);

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/dev/serial.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
+use crate::arch::x86_64::cpu::port::{inb, outb};
 use core::{
     fmt,
     sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
 };
 use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! serial_print {
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::_serial_write(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::arch::x86_64::dev::serial::_serial_write(format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
@@ -15,10 +17,6 @@ macro_rules! serial_println {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => (serial_print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }
 
-use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::port::{inb, outb};
-
-use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
-
 pub fn _serial_write(args: fmt::Arguments) {
     use core::fmt::Write;
 
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ impl fmt::Write for Writer {
 
 impl Writer {
     unsafe fn write_success(&self) -> bool {
-        inb(PORT + 5) & 0x20 != 0
+        unsafe { inb(PORT + 5) & 0x20 != 0 }
     }
 
     pub fn write_byte(&self, data: u8) {
@@ -103,21 +101,21 @@ pub fn init() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
 }
 
 pub fn test() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
-    outb(PORT + 1, 0x00); // Disable all interrupts
-    outb(PORT + 3, 0x80); // Enable DLAB (set baud rate divisor)
-    outb(PORT, 0x03); // Set divisor to 3 (lo byte) 38400 baud
-    outb(PORT + 1, 0x00); //                  (hi byte)
-    outb(PORT + 3, 0x03); // 8 bits, no parity, one stop bit
-    outb(PORT + 2, 0xC7); // Enable FIFO, clear them, with 14-bytethreshold
-    outb(PORT + 4, 0x0B); // IRQs enabled, RTS/DSR set
-    outb(PORT + 4, 0x1E); // Set in loopback mode, test the serial chip
-    outb(PORT, 0xAE); // Test serial chip (send byte 0xAE and check if serial returns same byte)
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 1, 0x00) }; // Disable all interrupts
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 3, 0x80) }; // Enable DLAB (set baud rate divisor)
+    unsafe { outb(PORT, 0x03) }; // Set divisor to 3 (lo byte) 38400 baud
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 1, 0x00) }; //                  (hi byte)
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 3, 0x03) }; // 8 bits, no parity, one stop bit
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 2, 0xC7) }; // Enable FIFO, clear them, with 14-bytethreshold
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 4, 0x0B) }; // IRQs enabled, RTS/DSR set
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 4, 0x1E) }; // Set in loopback mode, test the serial chip
+    unsafe { outb(PORT, 0xAE) }; // Test serial chip (send byte 0xAE and check if serial returns same byte)
 
-    if inb(PORT) != 0xAE {
-        return Err("serial test failed");
+    if unsafe { inb(PORT) } != 0xAE {
+        return Err("Serial test failed");
     }
 
-    outb(PORT + 4, 0x0F);
+    unsafe { outb(PORT + 4, 0x0F) };
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -143,7 +141,7 @@ impl Reader {
     }
 
     unsafe fn read_ready(&self) -> bool {
-        inb(PORT + 5) & 1 != 0
+        unsafe { inb(PORT + 5) & 1 != 0 }
     }
 
     pub fn read(&self) -> u8 {

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/framebuffer/display.rs

@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-use limine::request::FramebufferRequest;
-
-#[used]
-#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
-static FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST: FramebufferRequest = FramebufferRequest::new();
-
-use super::colour::Colour;
-use core::panic;
-
-use limine::framebuffer::Framebuffer;
-use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
-
-pub static FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<FramebufferWriter>>> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    Mutex::new(FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST.get_response().map_or_else(
-        || {
-            panic!("Framebuffer request failed");
-        },
-        |framebuffer_response| {
-            let framebuffer = framebuffer_response.framebuffers().next().unwrap();
-            Some(FramebufferWriter::new(framebuffer))
-        },
-    ))
-});
-
-/// The updated writer stores necessary fields from the [Framebuffer].
-/// This ensures that the contained types are Send, as Framebuffer was
-/// not marked as Send.
-///
-/// It also avoids the requirement for lifetimes.
-///
-/// Note this does not implement Writer as these functions only handle drawing pixels.
-pub struct FramebufferWriter {
-    pitch: u64,
-    bpp: u16,
-    addr: *mut u8,
-    width: u64,
-    height: u64,
-}
-
-unsafe impl Send for FramebufferWriter {}
-unsafe impl Sync for FramebufferWriter {}
-
-impl FramebufferWriter {
-    pub fn new(framebuffer: Framebuffer) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pitch: framebuffer.pitch(),
-            bpp: framebuffer.bpp(),
-            addr: framebuffer.addr(),
-            width: framebuffer.width(),
-            height: framebuffer.height(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_pixel(&self, x: usize, y: usize, color: Colour) {
-        let pitch = self.pitch as usize;
-        let bpp = (self.bpp / 8) as usize;
-        let pixel_offset = y * pitch + x * bpp;
-
-        unsafe {
-            *(self.addr.add(pixel_offset) as *mut u32) = color.into();
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn render_frame(&self, buffer: &[&[Colour]]) {
-        // TODO: this should return errors
-        for (y, &row) in buffer.iter().enumerate() {
-            if y >= self.height() as usize {
-                break;
-            }
-            for (x, pixel) in row.iter().enumerate() {
-                if x >= self.width() as usize {
-                    break;
-                }
-                self.write_pixel(x, y, *pixel);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub const fn width(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.width as u32
-    }
-
-    pub const fn height(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.height as u32
-    }
-
-    pub fn clear(&self) {
-        let width = self.width as usize;
-        let height = self.height as usize;
-
-        for y in 0..height {
-            for x in 0..width {
-                self.write_pixel(x, y, Colour::Black);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn screensize_px() -> (u32, u32) {
-    FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER
-        .lock()
-        .as_mut()
-        .map_or_else(|| (0, 0), |writer| (writer.width(), writer.height()))
-}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/framebuffer/mod.rs

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-pub mod colour;
-pub mod display;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/drivers/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-pub mod ascii;
-pub mod framebuffer;
-pub mod keyboard;
-pub mod port;
-pub mod serial;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-use crate::serial_print;
 use pic8259::ChainedPics;
-use x86_64::registers::control::Cr2;
-use x86_64::structures::idt::{InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame, PageFaultErrorCode};
-use x86_64::structures::paging::mapper::MapperFlushAll;
-use x86_64::structures::paging::{FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, Size4KiB};
+use x86_64::structures::idt::{
+    InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame, PageFaultErrorCode,
+};
+
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+
+use crate::print_log;
 
 use super::gdt;
-use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::{FRAME_ALLOCATOR, OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE};
-use crate::{println_log, serial_println};
-use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
 
 static IDT: Lazy<InterruptDescriptorTable> = Lazy::new(|| {
     let mut idt = InterruptDescriptorTable::new();
@@ -69,16 +68,18 @@ pub fn disable_pic() {
     }
 }
 
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
-    serial_println!("Exception: Breakpoint\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
-    println_log!("Exception: Breakpoint\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
+const extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(
+    _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+) {
+    // serial_println!("Exception: Breakpoint\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
+    // println_log!("Exception: Breakpoint\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
 }
 
 extern "x86-interrupt" fn general_protection_fault_handler(
     stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
     _error_code: u64,
 ) {
-    serial_println!("Exception: General Protection Fault\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
+    // serial_println!("Exception: General Protection Fault\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
     panic!("Exception: General Protection Fault\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
 }
 
@@ -86,17 +87,20 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(
     stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
     _error_code: u64,
 ) -> ! {
-    serial_println!("Exception: Double Fault\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
+    // serial_println!("Exception: Double Fault\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
     panic!("Exception: Double Fault\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
 }
 
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(
+    _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+) {
     use pc_keyboard::{HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1, layouts};
     // use pc_keyboard::DecodedKey;
     use spin::Mutex;
-    use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
+    // use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
 
-    static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> =
+        Lazy::new(|| {
             Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(
                 ScancodeSet1::new(),
                 layouts::Uk105Key,
@@ -105,10 +109,10 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStac
         });
 
     let _keyboard = KEYBOARD.lock();
-    let mut port = Port::new(0x60);
+    // let mut port = Port::new(0x60);
 
-    let scancode: u8 = unsafe { port.read() };
-    crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::keyboard::add_scancode(scancode);
+    // let scancode: u8 = unsafe { port.read() };
+    // libk::drivers::io::keyboard::add_scancode(scancode);
 
     unsafe {
         PICS.lock()
@@ -116,23 +120,29 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStac
     }
 }
 
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(
+    _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+) {
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        print_log!("{:?}", _stack_frame)
+    });
+
     unsafe {
         PICS.lock()
             .notify_end_of_interrupt(InterruptIndex::Timer.as_u8());
     }
 }
 
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
+const extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
     _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
     _error_code: PageFaultErrorCode,
 ) {
-    serial_println!("Exception: Page Fault");
-    serial_println!("Accessed Address: {:?}", Cr2::read());
-    serial_println!("Error Code: {:?}", _error_code);
-    serial_println!("{:#?}", _stack_frame);
+    // serial_println!("Exception: Page Fault");
+    // serial_println!("Accessed Address: {:?}", Cr2::read());
+    // serial_println!("Error Code: {:?}", _error_code);
+    // serial_println!("{:#?}", _stack_frame);
 
-    if let Some(frame_allocator) = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get() {
+    /*     if let Some(frame_allocator) = FRAME_ALLOCATOR.get() {
            let mut f = frame_allocator.lock();
 
            let frame = f.allocate_frame().unwrap();
@@ -151,4 +161,5 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
        } else {
            panic!("failed to get frame allocator");
        }
+    */
 }

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memmap.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //! Sets up a memory map using Limine.
-
 use limine::{
     request::{HhdmRequest, KernelAddressRequest, MemoryMapRequest},
     response::MemoryMapResponse,

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/allocation/heap_alloc.rs

@@ -1,255 +0,0 @@
-use core::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
-use core::ptr;
-use spin::{Mutex, MutexGuard};
-use x86_64::structures::paging::{Size4KiB, mapper::MapToError};
-
-/// We are currently using a linked list heap allocator which uses our underlying page allocator.
-#[global_allocator]
-/// This is now Rust's global allocator, so we can use stuff requiring heap allocations.
-static ALLOCATOR: Locked<FoundryAllocator> = Locked::new(FoundryAllocator::new());
-
-pub const HEAP_START: usize = 0x4444_4444_0000;
-pub const HEAP_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
-
-/// Sets up the heap using the backing page frame allocator.
-pub unsafe fn init_heap() -> Result<(), MapToError<Size4KiB>> {
-    unsafe {
-        // code to allocate frames is now done in the page fault interrupt handler!
-        ALLOCATOR.lock().init(HEAP_START, HEAP_SIZE);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct Locked<T> {
-    inner: Mutex<T>,
-}
-
-impl<T> Locked<T> {
-    pub const fn new(inner: T) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            inner: Mutex::new(inner),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn lock(&self) -> MutexGuard<T> {
-        self.inner.lock()
-    }
-}
-
-const BLOCK_SIZES: &[usize] = &[8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048];
-
-struct ListNode {
-    next: Option<&'static mut ListNode>,
-}
-
-pub struct FoundryAllocator {
-    list_heads: [Option<&'static mut ListNode>; BLOCK_SIZES.len()],
-    fallback: Locked<FoundryFallbackAllocator>,
-}
-
-impl Default for FoundryAllocator {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
-impl FoundryAllocator {
-    pub const fn new() -> Self {
-        const EMPTY: Option<&'static mut ListNode> = None;
-        Self {
-            list_heads: [EMPTY; BLOCK_SIZES.len()],
-            fallback: Locked::new(FoundryFallbackAllocator::new()),
-        }
-    }
-    pub unsafe fn init(&mut self, heap_start: usize, heap_size: usize) {
-        unsafe {
-            self.fallback.lock().init(heap_start, heap_size);
-        }
-    }
-
-    unsafe fn fallback_alloc(&mut self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
-        unsafe { self.fallback.alloc(layout) }
-    }
-
-    fn block_size(&self, layout: &Layout) -> Option<usize> {
-        let required_block_size = layout.size().max(layout.align());
-        BLOCK_SIZES.iter().position(|&s| s >= required_block_size)
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<FoundryAllocator> {
-    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
-        let mut allocator = self.lock();
-
-        match allocator.block_size(&layout) {
-            Some(index) => {
-                match allocator.list_heads[index].take() {
-                    Some(node) => {
-                        allocator.list_heads[index] = node.next.take();
-                        node as *mut ListNode as *mut u8
-                    }
-                    None => {
-                        // no block exists in list => allocate new block
-                        let block_size = BLOCK_SIZES[index];
-                        // only works if all block sizes are a power of 2
-                        let block_align = block_size;
-                        let layout = Layout::from_size_align(block_size, block_align).unwrap();
-                        unsafe { allocator.fallback_alloc(layout) }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            None => unsafe { allocator.fallback_alloc(layout) },
-        }
-    }
-
-    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
-        let mut allocator = self.lock();
-        match allocator.block_size(&layout) {
-            Some(idx) => {
-                let new_node = ListNode {
-                    next: allocator.list_heads[idx].take(),
-                };
-
-                let new_ptr = ptr as *mut ListNode;
-                unsafe { new_ptr.write(new_node) };
-                allocator.list_heads[idx] = Some(unsafe { &mut *new_ptr });
-            }
-            None => {
-                unsafe { allocator.fallback.dealloc(ptr, layout) };
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-struct FallbackListNode {
-    size: usize,
-    next: Option<&'static mut FallbackListNode>,
-}
-
-impl FallbackListNode {
-    const fn new(size: usize) -> Self {
-        Self { size, next: None }
-    }
-
-    fn start_addr(&self) -> usize {
-        self as *const Self as usize
-    }
-
-    fn end_addr(&self) -> usize {
-        self.start_addr() + self.size
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct FoundryFallbackAllocator {
-    head: FallbackListNode,
-}
-
-impl Default for FoundryFallbackAllocator {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
-impl FoundryFallbackAllocator {
-    pub const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            head: FallbackListNode::new(0),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub unsafe fn init(&mut self, heap_start: usize, heap_size: usize) {
-        unsafe { self.add_region(heap_start, heap_size) };
-    }
-
-    unsafe fn add_region(&mut self, addr: usize, size: usize) {
-        unsafe {
-            let mut node = FallbackListNode::new(size);
-            node.next = self.head.next.take();
-            let node_ptr = addr as *mut FallbackListNode;
-            node_ptr.write(node);
-            self.head.next = Some(&mut *node_ptr);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn find_region(
-        &mut self,
-        size: usize,
-        align: usize,
-    ) -> Option<(&'static mut FallbackListNode, usize)> {
-        let mut current = &mut self.head;
-        // look for a large enough memory region in linked list
-        while let Some(ref mut region) = current.next {
-            if let Ok(alloc_start) = Self::alloc_from_region(region, size, align) {
-                // region suitable for allocation -> remove node from list
-                let next = region.next.take();
-                let ret = Some((current.next.take().unwrap(), alloc_start));
-                current.next = next;
-                return ret;
-            } else {
-                // region not suitable -> continue with next region
-                current = current.next.as_mut().unwrap();
-            }
-        }
-        None
-    }
-    const fn align_up(addr: usize, align: usize) -> usize {
-        (addr + align - 1) & !(align - 1)
-    }
-
-    fn size_align(layout: Layout) -> (usize, usize) {
-        let layout = layout
-            .align_to(align_of::<ListNode>())
-            .expect("adjusting alignment failed")
-            .pad_to_align();
-        let size = layout.size().max(size_of::<ListNode>());
-        (size, layout.align())
-    }
-
-    fn alloc_from_region(
-        region: &FallbackListNode,
-        size: usize,
-        align: usize,
-    ) -> Result<usize, ()> {
-        let alloc_start = Self::align_up(region.start_addr(), align);
-        let alloc_end = alloc_start.checked_add(size).ok_or(())?;
-
-        if alloc_end > region.end_addr() {
-            return Err(());
-        }
-
-        let excess_size = region.end_addr() - alloc_end;
-        if excess_size > 0 && excess_size < size_of::<ListNode>() {
-            return Err(());
-        }
-
-        Ok(alloc_start)
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<FoundryFallbackAllocator> {
-    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
-        let mut allocator = self.lock();
-        // perform layout adjustments
-        let (size, align) = FoundryFallbackAllocator::size_align(layout);
-
-        if let Some((region, alloc_start)) = allocator.find_region(size, align) {
-            let alloc_end = alloc_start.checked_add(size).expect("overflow");
-            let excess_size = region.end_addr() - alloc_end;
-            if excess_size > 0 {
-                unsafe { allocator.add_region(alloc_end, excess_size) };
-            }
-            alloc_start as *mut u8
-        } else {
-            ptr::null_mut()
-        }
-    }
-
-    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
-        let mut allocator = self.lock();
-
-        // perform layout adjustments
-        let (size, _) = FoundryFallbackAllocator::size_align(layout);
-
-        unsafe { allocator.add_region(ptr as usize, size) }
-    }
-}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/allocation/mod.rs

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-pub mod heap_alloc;
-pub mod stack_alloc;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/allocation/stack_alloc.rs

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-use x86_64::structures::paging::{mapper, FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, Size4KiB};
-use x86_64::VirtAddr;
-
-fn reserve_stack_memory(size_in_pages: u64) -> Page {
-    use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
-    static STACK_ALLOC_NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0x_5555_5555_0000);
-    let start_addr = VirtAddr::new(STACK_ALLOC_NEXT.fetch_add(
-        size_in_pages * Page::<Size4KiB>::SIZE,
-        Ordering::Relaxed,
-    ));
-    Page::from_start_address(start_addr)
-        .expect("`STACK_ALLOC_NEXT` not page aligned")
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn alloc_stack(
-    size_in_pages: u64,
-    mapper: &mut impl Mapper<Size4KiB>,
-    frame_allocator: &mut impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB>,
-) -> Result<StackBounds, mapper::MapToError<Size4KiB>> { unsafe {
-    use x86_64::structures::paging::PageTableFlags as Flags;
-
-    let guard_page = reserve_stack_memory(size_in_pages + 1);
-    let stack_start = guard_page + 1;
-    let stack_end = stack_start + size_in_pages;
-
-    for page in Page::range(stack_start, stack_end) {
-        let frame = frame_allocator
-            .allocate_frame()
-            .ok_or(mapper::MapToError::FrameAllocationFailed)?;
-        let flags = Flags::PRESENT | Flags::WRITABLE;
-        mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, frame_allocator)?.flush();
-    }
-
-    Ok(StackBounds {
-        start: stack_start.start_address(),
-        end: stack_end.start_address(),
-    })
-}}
-
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct StackBounds {
-    start: VirtAddr,
-    end: VirtAddr,
-}
-
-impl StackBounds {
-    pub const fn new(start: VirtAddr, end: VirtAddr) -> Self {
-        Self { start, end }
-    }
-
-    pub const fn start(&self) -> VirtAddr {
-        self.start
-    }
-
-    pub const fn end(&self) -> VirtAddr {
-        self.end
-    }
-}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory/mod.rs

@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-pub mod allocation;
-pub mod memory_map;
-
-// use lib_alloc::allocator::FoundryAllocator;
-use limine::{memory_map::EntryType, response::MemoryMapResponse};
-use spin::{Mutex, Once};
-use x86_64::{
-    PhysAddr, VirtAddr,
-    registers::control::Cr3,
-    structures::paging::{FrameAllocator, OffsetPageTable, PageTable, PhysFrame, Size4KiB},
-};
-
-pub static FRAME_ALLOCATOR: Once<Mutex<FoundryOSFrameAllocator>> = Once::new();
-pub static OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE: Once<Mutex<OffsetPageTable>> = Once::new();
-/// Returns a mutable reference to the current level 4 page table.
-///
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// The caller must ensure that the level 4 page table is not modified
-/// simultaneously. The caller must also ensure that the physical memory offset
-/// is correct, to ensure that the correct virtual address is constructed.
-unsafe fn active_l4_table(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> &'static mut PageTable {
-    let (level_4_frame, _) = Cr3::read();
-
-    let phys_addr = level_4_frame.start_address();
-    let virt = phys_addr.as_u64() + physical_memory_offset.as_u64();
-    unsafe { &mut *(virt as *mut PageTable) }
-}
-
-/// Initializes the `OffsetPageTable` for the current CPU architecture.
-///
-/// # Safety
-///
-/// This function must be called only once and should be called before any
-/// memory operations are performed that rely on virtual memory management.
-/// The provided `physical_memory_offset` must be accurate to ensure correct
-/// translation of physical addresses.
-///
-/// # Parameters
-///
-/// - `physical_memory_offset`: The offset to convert physical addresses to
-///   virtual addresses in the higher-half direct map.
-///
-/// # Returns
-///
-/// Returns an `OffsetPageTable` that allows for manipulation of the page
-/// tables for the current CPU architecture.
-pub fn init_page_table(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) {
-    unsafe {
-        let l4_table = active_l4_table(physical_memory_offset);
-        let offset_table = OffsetPageTable::new(l4_table, physical_memory_offset);
-        OFFSET_PAGE_TABLE.call_once(|| Mutex::new(offset_table));
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
-    memory_map: &'static MemoryMapResponse,
-    next: usize,
-}
-
-pub fn init_frame_allocator(memory_map: &'static MemoryMapResponse) {
-    unsafe {
-        FRAME_ALLOCATOR.call_once(|| Mutex::new(FoundryOSFrameAllocator::init(memory_map)));
-    }
-}
-
-impl FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
-    /// Creates a new `FoundryOSFrameAllocator` from a memory map.
-    ///
-    /// This function takes a reference to a `MemoryMapResponse` and initializes a
-    /// `FoundryOSFrameAllocator` with it. The `next` field is set to 0, indicating that
-    /// the first frame to be allocated is the first frame in the memory map.
-    pub const unsafe fn init(memory_map: &'static MemoryMapResponse) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            memory_map,
-            next: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn count_usable_frames(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.usable_frames().count() as u32
-    }
-
-    /// An iterator over all usable frames in the memory map.
-    ///
-    /// Yields one `PhysFrame` for each available 4KiB frame in the memory map.
-    ///
-    /// This function is used to allocate frames for the pagemap.
-    fn usable_frames(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PhysFrame> + use<> {
-        let regions = self.memory_map.entries().iter();
-        let usable_regions = regions.filter(|region| region.entry_type == EntryType::USABLE);
-
-        let addr_ranges = usable_regions.map(|region| region.base..region.base + region.length);
-
-        let frame_addresses = addr_ranges.flat_map(|r| r.step_by(4096));
-
-        frame_addresses.map(|addr| PhysFrame::from_start_address(PhysAddr::new(addr)).unwrap())
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
-    /// Allocates a frame from the list of usable frames.
-    ///
-    /// This function returns the next available `PhysFrame` from the memory map,
-    /// if one exists. Once a frame is allocated, the internal counter is incremented
-    /// to point to the next frame for future allocations.
-    ///
-    /// # Returns
-    ///
-    /// - `Some(PhysFrame)`: If a usable frame is available.
-    /// - `None`: If there are no more usable frames to allocate.
-    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
-        let frame = self.usable_frames().nth(self.next);
-        self.next += 1;
-        frame
-    }
-}
-
-// pub unsafe fn translate_addr(addr: VirtAddr, physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> Option<PhysAddr> {
-//     translate_addr_inner(addr, physical_memory_offset)
-// }
-
-// fn translate_addr_inner(addr: VirtAddr, physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> Option<PhysAddr> {
-//     let (l4_table_frame, _) = Cr3::read();
-
-//     let table_indexes = [
-//         addr.p4_index(),
-//         addr.p3_index(),
-//         addr.p2_index(),
-//         addr.p1_index(),
-//     ];
-//     let mut frame = l4_table_frame;
-
-//     for &i in &table_indexes {
-//         let virt = physical_memory_offset + frame.start_address().as_u64();
-//         let table_ptr: *const PageTable = virt.as_ptr();
-//         let table = unsafe { &*table_ptr };
-
-//         let entry = &table[i];
-
-//         frame = match entry.frame() {
-//             Ok(frame) => frame,
-//             Err(FrameError::FrameNotPresent) => return None,
-//             Err(FrameError::HugeFrame) => panic!("huge frames are not supported!"),
-//         };
-//     }
-
-//     Some(frame.start_address() + u64::from(addr.page_offset()))
-// }

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/mod.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+pub mod apic;
 pub mod cpu;
-pub mod drivers;
+pub mod dev;
 pub mod gdt;
 pub mod interrupts;
-pub mod memory;
-pub mod processing;
+pub mod memmap;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/async_io/mod.rs

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-pub mod task;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/async_io/task.rs

@@ -1,148 +0,0 @@
-//! Allows creation of asynchronous IO bound tasks.
-//!
-//! Written by @zxq5 for the most part with code from
-//! [here](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/).
-//!
-
-use alloc::boxed::Box;
-use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
-use alloc::sync::Arc;
-use alloc::task::Wake;
-use core::{
-    future::Future,
-    pin::Pin,
-    sync::atomic::AtomicU64,
-    task::{Context, Poll, Waker},
-};
-use crossbeam::queue::ArrayQueue;
-use x86_64::instructions::interrupts::{self, enable_and_hlt};
-
-pub struct Task {
-    id: TaskId,
-    future: Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()>>>,
-}
-
-impl Task {
-    pub fn new(future: impl Future<Output = ()> + 'static) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            id: TaskId::new(),
-            future: Box::pin(future),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn poll(&mut self, context: &mut Context) -> Poll<()> {
-        self.future.as_mut().poll(context)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-struct TaskId(u64);
-
-impl TaskId {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
-        Self(NEXT.fetch_add(1, core::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed))
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct Executor {
-    tasks: BTreeMap<TaskId, Task>,
-    task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>,
-    waker_cache: BTreeMap<TaskId, Waker>,
-}
-
-impl Executor {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            tasks: BTreeMap::new(),
-            task_queue: Arc::new(ArrayQueue::new(100)),
-            waker_cache: BTreeMap::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn spawn(&mut self, task: Task) {
-        let task_id = task.id;
-        if self.tasks.insert(task.id, task).is_some() {
-            panic!("task with same id already in tasks");
-        }
-        self.task_queue.push(task_id).expect("queue full");
-    }
-
-    fn run_ready_tasks(&mut self) {
-        // destructure `self` to avoid borrow checker errors
-        let Self {
-            tasks,
-            task_queue,
-            waker_cache,
-        } = self;
-
-        while let Some(task_id) = task_queue.pop() {
-            let task = match tasks.get_mut(&task_id) {
-                Some(task) => task,
-                None => continue, // task no longer exists
-            };
-            let waker = waker_cache
-                .entry(task_id)
-                .or_insert_with(|| TaskWaker::new_waker(task_id, task_queue.clone()));
-            let mut context = Context::from_waker(waker);
-            match task.poll(&mut context) {
-                Poll::Ready(()) => {
-                    // task done -> remove it and its cached waker
-                    tasks.remove(&task_id);
-                    waker_cache.remove(&task_id);
-                }
-                Poll::Pending => {}
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn run(&mut self) -> ! {
-        loop {
-            self.run_ready_tasks();
-            self.sleep_if_idle();
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn sleep_if_idle(&self) {
-        interrupts::disable();
-        if self.task_queue.is_empty() {
-            enable_and_hlt();
-        } else {
-            interrupts::enable();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for Executor {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
-struct TaskWaker {
-    task_id: TaskId,
-    task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>,
-}
-
-impl TaskWaker {
-    fn wake_task(&self) {
-        self.task_queue.push(self.task_id).expect("task_queue full");
-    }
-
-    fn new_waker(task_id: TaskId, task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>) -> Waker {
-        Waker::from(Arc::new(Self {
-            task_id,
-            task_queue,
-        }))
-    }
-}
-
-impl Wake for TaskWaker {
-    fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
-        self.wake_task();
-    }
-
-    fn wake_by_ref(self: &Arc<Self>) {
-        self.wake_task();
-    }
-}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/mod.rs

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-pub mod async_io;
-pub mod threading;

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/deprecated.rs

@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-mod switch;
-mod deprecated;
-
-use core::arch::asm;
-
-#[repr(C)]
-pub struct Thread {
-    id: usize,
-    /// This shall be default before the program is interrupted, otherwise it will store
-    /// CPU registers etc to be restored on context switch.
-    ctx: ThreadContext,
-}
-
-/// CPU state to be saved on context switches.
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub struct ThreadContext {
-    /// Accumulator register.
-    rax: u64,
-    /// Base register.
-    rbx: u64,
-    /// Counter register.
-    rcx: u64,
-    /// Data register.
-    rdx: u64,
-    /// Source index register.
-    rsi: u64,
-    /// Destination index register.
-    rdi: u64,
-    /// Base pointer register.
-    rbp: u64,
-    /// Stack pointer register.
-    rsp: u64,
-    /// An extended register.
-    r8: u64,
-    /// An extended register.
-    r9: u64,
-    /// An extended register.
-    r10: u64,
-    /// An extended register.
-    r11: u64,
-    /// An extended register.
-    r12: u64,
-    /// An extended register.
-    r13: u64,
-    /// An extended register.
-    r14: u64,
-    /// An extended register.
-    r15: u64,
-    /// The instruction pointer.
-    rip: u64,
-    /// RFLAGS register.
-    rflags: u64,
-}
-
-impl ThreadContext {
-    /// Saves the current registers of the CPU before a context switch
-    /// to be restored later.
-    ///
-    /// # Notes
-    ///
-    /// This function should ONLY be called in interrupt handlers such
-    /// as that of the timer. This will then save registers as required
-    ///
-    ///
-    /// # Safety
-    ///
-    /// This function is unsafe because of the usage of inline ASM.
-    #[inline(always)]
-    pub unsafe fn save_registers() -> Self {
-        let mut context = Self::default();
-        unsafe {
-            asm!(
-                "mov {0}, rax",
-                "mov {1}, rbx",
-                "mov {2}, rcx",
-                "mov {3}, rdx",
-                "mov {4}, rsi",
-                "mov {5}, rdi",
-                "mov {6}, rbp",
-                "mov {7}, rsp",
-                "mov {8}, r8",
-                "mov {9}, r9",
-                "mov {10}, r10",
-                "mov {11}, r11",
-                "mov {12}, r12",
-                "mov {13}, r13",
-                "mov {14}, r14",
-                "mov {15}, r15",
-                "lea {16}, [rip]",
-                "pushf",
-                "pop {17}",
-                out(reg) context.rax,
-                out(reg) context.rbx,
-                out(reg) context.rcx,
-                out(reg) context.rdx,
-                out(reg) context.rsi,
-                out(reg) context.rdi,
-                out(reg) context.rbp,
-                out(reg) context.rsp,
-                out(reg) context.r8,
-                out(reg) context.r9,
-                out(reg) context.r10,
-                out(reg) context.r11,
-                out(reg) context.r12,
-                out(reg) context.r13,
-                out(reg) context.r14,
-                out(reg) context.r15,
-                out(reg) context.rip,
-                out(reg) context.rflags,
-            );
-        }
-
-        context
-    }
-}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/mod.rs

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-use x86_64::VirtAddr;
-use crate::arch::x86_64::memory::allocation::stack_alloc::StackBounds;
-
-mod switch;
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Thread {
-    id: ThreadId,
-    stack_ptr: Option<VirtAddr>,
-    stack_bounds: Option<StackBounds>,
-}
-
-
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct ThreadId(u64);
-
-impl ThreadId {
-    pub const fn as_u64(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.0
-    }
-
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
-        static NEXT_THREAD_ID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1);
-        Self(NEXT_THREAD_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed))
-    }
-}

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/switch.asm

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-.intel_syntax noprefix
-
-switch_thread:
-    pushfq
-
-    mov rax, rsp
-    mov rsp, rdi
-
-    mov rdi, rax
-    call add_paused_thread
-
-    popfq
-    ret

kernel/src/arch/x86_64/processing/threading/switch.rs

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-

kernel/src/graphics/colour.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 #[repr(u32)]
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+// Some predefined colours as well as custom colours in the proper format. This
+// assumes that the framebuffer uses 32bpp, something which we will assert on
+// initialisation.
 pub enum Colour {
-    ARGB(u8, u8, u8, u8),
-    RGB(u8, u8, u8),
+    Argb(u8, u8, u8, u8),
+    Rgb(u8, u8, u8),
     HexARGB(u32),
     Black = 0x000000FF,
     Blue = 0x0000FFFF,
@@ -14,14 +17,19 @@ pub enum Colour {
     White = 0xFFFFFFFF,
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::use_self)]
+#[expect(
+    clippy::use_self,
+    reason = "Self is uglier and more verbose than `u32`"
+)]
 impl From<Colour> for u32 {
     fn from(val: Colour) -> Self {
         match val {
-            Colour::ARGB(a, r, g, b) => {
+            Colour::Argb(a, r, g, b) => {
                 (a as u32) << 24 | (r as u32) << 16 | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32)
             }
-            Colour::RGB(r, g, b) => ((r as u32) << 16) | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32),
+            Colour::Rgb(r, g, b) => {
+                ((r as u32) << 16) | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32)
+            }
             Colour::HexARGB(hex) => hex,
             Colour::Black => 0xFF000000,
             Colour::Blue => 0xFF0000FF,
@@ -38,8 +46,10 @@ impl From<Colour> for u32 {
 impl core::fmt::Display for Colour {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            Self::ARGB(r, g, b, a) => write!(f, "RGBA(#{:x}{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b, a),
-            Self::RGB(r, g, b) => write!(f, "RGB(#{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b),
+            Self::Argb(r, g, b, a) => {
+                write!(f, "RGBA(#{:x}{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b, a)
+            }
+            Self::Rgb(r, g, b) => write!(f, "RGB(#{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b),
             Self::HexARGB(hex) => write!(f, "Hex(#{:x})", hex),
             Self::Black => write!(f, "Black"),
             Self::Blue => write!(f, "Blue"),

kernel/src/graphics/font.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
+#![allow(unused)]
 use libm::include_font;
-pub static FONT_SPLEEN_8X16: Font =
-    Font::new(include_font!("../../../resources/font/spleen-8x16.psf"));
 
-pub static FONT_CP850_8X16: Font =
-    Font::new(include_font!("../../../resources/font/cp850-8x16.psf"));
+pub const FONT_SPLEEN_8X16: Font =
+    Font::new(include_font!("../../resources/font/spleen-8x16.psf"));
 
-// pub struct Font(pub [[u8; 16]; 512]);
+pub const FONT_CP850_8X16: Font =
+    Font::new(include_font!("../../resources/font/cp850-8x16.psf"));
 
 pub struct Font {
     width: usize,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl Font {
         self.height
     }
 
-    pub fn default() -> &'static Self {
-        &FONT_CP850_8X16
+    pub const fn default() -> &'static Self {
+        &FONT_SPLEEN_8X16
     }
 }

kernel/src/graphics/framebuffer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+//! Handles setting up the framebuffer passed to us by Limine.
+#![expect(unused)]
+use crate::DEFAULT_FONT;
+
+use super::{colour::Colour, font::Font};
+
+use limine::framebuffer::Framebuffer;
+use limine::request::FramebufferRequest;
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+
+#[used]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
+/// The Limine framebuffer request.
+static FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST: FramebufferRequest = FramebufferRequest::new();
+
+/// A mutex used for writing to the framebuffer, in most cases we can abstract
+/// this behind calls to println! etc.
+pub static FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<FramebufferWriter>>> = Lazy::new(
+    || {
+        Mutex::new(FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST.get_response().map_or_else(
+            || {
+                unreachable!("Framebuffer request failed, got None.");
+            },
+            |framebuffer_response| {
+                let framebuffer =
+                    framebuffer_response.framebuffers().next()
+                    .expect("Expected to find at least one framebuffer in response, got zero.");
+                Some(FramebufferWriter::new(framebuffer, Colour::Black))
+            },
+        ))
+    },
+);
+
+/// The updated writer stores necessary fields from the [Framebuffer].
+/// This ensures that the contained types are Send, as Framebuffer was
+/// not marked as Send.
+///
+/// It also avoids the requirement for lifetimes.
+///
+/// Note this does not implement Writer as these functions only handle drawing
+/// pixels.
+pub struct FramebufferWriter {
+    pitch: u64,
+    /// Number of bits used per pixel, we expect 32 so this will be asserted
+    /// when we initialise the framebuffer.
+    bpp: u16,
+    /// A raw pointer to the framebuffer.
+    addr: *mut u8,
+    /// The width of the screen in pixels.
+    width: u64,
+    /// The height of the screen in pixels.
+    height: u64,
+    /// The default background colour of the Framebuffer.
+    background_colour: Colour,
+}
+
+/// Marker trait required for sending the writer across threads, which will
+/// probably come in handy later.
+unsafe impl Send for FramebufferWriter {}
+/// Marker trait required for sharing the writer across threads, which will
+/// probably come in handy later.
+///
+/// # Note
+///
+/// We wrap this in a Mutex later so this should handle synchronising accesses.
+unsafe impl Sync for FramebufferWriter {}
+
+impl FramebufferWriter {
+    /// Creates a new [`FramebufferWriter`] with the specified background
+    /// colour.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the bits per pixel for the framebuffer is not 32 bits per
+    /// pixel, because we didn't exactly handle other cases.
+    pub fn new(framebuffer: Framebuffer, background_colour: Colour) -> Self {
+        // We don't handle other cases, this should not trigger on most newer
+        // hardware.
+        assert!(framebuffer.bpp() == 32);
+
+        Self {
+            pitch: framebuffer.pitch(),
+            bpp: framebuffer.bpp(),
+            addr: framebuffer.addr(),
+            width: framebuffer.width(),
+            height: framebuffer.height(),
+            background_colour,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes a pixel with `colour` to the screen at the given `(x, y)`
+    /// coordinates (in pixels).
+    pub fn write_pixel(&self, x: usize, y: usize, colour: Colour) {
+        let pitch = self.pitch as usize;
+        let bpp = (self.bpp / 8) as usize;
+        let pixel_offset = y * pitch + x * bpp;
+
+        // Safety: We assume the pointer to the framebuffer is valid, which it likely
+        // is because we copy it from the Limine request.
+        unsafe {
+            *(self.addr.add(pixel_offset) as *mut u32) = colour.into();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes a 2D slice `buffer` to the screen. This should be less than the
+    /// size of the screen in dimensions, but does not neccessarily fill the
+    /// whole screen.
+    pub fn render_frame(&self, buffer: &[&[Colour]]) {
+        // TODO: this should return errors.
+        for (y, &row) in buffer.iter().enumerate() {
+            if y >= self.height() as usize {
+                break;
+            }
+            for (x, pixel) in row.iter().enumerate() {
+                if x >= self.width() as usize {
+                    break;
+                }
+                self.write_pixel(x, y, *pixel);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the width of the framebuffer in pixels.
+    pub const fn width(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.width as u32
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the height of the framebuffer in pixels.
+    pub const fn height(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.height as u32
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the new default background colour.
+    pub const fn set_default_background_colour(&mut self, bg: Colour) {
+        self.background_colour = bg;
+    }
+
+    /// Clears the screen and sets the background to the default colour.
+    pub fn clear(&self) {
+        let width = self.width as usize;
+        let height = self.height as usize;
+
+        for y in 0..height {
+            for x in 0..width {
+                // Write the background in the preferred background colour.
+                self.write_pixel(x, y, self.background_colour);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the screen size in pixels or (0, 0) if something went wrong.
+pub fn screensize_px() -> (u32, u32) {
+    FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER
+        .lock()
+        .as_mut()
+        .map_or_else(|| (0, 0), |writer| (writer.width(), writer.height()))
+}

kernel/src/graphics/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub mod colour;
+pub mod font;
+pub mod framebuffer;
+pub mod writer;

kernel/src/graphics/writer.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+//! Formerly called ascii.rs, this file defines helper functions for drawing
+//! characters to the screen.
+
 use core::fmt;
 use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
 use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
 
-use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::{colour::Colour, display::FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER};
-
-use crate::resources::font::{FONT_SPLEEN_8X16, Font};
+use super::{colour::Colour, font::Font, framebuffer::FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER};
 
 static FONT_WIDTH: u32 = 8;
 static FONT_HEIGHT: u32 = 16;
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ impl Writer {
                 panic!("Framebuffer writer not initialized.");
             },
             |writer| Self {
-                font: &FONT_SPLEEN_8X16,
+                font: &crate::DEFAULT_FONT,
                 screen_width: writer.width() / 8,
                 screen_height: writer.height() / 16,
                 text_line: 0,
@@ -71,7 +72,8 @@ impl Writer {
             return;
         }
 
-        // Get the character data from the font array. -- each byte is a row of pixels
+        // Get the character data from the font array. -- each byte is a row of
+        // pixels
         let data: &[u8] = self.font.glyph_for(c as u16);
 
         if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
@@ -82,10 +84,18 @@ impl Writer {
 
                     if line & (0x80 >> col) != 0 {
                         // Write the foreground color
-                        writer.write_pixel(pixel_x as usize, pixel_y as usize, self.fg_color);
+                        writer.write_pixel(
+                            pixel_x as usize,
+                            pixel_y as usize,
+                            self.fg_color,
+                        );
                     } else {
                         // Write the background color
-                        writer.write_pixel(pixel_x as usize, pixel_y as usize, self.bg_color);
+                        writer.write_pixel(
+                            pixel_x as usize,
+                            pixel_y as usize,
+                            self.bg_color,
+                        );
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -117,8 +127,8 @@ impl Writer {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Handles the backspace character. TODO: Implement VT-100 style terminal control
-    /// codes alongside a shell. Not simple.
+    /// Handles the backspace character. TODO: Implement VT-100 style terminal
+    /// control codes alongside a shell. Not simple.
     pub fn backspace(&mut self) {
         if self.text_col > 0 {
             self.text_col -= 1;
@@ -145,7 +155,7 @@ impl Writer {
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Write for Writer {
+impl core::fmt::Write for Writer {
     fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> core::fmt::Result {
         self.write_string(s);
         Ok(())
@@ -163,20 +173,23 @@ fn write(args: fmt::Arguments, fg: Colour, bg: Colour) {
     });
 }
 
+#[doc(hidden)]
 pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
-    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
         write(args, Colour::White, Colour::Black);
     })
 }
 
+#[doc(hidden)]
 pub fn _print_err(args: fmt::Arguments) {
-    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
         write(args, Colour::Red, Colour::Black);
     })
 }
 
+#[doc(hidden)]
 pub fn _print_log(args: fmt::Arguments) {
-    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
         write(args, Colour::Yellow, Colour::Black);
     })
 }
@@ -209,7 +222,7 @@ macro_rules! println_log {
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! print_log {
-	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::prelude::_print_log(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::graphics::writer::_print_log(format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
@@ -220,7 +233,7 @@ macro_rules! println {
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! print {
-	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::prelude::_print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::graphics::writer::_print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }
 
 #[macro_export]
@@ -231,5 +244,5 @@ macro_rules! printlnerr {
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! printerr {
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::prelude::_print_err(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::graphics::writer::_print_err(format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }

kernel/src/io/keyboard.rs

@@ -3,35 +3,39 @@ use core::{
     task::{Context, Poll},
 };
 
-use crate::println;
 use crossbeam::queue::ArrayQueue;
 use futures_util::{Stream, StreamExt, task::AtomicWaker};
-use pc_keyboard::{DecodedKey, HandleControl, KeyCode, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1, layouts::Uk105Key};
+use pc_keyboard::{
+    DecodedKey, HandleControl, KeyCode, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1,
+    layouts::{self, Uk105Key},
+};
 use spin::{Lazy, Mutex, Once};
 
 static KBD_QUEUE: Once<ArrayQueue<u8>> = Once::new();
 static WAKER: AtomicWaker = AtomicWaker::new();
 
-pub static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> = Lazy::new(|| {
+pub static KEYBOARD: Lazy<Mutex<Keyboard<Uk105Key, ScancodeSet1>>> =
+    Lazy::new(|| {
         Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(
             ScancodeSet1::new(),
             // TODO: Expose an API to change the default KB layout.
-        Uk105Key,
+            layouts::Uk105Key,
             HandleControl::Ignore,
         ))
-});
+    });
 pub static SCANCODE_STREAM: Lazy<Mutex<ScancodeStream>> =
     Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(ScancodeStream::new()));
 
 pub fn add_scancode(scancode: u8) {
     if let Some(queue) = KBD_QUEUE.get() {
         if queue.push(scancode).is_err() {
-            println!("WARNING: scancode queue full; dropping keyboard input");
+            // println!("WARNING: scancode queue full; dropping keyboard
+            // input");
         } else {
             WAKER.wake();
         }
     } else {
-        println!("WARNING: scancode queue not initialized");
+        // println!("WARNING: scancode queue not initialized");
     }
 }
 
@@ -59,7 +63,10 @@ impl Default for ScancodeStream {
 impl Stream for ScancodeStream {
     type Item = u8;
 
-    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+    fn poll_next(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
         let queue = KBD_QUEUE.get().unwrap();
 
         if let Some(scancode) = queue.pop() {

kernel/src/io/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// pub mod keyboard;

kernel/src/lib.rs

@@ -11,49 +11,36 @@
     rustdoc::missing_panics_doc
 )]
 
-extern crate alloc;
-use crate::{
-    arch::x86_64::memory::{init_frame_allocator, init_page_table},
-    prelude::*,
-};
-use arch::x86_64::memory::allocation::heap_alloc::init_heap;
-use arch::x86_64::memory::memory_map;
+use arch::x86_64::dev::serial;
+use arch::x86_64::{gdt, interrupts};
 use core::arch::asm;
+use graphics::font::{FONT_SPLEEN_8X16, Font};
 use limine::BaseRevision;
-use x86_64::VirtAddr;
 
 pub mod arch;
-pub mod resources;
-#[allow(unused)] // We aren't using much of this right now.
-pub mod std;
-pub mod util;
-
-pub mod prelude {
-    pub use crate::std::io::{_print, _print_log, _serial_write};
-    pub use crate::{
-        print, print_log, printerr, println, println_log, printlnerr, serial_print, serial_println,
-    };
-}
+pub mod graphics;
+pub mod io;
 
 /// Sets the base revision to the latest revision supported by the crate.
 /// See specification for further info.
-/// Be sure to mark all limine requests with #[used], otherwise they may be removed by the compiler.
+/// Be sure to mark all limine requests with #[used], otherwise they may be
+/// removed by the compiler.
 #[used]
 // The .requests section allows limine to find the requests faster and more safely.
 #[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
 static BASE_REVISION: BaseRevision = BaseRevision::new();
 
+/// The default font used when setting up the framebuffer code.
+pub const DEFAULT_FONT: Font = FONT_SPLEEN_8X16;
+
 #[panic_handler]
 fn rust_panic(_info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
-    println!("Kernel panic: {}", _info);
-    serial_println!("Kernel panic: {}", _info);
     hcf();
 }
 
 pub fn hcf() -> ! {
     loop {
         unsafe {
-            #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
             asm!("hlt");
         }
     }
@@ -61,57 +48,26 @@ pub fn hcf() -> ! {
 
 pub fn boot() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
     if !BASE_REVISION.is_supported() {
-        return Err("base revision not supported");
+        return Err("Base Revision was not supported.");
     }
 
-    use arch::x86_64::{gdt, interrupts};
+    print_log!("    Setting up Serial Communication... ");
 
-    let memory_map = memory_map::get_memory_map();
-
-    print_log!("    Initialising Serial... ");
-    if arch::x86_64::drivers::serial::init().is_err() {
+    if serial::init().is_err() {
         println_log!("[Not Detected]")
     } else {
-        println_log!("[Success]");
+        println_log!("[Success]")
     }
 
-    print_log!("    Setting Up Global Descriptor Table... ");
+    print_log!("    Setting up GDT... ");
     gdt::init();
     println_log!("[Success]");
 
-    print_log!("    Setting Up Interrupt Descriptor Table... ");
-    interrupts::init_idt();
-    println_log!("[Success]");
-
-    print_log!("    Initialising Memory Subsystem... ");
-    let physical_memory_offset = VirtAddr::new(*memory_map::PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET);
-    init_page_table(physical_memory_offset);
-    println_log!("[Success]");
-
-    print_log!("    Setting Up Page Table... ");
-    init_frame_allocator(memory_map);
-    println_log!("[Success]");
-
-    print_log!("    Initialising Heap... ");
-    if unsafe { init_heap() }.is_err() {
-        return Err("Failed to initialise heap: error");
-    }
-    println_log!("[Success]");
-
-    print_log!("    Enabling PICs... ");
     interrupts::enable_pic();
-    println_log!("[Success]");
-
-    // print_log!("    Disabling PICs... ");
     // interrupts::disable_pic();
-    // println_log!("[Success]");
 
-    // print_log!("    Initialising APIC");
-    // enable_apic();
-    // println_log!("[Success]");
-
-    print_log!("    Enabling Interrupts... ");
-    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::enable();
+    print_log!("    Initialising interrupts... ");
+    interrupts::init_idt();
     println_log!("[Success]");
 
     Ok(())

kernel/src/main.rs

@@ -1,35 +1,12 @@
 #![no_std]
 #![no_main]
 
-extern crate alloc;
-use foundry_os::arch::x86_64::drivers::ascii::screensize_chars;
-use foundry_os::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::display::screensize_px;
-use foundry_os::arch::x86_64::processing::async_io::task::{Executor, Task};
-use foundry_os::util::shell::shell;
-use foundry_os::{println, println_log};
+use foundry_os::boot;
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 extern "C" fn kmain() -> ! {
-    println_log!(" [ Initialising Kernel Systems ] ");
-    if let Err(err) = foundry_os::boot() {
-        panic!("{}", err);
-    }
+    _ = boot();
 
-    println_log!("[ Kernel Initialised Successfully ] ");
-
-    let dimensions = screensize_chars();
-    let dimensions2 = screensize_px();
-
-    println!("Dimensions: {}x{} (px)", dimensions2.0, dimensions2.1);
-    println!("Dimensions: {}x{} (chars)", dimensions.0, dimensions.1);
-
-    // println!("TESTING :: Allocation");
-    // let somevec = vec![0; 1_000_000];
-    // println!("{:?}", somevec);
-    // println!("{}", somevec.len());
-    // println!("PASSED!");
-
-    let mut executor = Executor::new();
-    executor.spawn(Task::new(shell()));
-    executor.run()
+    #[allow(clippy::empty_loop)]
+    loop {}
 }

kernel/src/resources/mod.rs

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-pub mod font;

kernel/src/std/application.rs

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-use alloc::string::String;
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-
-pub mod frame;
-pub mod render;
-pub mod window;
-
-pub trait Application {
-    type Output;
-
-    async fn run(&mut self, args: Vec<String>) -> Result<Self::Output, Error>;
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum Error {
-    UnknownCommand(String),
-    ApplicationFailed(String),
-    KernelError(String),
-}

kernel/src/std/application/frame.rs

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-use super::{render::RenderError, window::Window};
-use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
-use crate::std::maths::geometry::Vec2;
-use alloc::{vec, vec::Vec};
-
-pub struct Frame<'f> {
-    data: Vec<Vec<Colour>>,
-    window: &'f Window,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Frame<'a> {
-    pub fn new(window: &'a Window) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            data: vec![vec![Colour::Black; window.dimensions().x()]; window.dimensions().y()],
-            window,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn render(&self) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
-        let data: Vec<&[Colour]> = self.data.iter().map(|v| v.as_slice()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        self.window
-            .render(data.as_slice())
-            .map_err(|_| RenderError::Generic)
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_pixel(&mut self, x: usize, y: usize, color: Colour) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
-        if x >= self.window.dimensions().x() || y >= self.window.dimensions().y() {
-            return Err(RenderError::Generic);
-        }
-        self.data[y][x] = color;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub const fn dimensions(&self) -> Vec2<usize> {
-        self.window.dimensions()
-    }
-}

kernel/src/std/application/render.rs

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
-use core::fmt::Display;
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum RenderError {
-    Generic,
-}
-
-impl Display for RenderError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::Generic => write!(f, "Generic render error"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl core::error::Error for RenderError {}
-
-pub struct ColouredChar {
-    ch: u8,
-    colour: Colour,
-}

kernel/src/std/application/window.rs

@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-use super::render::RenderError;
-use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
-use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::display::FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER;
-use crate::std::maths::geometry::Vec2;
-use alloc::string::String;
-
-pub struct Window {
-    dimensions: Vec2<usize>,
-    position: Vec2<usize>,
-    bordered: bool,
-    opened: bool,
-    title: String,
-}
-
-impl Window {
-    pub const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            dimensions: Vec2::new(0, 0),
-            position: Vec2::new(0, 0),
-            bordered: true,
-            opened: false,
-            title: String::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn render(&self, _data: &[&[Colour]]) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
-        // TODO: error handling!! the kernel should return an error in some cases
-        if let Some(fb) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
-            fb.render_frame(_data);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub const fn is_bordered(&self) -> bool {
-        self.bordered
-    }
-
-    pub const fn is_open(&self) -> bool {
-        self.opened
-    }
-
-    pub const fn open(&mut self) {
-        self.opened = true;
-    }
-
-    pub const fn close(&mut self) {
-        self.opened = false;
-    }
-
-    // some basic getters and setters for utility.
-    pub fn title(&'static self) -> &'static str {
-        self.title.as_str()
-    }
-
-    pub const fn dimensions(&self) -> Vec2<usize> {
-        self.dimensions
-    }
-
-    pub const fn position(&self) -> Vec2<usize> {
-        self.position
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_title(&mut self, title: String) {
-        self.title = title;
-    }
-
-    pub fn move_window(&mut self, offset: Vec2<usize>) {
-        self.position += offset;
-    }
-
-    pub const fn set_position(&mut self, position: Vec2<usize>) {
-        self.position = position;
-    }
-
-    pub const fn set_dimensions(&mut self, dimensions: Vec2<usize>) {
-        self.dimensions = dimensions;
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for Window {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Drop for Window {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        if self.opened {
-            self.close();
-        }
-    }
-}

kernel/src/std/ascii.rs

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-use super::{
-    application::{frame::Frame, render::RenderError},
-    maths::geometry::Vec2,
-};
-use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::framebuffer::colour::Colour;
-use crate::resources::font::Font;
-
-pub struct Writer<'a> {
-    font: &'a Font,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Writer<'a> {
-    pub const fn new(font: &'a Font) -> Self {
-        Self { font }
-    }
-
-    pub const fn set_font(&mut self, font: &'a Font) {
-        self.font = font;
-    }
-
-    pub const fn font_size(&self) -> Vec2<usize> {
-        Vec2::new(self.font.width(), self.font.height())
-    }
-
-    pub fn render_glyph(
-        &self,
-        frame: &mut Frame,
-        pos: Vec2<usize>,
-        c: u8,
-        scale: usize,
-    ) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
-        // get a reference to the character glyph from the font.
-        let data: &[u8] = self.font.glyph_for(c as u16);
-
-        if pos.x() + self.font.width() * scale > frame.dimensions().x()
-            || pos.y() + self.font.height() * scale > frame.dimensions().y()
-        {
-            return Err(RenderError::Generic);
-        }
-
-        for (row, line) in data.iter().enumerate().take(self.font.height()) {
-            for col in 0..self.font.width() {
-                let pixel_x: usize = pos.x() + col * scale;
-                let pixel_y: usize = pos.y() + row * scale;
-
-                if line & (0x80 >> col) != 0 {
-                    for i in 0..scale {
-                        for j in 0..scale {
-                            frame.write_pixel(pixel_x + i, pixel_y + j, Colour::White)?;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}

kernel/src/std/io.rs

@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-pub use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::{
-    ascii::{_print, _print_err, _print_log},
-    serial::_serial_write,
-};
-
-pub mod stdin {
-    use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::{
-        ascii::WRITER,
-        keyboard::{
-            get_keystroke_async, get_keystroke_optional, KeyStroke,
-        }
-    };
-    use alloc::string::String;
-
-    /// Reads a line of input from standard input asynchronously, returning a `String` containing
-    /// the input line. Does not include the newline character at the end of the line.
-    ///
-    /// If the user presses the abort key (usually Ctrl+C), the returned string will be empty.
-    ///
-    /// This function is currently unimplemented.
-    pub async fn read_line() -> String {
-        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
-
-        let mut buff = String::new();
-        loop {
-            match get_keystroke_async().await {
-                KeyStroke::Char(c) => match c {
-                    '\n' => {
-                        writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
-                        return buff;
-                    }
-                    '\r' => {
-                        writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
-                        return buff;
-                    }
-                    '\x08' => {
-                        if !buff.is_empty() {
-                            buff.pop();
-                            writer.backspace();
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    c => {
-                        writer.write_glyph(c as u8);
-                        buff.push(c)
-                    }
-                },
-                KeyStroke::Enter => {
-                    writer.write_glyph(b'\n');
-                    return buff;
-                }
-                KeyStroke::Backspace => {
-                    if !buff.is_empty() {
-                        buff.pop();
-                        writer.backspace();
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => continue,
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Reads a character from standard input and blocks the current task until a character is
-    /// available.
-    ///
-    /// # Note
-    ///
-    /// This function is not yet implemented.
-    pub async fn async_keystroke() -> KeyStroke {
-        get_keystroke_async().await
-    }
-
-    /// Attempt to read a character from standard input without blocking the current task.
-    ///
-    /// If no character is available, returns `None`.
-    ///
-    /// # Note
-    ///
-    /// This function is not yet implemented.
-    pub fn keystroke() -> Option<KeyStroke> {
-        get_keystroke_optional()
-    }
-}

kernel/src/std/maths/geometry.rs

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-use core::ops::{AddAssign, DivAssign, MulAssign, SubAssign};
-
-pub trait Coordinate:
-    Copy + Clone + PartialEq + AddAssign + MulAssign + SubAssign + DivAssign
-{
-}
-
-impl Coordinate for usize {}
-impl Coordinate for isize {}
-impl Coordinate for u8 {}
-impl Coordinate for i8 {}
-impl Coordinate for u16 {}
-impl Coordinate for i16 {}
-impl Coordinate for u32 {}
-impl Coordinate for i32 {}
-impl Coordinate for u64 {}
-impl Coordinate for i64 {}
-impl Coordinate for u128 {}
-impl Coordinate for i128 {}
-impl Coordinate for f32 {}
-impl Coordinate for f64 {}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Debug)]
-pub struct Vec2<T: Coordinate> {
-    x: T,
-    y: T,
-}
-
-impl<T: Coordinate> Vec2<T> {
-    pub const fn new(x: T, y: T) -> Self {
-        Self { x, y }
-    }
-
-    pub fn into<S: Coordinate + From<T>>(&self) -> Vec2<S> {
-        Vec2::new(self.x.into(), self.y.into())
-    }
-
-    pub const fn x(&self) -> T {
-        self.x
-    }
-
-    pub const fn y(&self) -> T {
-        self.y
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Coordinate> AddAssign for Vec2<T> {
-    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
-        self.x += rhs.x;
-        self.y += rhs.y;
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Coordinate> SubAssign for Vec2<T> {
-    fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
-        self.x -= rhs.x;
-        self.y -= rhs.y;
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Coordinate> MulAssign<T> for Vec2<T> {
-    fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: T) {
-        self.x *= rhs;
-        self.y *= rhs;
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Coordinate> DivAssign<T> for Vec2<T> {
-    fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: T) {
-        self.x /= rhs;
-        self.y /= rhs;
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Coordinate> From<Vec2<T>> for (T, T) {
-    fn from(value: Vec2<T>) -> Self {
-        (value.x, value.y)
-    }
-}

kernel/src/std/maths/mod.rs

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-pub mod geometry;

kernel/src/std/mod.rs

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-pub mod application;
-pub mod ascii;
-pub mod io;
-pub mod maths;

kernel/src/util/editor.rs

@@ -1,239 +0,0 @@
-use crate::serial_print;
-use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::keyboard::{KeyStroke, get_keystroke_async};
-use crate::resources::font::Font;
-use crate::std::application::frame::Frame;
-use crate::std::application::render::RenderError;
-use crate::std::application::window::Window;
-use crate::std::application::{Application, Error};
-use crate::std::ascii::Writer;
-use crate::std::maths::geometry::Vec2;
-use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use crate::serial_println;
-
-pub struct Editor {
-    cursor_line: usize,
-    cursor_col: usize,
-
-    mode: Mode,
-    buffer: String,
-    window: Window,
-}
-
-impl Default for Editor {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> Editor {
-    const PADDING: usize = 8;
-
-    pub const fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            cursor_line: 0,
-            cursor_col: 0,
-
-            mode: Mode::Nor,
-            buffer: String::new(),
-            window: Window::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn render(&'a self) -> Result<Frame<'a>, RenderError> {
-        let mut frame = Frame::new(&self.window);
-        let writer = Writer::new(Font::default());
-
-        let (width, height) = writer.font_size().into();
-
-        let mut col = 0;
-        let mut line = 0;
-        let mut scale = 1;
-
-        for ch in self.buffer.chars() {
-            if ch == '\n' {
-                line += scale;
-                col = 0;
-                scale = 1;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if width * (col + 1) > frame.dimensions().x() - 2 * Self::PADDING {
-                line += scale;
-                col = 0;
-            }
-
-            writer.render_glyph(
-                &mut frame,
-                Vec2::new(col * width + Self::PADDING, line * height + Self::PADDING),
-                ch as u8,
-                scale,
-            )?;
-            col += scale;
-        }
-
-        writer
-            .render_glyph(
-                &mut frame,
-                Vec2::new(
-                    self.cursor_col * width + Self::PADDING,
-                    self.cursor_line * height + Self::PADDING,
-                ),
-                b'_',
-                scale,
-            )
-            .expect("TODO: panic message");
-
-        Ok(frame)
-    }
-
-    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
-    fn get_lines(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
-        self.buffer.split('\n').collect::<Vec<&str>>()
-    }
-
-    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
-    fn move_cursor(&mut self, x: i32, y: i32) {
-        self.cursor_line = self
-            .cursor_line
-            .checked_add_signed(y as isize)
-            .unwrap_or(self.cursor_line);
-        self.cursor_col = self
-            .cursor_col
-            .checked_add_signed(x as isize)
-            .unwrap_or(self.cursor_col);
-    }
-
-    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
-    fn delete_char(&mut self) {
-        let i = self.get_char_idx();
-        self.buffer.remove(i);
-    }
-
-    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
-    fn insert_char(&mut self, c: char) {
-        let i = self.get_char_idx();
-        self.buffer.insert(i, c);
-    }
-
-    #[allow(unused_variables, dead_code, clippy::needless_pass_by_ref_mut)]
-    fn splitline(&mut self) {
-        let i = self.get_char_idx();
-        self.buffer.insert(i, '\n');
-    }
-
-    fn get_char_idx(&self) -> usize {
-        let frame = Frame::new(&self.window);
-        let writer = Writer::new(Font::default());
-        let (width, _height) = writer.font_size().into();
-
-        let mut col = 0;
-        let mut line = 0;
-        let mut scale = 1;
-
-        for (i, ch) in self.buffer.chars().enumerate() {
-            if ch == '\n' {
-                line += scale;
-                col = 0;
-                scale = 1;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if width * (col + 1) > frame.dimensions().x() - 2 * Self::PADDING {
-                line += scale;
-                col = 0;
-            }
-
-            if col == self.cursor_col && line == self.cursor_line {
-                return i;
-            }
-
-            col += scale;
-        }
-
-        0
-    }
-}
-
-impl Application for Editor {
-    type Output = ();
-    async fn run(&mut self, _args: Vec<alloc::string::String>) -> Result<Self::Output, Error> {
-        self.window.set_dimensions(Vec2::new(1280, 800));
-        self.window.set_position(Vec2::new(0, 0));
-        self.window.open();
-
-        self.buffer = "Hello world, this is a test init. idk test \n ewntuiewi gjk gfdfg gndf ngdfgnmdfg ndfgmndfg gdfndfnkg njkdgjkndfjnkg ngnjfgnfgnfg fgn fn gfj gnfg jnfgjfngjk fgnjfgnjk jnkdgjnkdfg gfnd njkgdfgjn d fjnkgjkndfgjkndfgjn gndfjnk njkgdfng jnkfgdjknd jnfkgnjk".to_string();
-
-        loop {
-            if let Err(_err) = self.render().and_then(|frame| frame.render()) {
-                // TODO: Handle error
-                return Err(Error::ApplicationFailed("Rendering failed".to_string()));
-            }
-
-            let keystroke = get_keystroke_async().await;
-
-            match self.mode {
-                Mode::Nor => match keystroke {
-                    KeyStroke::Char('i') => self.mode = Mode::Ins,
-                    KeyStroke::Char('`') => return Ok(()),
-                    _ => {}
-                },
-                Mode::Ins => {
-                    match keystroke {
-                        KeyStroke::Char(c) => {
-                            match c {
-                                // escape
-                                '\x1B' => self.mode = Mode::Nor,
-                                // delete
-                                '\x7F' => self.delete_char(),
-                                // backspace
-                                '\x08' => {
-                                    self.move_cursor(-1, 0);
-                                    self.delete_char();
-                                }
-                                // enter
-                                '\n' => self.splitline(),
-                                _ => {
-                                    self.insert_char(c);
-                                    self.move_cursor(1, 0);
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                        KeyStroke::Left => {
-                            serial_println!("Left\n");
-                            self.move_cursor(-1, 0);
-                        }
-                        KeyStroke::Right => {
-                            serial_println!("Right\n");
-                            self.move_cursor(1, 0);
-                        }
-                        KeyStroke::Up => {
-                            serial_println!("Up\n");
-                            self.move_cursor(0, -1);
-                        }
-                        KeyStroke::Down => {
-                            serial_println!("Down\n");
-                            self.move_cursor(0, 1);
-                        }
-                        KeyStroke::None => {}
-                        _ => {}
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub enum Mode {
-    Nor,
-    Ins,
-}
-
-impl core::fmt::Display for Mode {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::Nor => write!(f, "Normal"),
-            Self::Ins => write!(f, "Insert"),
-        }
-    }
-}

kernel/src/util/mod.rs

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-pub mod editor;
-pub mod shell;

kernel/src/util/shell.rs

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-// use x86_64::registers::rflags::read;
-
-use crate::arch::x86_64::drivers::ascii::clear_screen;
-use crate::prelude::*;
-use crate::std::application::Application;
-use crate::std::io::stdin::read_line;
-use crate::util::editor::Editor;
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-
-static FETCH: &str = "
-        $$$$$$$$\\                                  $$\\                     
-        $$  _____|                                 $$ |                    
-        $$ |    $$$$$$\\  $$\\   $$\\ $$$$$$$\\   $$$$$$$ | $$$$$$\\  $$\\   $$\\ 
-        $$$$$\\ $$  __$$\\ $$ |  $$ |$$  __$$\\ $$  __$$ |$$  __$$\\ $$ |  $$ |
-        $$  __|$$ /  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ /  $$ |$$ |  \\__|$$ |  $$ |
-        $$ |   $$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |  $$ |$$ |      $$ |  $$ |
-        $$ |   \\$$$$$$  |\\$$$$$$  |$$ |  $$ |\\$$$$$$$ |$$ |      \\$$$$$$$ |
-        \\__|    \\______/  \\______/ \\__|  \\__| \\_______|\\__|       \\____$$ |
-             $$$$$$\\   $$$$$$\\        $$\\    $$\\   $$\\           $$\\   $$ |
-            $$  __$$\\ $$  __$$\\       $$ |   $$ |$$$$ |          \\$$$$$$  |
-            $$ /  $$ |$$ /  \\__|      $$ |   $$ |\\_$$ |           \\______/ 
-            $$ |  $$ |\\$$$$$$\\        \\$$\\  $$  |  $$ |                  
-            $$ |  $$ | \\____$$\\        \\$$\\$$  /   $$ |                  
-            $$ |  $$ |$$\\   $$ |        \\$$$  /    $$ |                  
-             $$$$$$  |\\$$$$$$  |         \\$  /   $$$$$$\\                 
-             \\______/  \\______/           \\_/    \\______|                              
-";
-
-pub async fn shell() {
-    println!("{}", FETCH);
-
-    loop {
-        print!(" Shell> ");
-        let line = read_line().await;
-        match line.as_str() {
-            "fetch" => {
-                println!("{}", FETCH);
-            }
-            "editor" => {
-                let mut editor = Editor::new();
-                editor.run(Vec::new()).await.unwrap();
-            }
-            "clear" => clear_screen(),
-            _ => {
-                println!("Unknown command: {}", line);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}

rustfmt.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+max_width = 85
+format_code_in_doc_comments = true
+comment_width = 80
+wrap_comments = true
+inline_attribute_width = 80