From 5dc73e70003d7826f09ef3d8b3ed11a46eb61b81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Hinchliffe <jacob@nullndvoid.xyz>
Date: Sun, 23 Feb 2025 03:15:19 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1/8] Update Cargo.toml to use new registry

---
 kernel/Cargo.toml | 14 ++++++--------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/Cargo.toml b/kernel/Cargo.toml
index 4005239..da63b77 100644
--- a/kernel/Cargo.toml
+++ b/kernel/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,14 +5,12 @@ edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
 limine = "0.3.1"
-lib_framebuffer = { path = "../lib/lib_framebuffer" }
-lib_serial = { path = "../lib/lib_serial" }
-lib_ascii = { path = "../lib/lib_ascii" }
-lib_alloc = { path = "../lib/lib_alloc" }
-lib_application = { path = "../lib/lib_application" }
-lib_async = { path = "../lib/lib_async" }
-lib_keyboard = { path = "../lib/lib_keyboard" }
-
+lib_framebuffer = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_framebuffer", registry = "gitea" }
+lib_serial = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_serial", registry = "gitea" }
+lib_ascii = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_ascii", registry = "gitea" }
+lib_application = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_application", registry = "gitea" }
+lib_async = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_async", registry = "gitea" }
+lib_keyboard = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_keyboard", registry = "gitea" }
 x86_64 = "0.15.2"
 spin = "0.9.8"
 pic8259 = "0.11.0"

From c763f512f11224d7c46eda66c1a20cb04bfb12c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Hinchliffe <jacob@nullndvoid.xyz>
Date: Sun, 23 Feb 2025 03:16:22 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2/8] Accidentally forgot to add lib alloc lol

---
 kernel/Cargo.toml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/kernel/Cargo.toml b/kernel/Cargo.toml
index da63b77..feb1490 100644
--- a/kernel/Cargo.toml
+++ b/kernel/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ lib_ascii = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_ascii", registry = "gitea" }
 lib_application = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_application", registry = "gitea" }
 lib_async = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_async", registry = "gitea" }
 lib_keyboard = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_keyboard", registry = "gitea" }
+lib_alloc = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_alloc", registry = "gitea" }
 x86_64 = "0.15.2"
 spin = "0.9.8"
 pic8259 = "0.11.0"

From 43b1db41caeb3db849cd3abfcff8f1248645a08d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Hinchliffe <jacob@nullndvoid.xyz>
Date: Sun, 23 Feb 2025 04:42:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 3/8] Introducing the hottest library crate in town (libk!)

---
 .cargo/config.toml                   |  12 +-
 .gitmodules                          |  21 -
 Cargo.lock                           |  76 +---
 Cargo.toml                           |  12 +-
 kernel/Cargo.toml                    |   8 +-
 kernel/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts.rs |   6 +-
 kernel/src/lib.rs                    |  10 +-
 kernel/src/main.rs                   |  14 +-
 lib/lib_alloc                        |   1 -
 lib/lib_application                  |   1 -
 lib/lib_ascii                        |   1 -
 lib/lib_async                        |   1 -
 lib/lib_framebuffer                  |   1 -
 lib/lib_keyboard                     |   1 -
 lib/lib_serial                       |   1 -
 libk/Cargo.toml                      |  21 +
 libk/README.md                       |  24 ++
 libk/src/alloc.rs                    |   3 +
 libk/src/alloc/allocator.rs          |  45 +++
 libk/src/io.rs                       |  17 +
 libk/src/io/ascii.rs                 | 210 ++++++++++
 libk/src/io/ascii/font.rs            | 578 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 libk/src/io/framebuffer.rs           |  83 ++++
 libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs    |  53 +++
 libk/src/io/keyboard.rs              |  90 +++++
 libk/src/io/port.rs                  |  25 ++
 libk/src/io/serial.rs                | 159 ++++++++
 libk/src/lib.rs                      |  15 +
 libk/src/scheduling.rs               |   1 +
 libk/src/scheduling/task.rs          | 133 ++++++
 30 files changed, 1491 insertions(+), 132 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .gitmodules
 delete mode 160000 lib/lib_alloc
 delete mode 160000 lib/lib_application
 delete mode 160000 lib/lib_ascii
 delete mode 160000 lib/lib_async
 delete mode 160000 lib/lib_framebuffer
 delete mode 160000 lib/lib_keyboard
 delete mode 160000 lib/lib_serial
 create mode 100644 libk/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 libk/README.md
 create mode 100644 libk/src/alloc.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/alloc/allocator.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/io.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/io/ascii.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/io/ascii/font.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/io/framebuffer.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/io/keyboard.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/io/port.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/io/serial.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/lib.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/scheduling.rs
 create mode 100644 libk/src/scheduling/task.rs

diff --git a/.cargo/config.toml b/.cargo/config.toml
index cd125e0..400f704 100644
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -10,4 +10,14 @@ build-std-features = ["compiler-builtins-mem"]
 RUST_TARGET_PATH = { value = "kernel", relative = true }
 
 [target.x86_64-kernel]
-runner = "scripts/run.sh"
\ No newline at end of file
+runner = "scripts/run.sh"
+
+[registry]
+default = "gitea"
+
+[registries.gitea]
+index = "sparse+https://git.zxq5.dev/api/packages/OsDev/cargo/" # Sparse index
+# index = "https://gitea.example.com/{owner}/_cargo-index.git" # Git
+
+# [net]
+# git-fetch-with-cli = true
diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
deleted file mode 100644
index 66cee7a..0000000
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-[submodule "lib/lib_application"]
-	path = lib/lib_application
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_application.git
-[submodule "lib/lib_ascii"]
-	path = lib/lib_ascii
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_ascii.git
-[submodule "lib/lib_framebuffer"]
-	path = lib/lib_framebuffer
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_framebuffer.git
-[submodule "lib/lib_serial"]
-	path = lib/lib_serial
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_serial.git
-[submodule "lib/lib_alloc"]
-	path = lib/lib_alloc
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_alloc.git
-[submodule "lib/lib_async"]
-	path = lib/lib_async
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_async.git
-[submodule "lib/lib_keyboard"]
-	path = lib/lib_keyboard
-	url = https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS-lib_keyboard.git
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 5f2a6c8..5d87614 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ checksum = "8f68f53c83ab957f72c32642f3868eec03eb974d1fb82e453128456482613d36"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.14"
+version = "1.2.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c3d1b2e905a3a7b00a6141adb0e4c0bb941d11caf55349d863942a1cc44e3c9"
+checksum = "c736e259eea577f443d5c86c304f9f4ae0295c43f3ba05c21f1d66b5f06001af"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
@@ -69,13 +69,7 @@ name = "foundry_os"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
- "lib_alloc",
- "lib_application",
- "lib_ascii",
- "lib_async",
- "lib_framebuffer",
- "lib_keyboard",
- "lib_serial",
+ "libk",
  "limine",
  "pc-keyboard",
  "pic8259",
@@ -108,73 +102,15 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "lazy_static"
-version = "1.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
-dependencies = [
- "spin",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lib_alloc"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "linked_list_allocator",
- "x86_64",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lib_application"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "lib_ascii",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lib_ascii"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "lazy_static",
- "lib_framebuffer",
- "spin",
- "x86_64",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lib_async"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "crossbeam",
- "spin",
- "x86_64",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lib_framebuffer"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "limine",
- "spin",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lib_keyboard"
+name = "libk"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "crossbeam",
  "futures-util",
- "lib_ascii",
+ "limine",
+ "linked_list_allocator",
  "pc-keyboard",
  "spin",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lib_serial"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "lazy_static",
- "spin",
  "x86_64",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c6a9865..b3cb7bd 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,19 +1,11 @@
 [workspace]
-members = [
-    "kernel",
-    "lib/lib_framebuffer",
-    "lib/lib_serial",
-    "lib/lib_ascii",
-    "lib/lib_application",
-    "lib/lib_alloc",
-    "lib/lib_async",
-    "lib/lib_keyboard",
-]
+members = ["kernel", "libk"]
 resolver = "2"
 
 [workspace.package]
 version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2021"
+authors = ["The Foundry OS contributors"]
 
 [profile.dev]
 opt-level = "z"
diff --git a/kernel/Cargo.toml b/kernel/Cargo.toml
index feb1490..48f4be3 100644
--- a/kernel/Cargo.toml
+++ b/kernel/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,13 +5,7 @@ edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
 limine = "0.3.1"
-lib_framebuffer = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_framebuffer", registry = "gitea" }
-lib_serial = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_serial", registry = "gitea" }
-lib_ascii = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_ascii", registry = "gitea" }
-lib_application = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_application", registry = "gitea" }
-lib_async = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_async", registry = "gitea" }
-lib_keyboard = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_keyboard", registry = "gitea" }
-lib_alloc = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../lib/lib_alloc", registry = "gitea" }
+libk = { path = "../libk" }
 x86_64 = "0.15.2"
 spin = "0.9.8"
 pic8259 = "0.11.0"
diff --git a/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts.rs b/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts.rs
index 3ad7ef9..f5e7d2e 100644
--- a/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use lib_ascii::println_log;
-use lib_serial::serial_println;
-// use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
+use libk::prelude::*;
 use x86_64::registers::control::Cr2;
 use x86_64::structures::idt::{InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame, PageFaultErrorCode};
 
@@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStac
     let mut port = Port::new(0x60);
 
     let scancode: u8 = unsafe { port.read() };
-    lib_keyboard::add_scancode(scancode);
+    libk::io::keyboard::add_scancode(scancode);
 
     unsafe {
         PICS.lock()
diff --git a/kernel/src/lib.rs b/kernel/src/lib.rs
index 68bf61b..4d1a129 100644
--- a/kernel/src/lib.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@
 extern crate alloc;
 
 use core::arch::asm;
-use lib_alloc::allocator::init_heap;
 use limine::BaseRevision;
 
-pub use lib_ascii::{print, print_log, println, println_log, WRITER};
-pub use lib_serial::{serial_print, serial_println, serial_read};
-// use x86_64::structures::paging::Translate;
-// use x86_64::PhysAddr;
+use libk::alloc::init_heap;
+use libk::prelude::*;
+
 use x86_64::VirtAddr;
 
 mod arch;
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ pub fn boot() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
     let memory_map = memmap::get_memory_map();
 
     print_log!("    Initialising Serial... ");
-    lib_serial::init()?;
+    libk::io::serial::init()?;
     println_log!("[Success]");
 
     print_log!("    Setting Up Global Descriptor Table... ");
diff --git a/kernel/src/main.rs b/kernel/src/main.rs
index d9e5708..8b5b3b8 100644
--- a/kernel/src/main.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/main.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 
 extern crate alloc;
 
-use foundry_os::{println, println_log};
-use lib_async::task::{Executor, Task};
-use lib_keyboard::print_keypresses;
+use libk::{
+    io,
+    prelude::*,
+    scheduling::task::{Executor, Task},
+};
 
 #[no_mangle]
 extern "C" fn kmain() -> ! {
@@ -16,8 +18,8 @@ extern "C" fn kmain() -> ! {
 
     println_log!("[ Kernel Initialised Successfully ] ");
 
-    let dimensions = lib_ascii::screensize_chars();
-    let dimensions2 = lib_framebuffer::screensize_px();
+    let dimensions = io::ascii::screensize_chars();
+    let dimensions2 = io::ascii::screensize_px();
 
     println!("Dimensions: {}x{} (px)", dimensions2.0, dimensions2.1);
     println!("Dimensions: {}x{} (chars)", dimensions.0, dimensions.1);
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ extern "C" fn kmain() -> ! {
     );
 
     let mut executor = Executor::new();
-    executor.spawn(Task::new(print_keypresses()));
+    executor.spawn(Task::new(io::keyboard::print_keypresses()));
     executor.try_run();
 
     loop {}
diff --git a/lib/lib_alloc b/lib/lib_alloc
deleted file mode 160000
index cce44f5..0000000
--- a/lib/lib_alloc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit cce44f5273d51ff44a234f3745e97f97a5ed66d4
diff --git a/lib/lib_application b/lib/lib_application
deleted file mode 160000
index 4b1c606..0000000
--- a/lib/lib_application
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit 4b1c60676a2f67c2f95139ef2820238cdcbbf19e
diff --git a/lib/lib_ascii b/lib/lib_ascii
deleted file mode 160000
index 70d528b..0000000
--- a/lib/lib_ascii
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit 70d528b2e8dc4d5b522955c248f47da74ce28678
diff --git a/lib/lib_async b/lib/lib_async
deleted file mode 160000
index 5e74d22..0000000
--- a/lib/lib_async
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit 5e74d22e25e1c2b79e50e40b3182828efcbc159c
diff --git a/lib/lib_framebuffer b/lib/lib_framebuffer
deleted file mode 160000
index 5355327..0000000
--- a/lib/lib_framebuffer
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit 53553278d11e798f8dc770b9f5efe50d9b737c68
diff --git a/lib/lib_keyboard b/lib/lib_keyboard
deleted file mode 160000
index b475480..0000000
--- a/lib/lib_keyboard
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit b475480d8f3783acdba4d6cf457464794da7af70
diff --git a/lib/lib_serial b/lib/lib_serial
deleted file mode 160000
index ed2fa6b..0000000
--- a/lib/lib_serial
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit ed2fa6b50102607d33973c1851a0ec8c895ed4fa
diff --git a/libk/Cargo.toml b/libk/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6d272e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[package]
+name = "libk"
+publish = ["gitea"]
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+description = "A library crate used to write the kernel for Foundry OS."
+
+[dependencies]
+limine = "0.3.1"
+x86_64 = "0.15.2"
+crossbeam = { version = "0.8.4", default-features = false, features = [
+    "alloc",
+    "crossbeam-queue",
+] }
+pc-keyboard = "0.8.0"
+spin = "0.9.8"
+futures-util = { version = "0.3.31", default-features = false, features = [
+    "alloc",
+] }
+linked_list_allocator = "0.10.5"
diff --git a/libk/README.md b/libk/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0603a21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# libk is for the code that did not make the kernel*
+
+\*crate, lol.
+
+libk is an attempt to move away from the godforsaken git submodules that plagued our forefathers. Now we have a crate containing a bunch of code that didn't quite make the core kernel crate, which should be:
+
+* simpler to maintain
+* has a catchier name
+* less fighting with Cargo.toml manifests
+
+## TODO:
+
+A lot of things must be improved and worked on, feel free to add extra TODOs below.
+
+[] Create a kernel logging abstraction similar to Linux. (this should probably just use the serial drivers)
+
+The rationale behind this is that we want some sort of debug log/tracing support so we aren't just printf debugging forever.
+
+## Authors
+
+Again, write your name below if you like:
+
+* @zxq5 (wrote most of the libraries as of 23/02/25)
+* @nullndvoid (made this lushious library crate)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libk/src/alloc.rs b/libk/src/alloc.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56c2a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/alloc.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod allocator;
+
+pub use self::allocator::init_heap;
diff --git a/libk/src/alloc/allocator.rs b/libk/src/alloc/allocator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31547ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/alloc/allocator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use linked_list_allocator::LockedHeap;
+use x86_64::{
+    structures::paging::{
+        mapper::MapToError, FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, Size4KiB,
+    },
+    VirtAddr,
+};
+
+/// We are currently using a linked list heap allocator which uses our underlying page allocator.
+pub type FoundryAllocator = LockedHeap;
+
+#[global_allocator]
+/// This is now Rust's global allocator, so we can use stuff requiring heap allocations.
+static ALLOCATOR: FoundryAllocator = FoundryAllocator::empty();
+
+pub const HEAP_START: usize = 0x4444_4444_0000;
+pub const HEAP_SIZE: usize = 1000 * 1024;
+
+/// Sets up the heap using the backing page frame allocator.
+pub fn init_heap(
+    mapper: &mut impl Mapper<Size4KiB>,
+    frame_allocator: &mut impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB>,
+) -> Result<(), MapToError<Size4KiB>> {
+    let range = {
+        let heap_start = VirtAddr::new(HEAP_START as u64);
+        let heap_end = heap_start + HEAP_SIZE as u64 - 1u64;
+        let heap_start_page = Page::<Size4KiB>::containing_address(heap_start);
+        let heap_end_page = Page::<Size4KiB>::containing_address(heap_end);
+        Page::range_inclusive(heap_start_page, heap_end_page)
+    };
+
+    for page in range {
+        let frame = frame_allocator
+            .allocate_frame()
+            .ok_or(MapToError::FrameAllocationFailed)?;
+        let flags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
+        unsafe { mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, frame_allocator)?.flush() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe {
+        ALLOCATOR.lock().init(HEAP_START as *mut u8, HEAP_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/libk/src/io.rs b/libk/src/io.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1bd4a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/io.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+pub mod ascii;
+pub mod framebuffer;
+pub mod keyboard;
+pub mod port;
+pub mod serial;
+
+// Re-exported macro definitions.
+
+pub use crate::print;
+pub use crate::print_log;
+pub use crate::printerr;
+pub use crate::println;
+pub use crate::println_log;
+pub use crate::printlnerr;
+
+pub use crate::serial_print;
+pub use crate::serial_println;
diff --git a/libk/src/io/ascii.rs b/libk/src/io/ascii.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a75520b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/io/ascii.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+use core::fmt;
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
+
+pub use super::framebuffer::screensize_px;
+use super::framebuffer::{Color, FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER};
+
+mod font;
+use font::FONT;
+
+static FONT_WIDTH: u32 = 8;
+static FONT_HEIGHT: u32 = 16;
+
+pub static WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Writer>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(Writer::new()));
+
+pub fn screensize_chars() -> (u32, u32) {
+    let writer = WRITER.lock();
+    (writer.screen_width, writer.screen_height)
+}
+
+pub struct Writer {
+    /// Measured in chars not pixels.
+    screen_width: u32,
+    /// Measured in chars not pixels.
+    screen_height: u32,
+    /// 16 pixels tall.
+    text_line: u32,
+    /// 8 pixels wide.
+    text_col: u32,
+
+    fg_color: Color,
+    bg_color: Color,
+
+    offset1: usize,
+    offset2: usize,
+}
+
+impl Writer {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            Self {
+                screen_width: writer.width() as u32 / 8,
+                screen_height: writer.height() as u32 / 16,
+                text_line: 0,
+                text_col: 0,
+                fg_color: Color::White,
+                bg_color: Color::Black,
+                offset1: 16,
+                offset2: 0,
+            }
+        } else {
+            panic!("Framebuffer writer not initialized");
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_char(&mut self, c: u16) {
+        if c as u8 == b'\n' {
+            self.newline();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // get the character data from the font array. -- each byte is a row of pixels
+        let data: &[u8] = &FONT[c as usize * 16..(c as usize + 1) * 16];
+
+        if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            for row in 0..16 {
+                let line: u8 = data[row];
+                for col in 0..8 {
+                    let pixel_x: u32 = self.text_col * FONT_WIDTH + col;
+                    let pixel_y: u32 = self.text_line * FONT_HEIGHT + row as u32;
+
+                    if line & (0x80 >> col) != 0 {
+                        // write the foreground color
+                        writer.write_pixel(pixel_x as usize, pixel_y as usize, self.fg_color);
+                    } else {
+                        // write the background color
+                        writer.write_pixel(pixel_x as usize, pixel_y as usize, self.bg_color);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // go to next position
+        if self.text_col + 1 >= self.screen_width {
+            self.newline();
+        } else {
+            self.text_col += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_offset(&mut self, offset1: usize, offset2: usize) {
+        self.offset1 = offset1;
+        self.offset2 = offset2;
+    }
+
+    pub fn dimensions(&self) -> (u32, u32) {
+        (self.screen_width, self.screen_height)
+    }
+
+    pub fn next_char(&mut self) {
+        self.text_col += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub fn newline(&mut self) {
+        self.text_col = 0;
+
+        if self.text_line + 1 >= self.screen_height {
+            self.text_line = 0;
+        } else {
+            self.text_line += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_string(&mut self, s: &str) {
+        for c in s.chars() {
+            self.write_char(c as u16);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_colour(&mut self, fg: Color, bg: Color) {
+        self.fg_color = fg;
+        self.bg_color = bg;
+    }
+
+    pub fn reset_colour(&mut self) {
+        self.fg_color = Color::White;
+        self.bg_color = Color::Black;
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Write for Writer {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        self.write_string(s);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn write(args: fmt::Arguments, fg: Color, bg: Color) {
+    use core::fmt::Write;
+
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+        writer.set_colour(fg, bg);
+        writer.write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+        writer.reset_colour();
+    });
+}
+
+pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        write(args, Color::White, Color::Black);
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn _print_err(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        write(args, Color::Red, Color::Black);
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn _print_log(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        write(args, Color::Yellow, Color::Black);
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn clear_screen() {
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+        writer.text_line = 0;
+        writer.text_col = 0;
+
+        if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            writer.clear();
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println_log {
+	() => ($crate::print_log!("\n"));
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print_log!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print_log {
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::io::ascii::_print_log(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println {
+	() => ($crate::print!("\n"));
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print {
+	($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::io::ascii::_print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! printlnerr {
+    () => ($crate::printerr!("\n"));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::printerr!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! printerr {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::_print_err(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
diff --git a/libk/src/io/ascii/font.rs b/libk/src/io/ascii/font.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d5ded3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/io/ascii/font.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+pub static FONT: [u8; 288 * 16] = [
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 0
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x33, 0x3f, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x70, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 1
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x81, 0xa5, 0x81, 0x81, 0xbd, 0x99, 0x81, 0x81, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 2
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xff, 0xdb, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 3
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 4
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 5
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 6
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 7
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 8
+    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xc3, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+    0xff, // 9
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x42, 0x42, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 10
+    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0x99, 0xbd, 0xbd, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+    0xff, // 11
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x0e, 0x1a, 0x32, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 12
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 13
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0x63, 0x7f, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x67, 0xe7, 0xe6, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 14
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0xdb, 0x3c, 0xe7, 0x3c, 0xdb, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 15
+    0x00, 0x80, 0xc0, 0xe0, 0xf0, 0xf8, 0xfe, 0xf8, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0xc0, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 16
+    0x00, 0x02, 0x06, 0x0e, 0x1e, 0x3e, 0xfe, 0x3e, 0x1e, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 17
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 18
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 19
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0x7b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 20
+    0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x0c, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 21
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 22
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 23
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 24
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 25
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x0c, 0xfe, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 26
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x60, 0xfe, 0x60, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 27
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 28
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x28, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 29
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x38, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 30
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 31
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 32
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 33
+    0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x24, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 34
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 35
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0x7c, 0x06, 0x06, 0x86, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 36
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc2, 0xc6, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc6, 0x86, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 37
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x76, 0xdc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 38
+    0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 39
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 40
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 41
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x3c, 0xff, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 42
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 43
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 44
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 45
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 46
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc0, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 47
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 48
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x38, 0x78, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 49
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 50
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0x06, 0x06, 0x3c, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 51
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x1c, 0x3c, 0x6c, 0xcc, 0xfe, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x1e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 52
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xfc, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 53
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x60, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xfc, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 54
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0x06, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 55
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 56
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7e, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 57
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 58
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 59
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 60
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 61
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 62
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 63
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xde, 0xde, 0xde, 0xdc, 0xc0, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 64
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 65
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 66
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc2, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 67
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xf8, 0x6c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x6c, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 68
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x66, 0x62, 0x68, 0x78, 0x68, 0x60, 0x62, 0x66, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 69
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x66, 0x62, 0x68, 0x78, 0x68, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 70
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xde, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x66, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 71
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 72
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 73
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 74
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xe6, 0x66, 0x66, 0x6c, 0x78, 0x78, 0x6c, 0x66, 0x66, 0xe6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 75
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xf0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x62, 0x66, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 76
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xee, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xd6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 77
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xe6, 0xf6, 0xfe, 0xde, 0xce, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 78
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 79
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 80
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xd6, 0xde, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x0e, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 81
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x6c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0xe6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 82
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x38, 0x0c, 0x06, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 83
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x7e, 0x5a, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 84
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 85
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 86
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xfe, 0xee, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 87
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x38, 0x7c, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 88
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 89
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0x86, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc2, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 90
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 91
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xc0, 0xe0, 0x70, 0x38, 0x1c, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 92
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 93
+    0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 94
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 95
+    0x30, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 96
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 97
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x78, 0x6c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 98
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 99
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x1c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x3c, 0x6c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 100
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 101
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 102
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0xcc, 0x78,
+    0x00, // 103
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x6c, 0x76, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0xe6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 104
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 105
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x06, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c,
+    0x00, // 106
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x66, 0x6c, 0x78, 0x78, 0x6c, 0x66, 0xe6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 107
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 108
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xec, 0xfe, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 109
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xdc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 110
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 111
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xdc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0,
+    0x00, // 112
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x1e,
+    0x00, // 113
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xdc, 0x76, 0x66, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 114
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x38, 0x0c, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 115
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x30, 0x30, 0xfc, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x36, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 116
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 117
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 118
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 119
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 120
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7e, 0x06, 0x0c, 0xf8,
+    0x00, // 121
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xcc, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 122
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x70, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 123
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 124
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x0e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 125
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 126
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 127
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 128
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 129
+    0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 130
+    0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0xe6, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 131
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 132
+    0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x0c, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 133
+    0x00, 0x3c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 134
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x6c, 0xd8, 0x6c, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 135
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 136
+    0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 137
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 138
+    0x00, 0x70, 0xd8, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc8, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 139
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x60, 0x60, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 140
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0x7b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 141
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 142
+    0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 143
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd8, 0x6c, 0x36, 0x6c, 0xd8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 144
+    0x00, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc2, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0x18, 0x30, 0x66, 0xce, 0x9e, 0x3e, 0x06, 0x06, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 145
+    0x00, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc2, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xdc, 0x86, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x3e, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 146
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 147
+    0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 148
+    0x38, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 149
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x6c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xfe, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xce, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 150
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc2, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x0c, 0x06, 0x7c, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 151
+    0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x66, 0x60, 0x7c, 0x60, 0x60, 0x66, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 152
+    0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xe6, 0xf6, 0xfe, 0xde, 0xce, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 153
+    0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 154
+    0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 155
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xd8, 0xcc, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 156
+    0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 157
+    0x00, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 158
+    0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 159
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 160
+    0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 161
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x36, 0x7e, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0x6e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 162
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x60, 0x60, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x0c, 0x06, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 163
+    0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 164
+    0x00, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 165
+    0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 166
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 167
+    0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 168
+    0x00, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 169
+    0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 170
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 171
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0xdc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 172
+    0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 173
+    0x00, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 174
+    0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 175
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 176
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 177
+    0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 178
+    0x00, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 179
+    0x00, 0x30, 0x78, 0xcc, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 180
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 181
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7e, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x78,
+    0x00, // 182
+    0x00, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 183
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 184
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 185
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 186
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 187
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xee, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 188
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xdc, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 189
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x3e, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 190
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x1c, 0x30, 0x60, 0x60, 0x7c, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x30, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 191
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 192
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 193
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 194
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x06, 0x7e, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xf3, 0x7e, 0x60, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 195
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 196
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 197
+    0x00, 0xd8, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 198
+    0x00, 0xf8, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xf8, 0xc4, 0xcc, 0xde, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 199
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x60, 0xfe, 0x60, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 200
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 201
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x0c, 0xfe, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 202
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 203
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x28, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 204
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 205
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 206
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 207
+    0x00, 0x0f, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0xec, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x3c, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 208
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 209
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 210
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 211
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 212
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 213
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 214
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 215
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 216
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 217
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 218
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 219
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 220
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 221
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 222
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xf8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 223
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 224
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 225
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 226
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 227
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 228
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 229
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xff, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 230
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 231
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 232
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 233
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 234
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x30, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 235
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xf8, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 236
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 237
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x06, 0xf6, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 238
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 239
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x3f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 240
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37, 0x30, 0x3f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 241
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 242
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 243
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xf6, 0x06, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 244
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 245
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 246
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37, 0x30, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 247
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x18, 0xf8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 248
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xf6, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 249
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xf6, 0x06, 0xf6, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 250
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 251
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 252
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0xf7, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 253
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 254
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 255
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xf7, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 256
+    0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xff, 0x18, 0xff, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+    0x18, // 257
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xff, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 258
+    0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xf7, 0x00, 0xf7, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+    0x36, // 259
+    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 260
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+    0xff, // 261
+    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+    0xff, // 262
+    0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0,
+    0xf0, // 263
+    0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f,
+    0x0f, // 264
+    0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11,
+    0x44, // 265
+    0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55, 0xaa, 0x55,
+    0xaa, // 266
+    0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd, 0x77, 0xdd,
+    0x77, // 267
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 268
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 269
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x38, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 270
+    0x00, 0x80, 0xc0, 0xe0, 0xf0, 0xf8, 0xfe, 0xf8, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0xc0, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 271
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 272
+    0x00, 0x02, 0x06, 0x0e, 0x1e, 0x3e, 0xfe, 0x3e, 0x1e, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 273
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x42, 0x42, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 274
+    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xc3, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+    0xff, // 275
+    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0x99, 0xbd, 0xbd, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+    0xff, // 276
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x81, 0xa5, 0x81, 0x81, 0xbd, 0x99, 0x81, 0x81, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 277
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xff, 0xdb, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 278
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0xdb, 0x3c, 0xe7, 0x3c, 0xdb, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 279
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 280
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x0e, 0x1a, 0x32, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 281
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 282
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 283
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 284
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 285
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x33, 0x3f, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x70, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 286
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0x63, 0x7f, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x67, 0xe7, 0xe6, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, // 287
+];
diff --git a/libk/src/io/framebuffer.rs b/libk/src/io/framebuffer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29cf8e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/io/framebuffer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+use limine::request::FramebufferRequest;
+
+#[used]
+#[link_section = ".requests"]
+static FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST: FramebufferRequest = FramebufferRequest::new();
+
+mod colour;
+
+pub use colour::Color;
+use core::panic;
+
+use limine::framebuffer::Framebuffer;
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+
+// use crate::{colour::Color, FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST};
+
+pub static FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<FramebufferWriter>>> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    Mutex::new(
+        if let Some(framebuffer_response) = FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST.get_response() {
+            let framebuffer = framebuffer_response.framebuffers().next().unwrap();
+            Some(FramebufferWriter::new(framebuffer))
+        } else {
+            panic!("Framebuffer request failed");
+        },
+    )
+});
+
+pub struct FramebufferWriter<'a> {
+    framebuffer: Framebuffer<'a>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl<'a> Send for FramebufferWriter<'a> {}
+unsafe impl<'a> Sync for FramebufferWriter<'a> {}
+impl<'a> FramebufferWriter<'a> {
+    pub fn new(framebuffer: Framebuffer<'a>) -> Self {
+        Self { framebuffer }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_pixel(&self, x: usize, y: usize, color: Color) {
+        let pitch = self.framebuffer.pitch() as usize;
+        let bpp = (self.framebuffer.bpp() / 8) as usize;
+        let pixel_offset = y * pitch + x * bpp;
+
+        unsafe {
+            *(self.framebuffer.addr().add(pixel_offset) as *mut u32) = color.into();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render_frame(&self, buffer: &[Color; 1280 * 800]) {
+        for (y, row) in buffer.chunks(1280).enumerate() {
+            for (x, pixel) in row.iter().enumerate() {
+                self.write_pixel(x, y, *pixel);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn width(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.framebuffer.width() as u32
+    }
+
+    pub fn height(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.framebuffer.height() as u32
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear(&self) {
+        let width = self.framebuffer.width() as usize;
+        let height = self.framebuffer.height() as usize;
+
+        for y in 0..height {
+            for x in 0..width {
+                self.write_pixel(x, y, Color::Black);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn screensize_px() -> (u32, u32) {
+    if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+        (writer.width(), writer.height())
+    } else {
+        (0, 0)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs b/libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc80d80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#[repr(u32)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum Color {
+    ARGB(u8, u8, u8, u8),
+    RGB(u8, u8, u8),
+    HexARGB(u32),
+    Black = 0x000000FF,
+    Blue = 0x0000FFFF,
+    Green = 0x00FF00FF,
+    Cyan = 0x00FFFFFF,
+    Red = 0xFF0000FF,
+    Magenta = 0xFF00FFFF,
+    Yellow = 0xFFFF00FF,
+    White = 0xFFFFFFFF,
+}
+
+impl Into<u32> for Color {
+    fn into(self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            Color::ARGB(a, r, g, b) => {
+                (a as u32) << 24 | (r as u32) << 16 | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32)
+            }
+            Color::RGB(r, g, b) => (0u32) << 24 | (r as u32) << 16 | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32),
+            Color::HexARGB(hex) => hex,
+            Color::Black => 0xFF000000,
+            Color::Blue => 0xFF0000FF,
+            Color::Green => 0xFF00FF00,
+            Color::Cyan => 0xFF00FFFF,
+            Color::Red => 0xFFFF0000,
+            Color::Magenta => 0xFFFF00FF,
+            Color::Yellow => 0xFFFFFF00,
+            Color::White => 0xFFFFFFFF,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for Color {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Color::ARGB(r, g, b, a) => write!(f, "RGBA(#{:x}{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b, a),
+            Color::RGB(r, g, b) => write!(f, "RGB(#{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b),
+            Color::HexARGB(hex) => write!(f, "Hex(#{:x})", hex),
+            Color::Black => write!(f, "Black"),
+            Color::Blue => write!(f, "Blue"),
+            Color::Green => write!(f, "Green"),
+            Color::Cyan => write!(f, "Cyan"),
+            Color::Red => write!(f, "Red"),
+            Color::Magenta => write!(f, "Magenta"),
+            Color::Yellow => write!(f, "Yellow"),
+            Color::White => write!(f, "White"),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libk/src/io/keyboard.rs b/libk/src/io/keyboard.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d2ad1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/io/keyboard.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+extern crate alloc;
+
+use core::{
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+
+use super::{print, println};
+use crossbeam::queue::ArrayQueue;
+use futures_util::{task::AtomicWaker, Stream};
+use spin::Once;
+
+static KBD_QUEUE: Once<ArrayQueue<u8>> = Once::new();
+static WAKER: AtomicWaker = AtomicWaker::new();
+
+pub fn add_scancode(scancode: u8) {
+    if let Some(queue) = KBD_QUEUE.get() {
+        if let Err(_) = queue.push(scancode) {
+            println!("WARNING: scancode queue full; dropping keyboard input");
+        } else {
+            println!("waking waker");
+            WAKER.wake();
+        }
+    } else {
+        println!("WARNING: scancode queue not initialised");
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ScanCodeStream {
+    _private: (),
+}
+
+impl ScanCodeStream {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        KBD_QUEUE.call_once(|| ArrayQueue::new(5));
+        ScanCodeStream { _private: () }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Stream for ScanCodeStream {
+    type Item = u8;
+
+    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        let queue = KBD_QUEUE.get().expect("scancode queue not initialized");
+        print!("polling or smth");
+
+        // fast path
+        if let Some(scancode) = queue.pop() {
+            return Poll::Ready(Some(scancode));
+        }
+
+        WAKER.register(&cx.waker());
+        match queue.pop() {
+            Some(scancode) => {
+                print!("scancode found");
+                WAKER.take();
+                Poll::Ready(Some(scancode))
+            }
+            None => {
+                print!("returning");
+                Poll::Pending
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;
+use pc_keyboard::{layouts, DecodedKey, HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1};
+
+pub async fn print_keypresses() {
+    let mut scancodes = ScanCodeStream::new();
+    let mut keyboard = Keyboard::new(
+        ScancodeSet1::new(),
+        layouts::Us104Key,
+        HandleControl::Ignore,
+    );
+
+    println!("OK!!!");
+
+    while let Some(scancode) = scancodes.next().await {
+        if let Ok(Some(key_event)) = keyboard.add_byte(scancode) {
+            if let Some(key) = keyboard.process_keyevent(key_event) {
+                match key {
+                    DecodedKey::Unicode(character) => print!("{}", character),
+                    DecodedKey::RawKey(key) => print!("{:?}", key),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libk/src/io/port.rs b/libk/src/io/port.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..860058d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/io/port.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//! Functions for IO using ports.
+
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn inb(port: u16) -> u8 {
+    let value: u8;
+    asm!(
+        "in al, dx",
+        out("al") value,
+        in("dx") port,
+        options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags)
+    );
+    value
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn outb(port: u16, value: u8) {
+    asm!(
+        "out dx, al",
+        in("dx") port,
+        in("al") value,
+        options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags)
+    );
+}
diff --git a/libk/src/io/serial.rs b/libk/src/io/serial.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d5d674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/io/serial.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+use core::{
+    fmt,
+    sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+};
+use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! serial_println {
+    () => ($crate::serial_print!("\n"));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::io::serial_print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! serial_print {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::io::serial::_serial_write(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+use super::port::{inb, outb};
+
+use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
+
+pub fn _serial_write(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    use core::fmt::Write;
+
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        if let Some(writer) = WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
+            writer.write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn serial_read() -> &'static str {
+    serial_println!("getting value!");
+
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        if let Some(reader) = READER.lock().as_mut() {
+            serial_println!("stuff happnin.");
+            reader.read_str_to_buffer();
+        } else {
+            serial_println!("failed to get writer");
+        }
+    });
+
+    serial_println!("eee");
+
+    let i = BUFFER_LEN.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+    return unsafe {
+        if i != 0 {
+            core::str::from_utf8(&BUFFER[..i - 1]).unwrap()
+        } else {
+            serial_println!("empty string");
+            ""
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+static PORT: u16 = 0x3f8;
+static mut BUFFER: [u8; 256] = [0; 256];
+static BUFFER_LEN: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+
+static READER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<Reader>>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(None));
+static WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<Writer>>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(None));
+
+struct Reader;
+
+struct Writer;
+
+impl fmt::Write for Writer {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        for c in s.chars() {
+            self.write_byte(c as u8);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Writer {
+    unsafe fn write_success(&self) -> bool {
+        inb(PORT + 5) & 0x20 != 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_byte(&self, data: u8) {
+        unsafe {
+            while !self.write_success() {}
+            outb(PORT + 0, data);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn init() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    if let Err(e) = test() {
+        return Err(e);
+    }
+
+    if READER.lock().is_none() {
+        *READER.lock() = Some(Reader);
+    }
+
+    if WRITER.lock().is_none() {
+        *WRITER.lock() = Some(Writer);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn test() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    unsafe {
+        outb(PORT + 1, 0x00); // Disable all interrupts
+        outb(PORT + 3, 0x80); // Enable DLAB (set baud rate divisor)
+        outb(PORT + 0, 0x03); // Set divisor to 3 (lo byte) 38400 baud
+        outb(PORT + 1, 0x00); //                  (hi byte)
+        outb(PORT + 3, 0x03); // 8 bits, no parity, one stop bit
+        outb(PORT + 2, 0xC7); // Enable FIFO, clear them, with 14-bytethreshold
+        outb(PORT + 4, 0x0B); // IRQs enabled, RTS/DSR set
+        outb(PORT + 4, 0x1E); // Set in loopback mode, test the serial chip
+        outb(PORT + 0, 0xAE); // Test serial chip (send byte 0xAE and check if serial returns same byte)
+
+        if inb(PORT + 0) != 0xAE {
+            return Err("serial test failed");
+        }
+
+        outb(PORT + 4, 0x0F);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl Reader {
+    pub fn read_str_to_buffer(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            while !self.read_ready() {}
+
+            BUFFER_LEN.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+            while BUFFER_LEN.load(Ordering::SeqCst) < 256 {
+                let c = self.read();
+                BUFFER[BUFFER_LEN.load(Ordering::SeqCst)] = c;
+                if c as char == '\r' {
+                    break;
+                }
+                BUFFER_LEN.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            }
+
+            serial_println!("returning")
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn read_ready(&self) -> bool {
+        inb(PORT + 5) & 1 != 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn read(&self) -> u8 {
+        unsafe {
+            while !self.read_ready() {}
+            return inb(PORT + 0);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libk/src/lib.rs b/libk/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfcc3ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#![no_std]
+
+// alloc
+// io : serial, framebuffer, ascii(?), keyboard
+// ?????
+// scheduling / tasks : async
+
+pub mod alloc;
+pub mod io;
+pub mod scheduling;
+
+/// Re-exports most of the IO macros.
+pub mod prelude {
+    pub use crate::{print_log, println, println_log, serial_print, serial_println};
+}
diff --git a/libk/src/scheduling.rs b/libk/src/scheduling.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdafe4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/scheduling.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod task;
diff --git a/libk/src/scheduling/task.rs b/libk/src/scheduling/task.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..844b873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libk/src/scheduling/task.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+extern crate alloc;
+use alloc::{boxed::Box, collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc, task::Wake};
+use core::{
+    future::Future,
+    pin::Pin,
+    sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
+    task::{Context, Poll, Waker},
+};
+use crossbeam::queue::ArrayQueue;
+
+pub struct Task {
+    id: TaskId,
+    future: Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()>>>,
+}
+
+impl Task {
+    pub fn new(future: impl Future<Output = ()> + 'static) -> Task {
+        Task {
+            id: TaskId::new(),
+            future: Box::pin(future),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn poll(&mut self, context: &mut Context) -> Poll<()> {
+        self.future.as_mut().poll(context)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Executor {
+    tasks: BTreeMap<TaskId, Task>,
+    task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>,
+    waker_cache: BTreeMap<TaskId, Waker>,
+}
+
+impl Executor {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Executor {
+            tasks: BTreeMap::new(),
+            task_queue: Arc::new(ArrayQueue::new(100)),
+            waker_cache: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn spawn(&mut self, task: Task) {
+        let task_id = task.id;
+        if self.tasks.insert(task.id, task).is_some() {
+            panic!("a task with this id has already been allocated");
+        }
+        self.task_queue.push(task_id).expect("task queue is full");
+    }
+
+    fn run_ready_tasks(&mut self) {
+        let Self {
+            tasks,
+            task_queue,
+            waker_cache,
+        } = self;
+
+        while let Some(task_id) = task_queue.pop() {
+            let task = match tasks.get_mut(&task_id) {
+                Some(task) => task,
+                None => continue,
+            };
+            let waker = waker_cache
+                .entry(task_id)
+                .or_insert_with(|| TaskWaker::new(task_id, task_queue.clone()));
+            let mut context = Context::from_waker(waker);
+            match task.poll(&mut context) {
+                Poll::Ready(()) => {
+                    tasks.remove(&task_id);
+                    waker_cache.remove(&task_id);
+                }
+                Poll::Pending => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_run(&mut self) {
+        self.run_ready_tasks();
+        self.sleep_if_idle();
+    }
+
+    fn sleep_if_idle(&self) {
+        use x86_64::instructions::interrupts::{self, enable_and_hlt};
+
+        interrupts::disable();
+        if self.task_queue.is_empty() {
+            enable_and_hlt();
+        } else {
+            interrupts::enable();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct TaskWaker {
+    task_id: TaskId,
+    task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>,
+}
+
+impl TaskWaker {
+    fn new(task_id: TaskId, task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>) -> Waker {
+        Waker::from(Arc::new(TaskWaker {
+            task_id,
+            task_queue,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn wake_task(&self) {
+        self.task_queue
+            .push(self.task_id)
+            .expect("task queue is full!");
+    }
+}
+
+impl Wake for TaskWaker {
+    fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
+        self.wake_task();
+    }
+
+    fn wake_by_ref(self: &Arc<Self>) {
+        self.wake_task();
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+struct TaskId(u64);
+
+impl TaskId {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+        TaskId(NEXT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed))
+    }
+}

From 914cb4e4092fe1031ced1b03346fd49b5b16f9df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Hinchliffe <jacob@nullndvoid.xyz>
Date: Sun, 23 Feb 2025 11:43:26 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 4/8] Enable support for $USE_GDB when running in debug mode.

---
 .cargo/config.toml               |  17 +--
 scripts/{run.sh => run_debug.sh} |   8 +-
 scripts/run_release.sh           | 186 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 201 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
 rename scripts/{run.sh => run_debug.sh} (96%)
 create mode 100755 scripts/run_release.sh

diff --git a/.cargo/config.toml b/.cargo/config.toml
index 400f704..0f4b13b 100644
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -9,15 +9,16 @@ build-std-features = ["compiler-builtins-mem"]
 [env]
 RUST_TARGET_PATH = { value = "kernel", relative = true }
 
-[target.x86_64-kernel]
-runner = "scripts/run.sh"
+# Run in debug mode.
+[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", target_os = "none", debug_assertions))']
+runner = "scripts/run_debug.sh"
 
-[registry]
-default = "gitea"
+# Otherwise we run in release mode.
+[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", target_os = "none", not(debug_assertions)))']
+runner = "scripts/run_release.sh"
+
+# [registry]
+# default = "gitea"
 
 [registries.gitea]
 index = "sparse+https://git.zxq5.dev/api/packages/OsDev/cargo/" # Sparse index
-# index = "https://gitea.example.com/{owner}/_cargo-index.git" # Git
-
-# [net]
-# git-fetch-with-cli = true
diff --git a/scripts/run.sh b/scripts/run_debug.sh
similarity index 96%
rename from scripts/run.sh
rename to scripts/run_debug.sh
index 79359bf..138298c 100755
--- a/scripts/run.sh
+++ b/scripts/run_debug.sh
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
+# Script originally written by zxq5, I added separate scripts to remove `jq` dependency.
+
 # Colors
 GREEN='\033[0;32m'
 BLUE='\033[0;34m'
@@ -16,6 +18,8 @@ trap 'echo -e "${RED}${BOLD}error${NC}: build failed" >&2' ERR
 script_dir=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" &>/dev/null && pwd)
 project_root=$(cd "$script_dir/.." &>/dev/null && pwd)
 
+echo -e "${GREEN}${BOLD} Running kernel in debug mode."
+
 # Logging functions
 info() {
     echo -e "${BLUE}${BOLD}info${NC}: $1"
@@ -124,8 +128,8 @@ else
     kvm_flag=""
 fi
 
-# Check if we're running in debug mode
-if [[ "$(cargo metadata --format-version=1 | jq -r '.workspace_members[0]' | cut -d' ' -f2)" == "(debug)" ]]; then
+# Enable using GDB with $USE_GDB.
+if [ $USE_GDB ]; then
     debug_flags="-s -S"
 else
     debug_flags=""
diff --git a/scripts/run_release.sh b/scripts/run_release.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..97f6134
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/run_release.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Script originally written by zxq5, I added separate scripts to remove `jq` dependency.
+
+# Colors
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+BLUE='\033[0;34m'
+YELLOW='\033[0;33m'
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+BOLD='\033[1m'
+NC='\033[0m' # No Color
+
+# Error handling
+set -e
+trap 'echo -e "${RED}${BOLD}error${NC}: build failed" >&2' ERR
+
+# Get absolute path to project root
+script_dir=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" &>/dev/null && pwd)
+project_root=$(cd "$script_dir/.." &>/dev/null && pwd)
+
+echo -e "${GREEN}${BOLD} Running kernel in release mode."
+
+# Logging functions
+info() {
+    echo -e "${BLUE}${BOLD}info${NC}: $1"
+}
+
+compiling() {
+    echo -e "${GREEN}${BOLD}Compiling${NC}: $1"
+}
+
+warning() {
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}${BOLD}warning${NC}: $1" >&2
+}
+
+building() {
+    echo -e "${GREEN}${BOLD}Building${NC}: $1"
+}
+
+copying() {
+    echo -e "${GREEN}${BOLD}  Copying${NC}: $1 to $2"
+}
+
+error() {
+    echo -e "${RED}${BOLD}error${NC}: $1" >&2
+    exit 1
+}
+
+copy_file() {
+    copying $1 $2
+    cp "$1" "$2" || error $3
+}
+
+build_dir="$project_root/build"
+iso_root="$build_dir/iso_root"
+
+# Check if we're running tests
+is_test=0
+if [[ $1 == *"deps"* ]]; then
+    is_test=1
+    kernel_path="$1"
+else
+    # Build the kernel normally
+    cd "$project_root"
+    # cargo build
+    kernel_path="$build_dir/target/x86_64-kernel/release/kernel"
+fi
+
+# Check for required tools
+check_tools() {
+    local missing=0
+    for tool in xorriso git qemu-system-x86_64; do
+        if ! command -v $tool >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            error "required tool '$tool' is not installed"
+            missing=1
+        fi
+    done
+    if [ $missing -eq 1 ]; then
+        error "missing required tools"
+    fi
+}
+
+# Create build directory structure
+info "Creating build directory structure"
+mkdir -p "$iso_root/boot/limine"
+mkdir -p "$iso_root/EFI/BOOT"
+
+# Clone Limine if needed
+if [ ! -d "$build_dir/limine" ]; then
+    compiling "limine bootloader"
+    cd "$build_dir"
+    git clone https://github.com/limine-bootloader/limine.git --branch=v9.x-binary --depth=1 "$build_dir/limine" || error "failed to clone limine"
+    make -C "$build_dir/limine" || error "failed to build limine"
+    cd "$project_root"
+fi
+
+# Copy files
+info "Copying files to ISO root"
+copy_file "$kernel_path" "$iso_root/boot/kernel" "failed to copy kernel"
+copy_file "$project_root/config/limine.conf" "$iso_root/boot/limine/limine.conf" "failed to copy limine config"
+copy_file "$build_dir/limine/limine-bios-cd.bin" "$iso_root/boot/limine/" "failed to copy limine-bios-cd.bin"
+copy_file "$build_dir/limine/limine-uefi-cd.bin" "$iso_root/boot/limine/" "failed to copy limine-uefi-cd.bin"
+copy_file "$build_dir/limine/limine-bios.sys" "$iso_root/boot/limine/" "failed to copy limine-bios.sys"
+copy_file "$build_dir/limine/BOOTX64.EFI" "$iso_root/EFI/BOOT/" "failed to copy BOOTX64.EFI"
+copy_file "$build_dir/limine/BOOTIA32.EFI" "$iso_root/EFI/BOOT/" "failed to copy BOOTIA32.EFI"
+
+# Create ISO
+building "bootable ISO image"
+xorriso -as mkisofs -R -r -J -b boot/limine/limine-bios-cd.bin \
+        -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -hfsplus \
+        -apm-block-size 2048 --efi-boot boot/limine/limine-uefi-cd.bin \
+        -efi-boot-part --efi-boot-image --protective-msdos-label \
+        "$iso_root" -o "$build_dir/image.iso" || error "failed to create ISO"
+
+# Install Limine
+info "Installing Limine bootloader"
+"$build_dir/limine/limine" bios-install "$build_dir/image.iso" || error "failed to install limine"
+
+# Check if KVM is available
+if [ "${KVM_FLAG:-enable}" = "disable" ]; then
+    warning "KVM acceleration disabled by user"
+    kvm_flag=""
+elif [ -c "/dev/kvm" ] && [ -w "/dev/kvm" ]; then
+    info "KVM acceleration enabled"
+    kvm_flag="-enable-kvm"
+else
+    warning "KVM acceleration not available (is kvm module loaded?)"
+    kvm_flag=""
+fi
+
+# I'm lazy but I just remove GDB flags when running this script.
+debug_flags=""
+
+# Set up test-specific flags
+if [ $is_test -eq 1 ]; then
+    test_flags="-device isa-debug-exit,iobase=0xf4,iosize=0x04 -display none"
+    serial_flags="-serial stdio"
+else
+    test_flags=""
+    # serial_flags="-serial tcp:127.0.0.1:1234,server -monitor telnet:127.0.0.1:1235,server"
+    serial_flags="-serial stdio"
+fi
+
+# Run in QEMU
+if [[ ${QEMU_FLAGS} == *-S* ]]; then
+    info "Running OS in QEMU with GDB debugging enabled"
+    info "To connect GDB, run: gdb"
+    info "At the GDB prompt, type: target remote localhost:1234"
+else
+    info "Running OS in QEMU..."
+fi
+
+check_test_res() {
+    qemu_exit_code=$?
+    if [ $qemu_exit_code -eq 33 ]; then
+        # Success case (0x10 << 1) | 1 = 33
+        info "All tests passed"
+        exit 0
+    elif [ $qemu_exit_code -eq 35 ]; then
+        # Failure case (0x11 << 1) | 1 = 35
+        warning "Some tests failed"
+        exit 1
+    else
+        # Any other exit code is treated as a failure
+        warning "Some tests failed"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+
+kvm_flag=""
+
+trap 'check_test_res "tests completed"' ERR
+ 
+cd "$project_root"
+qemu-system-x86_64 -M q35 \
+    ${kvm_flag} \
+    -cdrom "$build_dir/image.iso" \
+    -boot d \
+    -m 2G \
+    ${serial_flags} \
+    -no-reboot \
+    ${test_flags} \
+    ${debug_flags} \
+    ${QEMU_FLAGS:-}
+

From b8aa203c05a1501d29725561b26e4921fb561c4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Hinchliffe <jacob@nullndvoid.xyz>
Date: Sun, 23 Feb 2025 11:52:54 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 5/8] Bump edition to now stable 2024 edition (shiny!).

---
 Cargo.toml                        |  7 ++-
 kernel/Cargo.toml                 |  6 +-
 kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memmap.rs  |  6 +-
 kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory.rs  | 14 +++--
 kernel/src/lib.rs                 |  2 +-
 kernel/src/main.rs                |  2 +-
 libk/src/io/ascii.rs              | 64 +++++++++++----------
 libk/src/io/framebuffer.rs        | 92 ++++++++++++++++++-------------
 libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs | 54 +++++++++---------
 libk/src/io/keyboard.rs           | 41 ++++++++------
 libk/src/io/port.rs               | 32 ++++++-----
 libk/src/io/serial.rs             | 40 ++++++--------
 libk/src/lib.rs                   |  5 +-
 libk/src/scheduling/task.rs       | 20 ++++---
 14 files changed, 214 insertions(+), 171 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b3cb7bd..3abf5a6 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,12 +4,15 @@ resolver = "2"
 
 [workspace.package]
 version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2021"
-authors = ["The Foundry OS contributors"]
+edition = "2024"
+authors = ["The FoundryOS Contributors"]
 
 [profile.dev]
 opt-level = "z"
 debug = true
+# Leave this on to force Cargo to use the debug runner,
+# which adds the necessary flags for GDB debugging if you
+# set $USE_GDB (to any value) e.g. USE_GDB=1 cargo run 
 debug-assertions = true
 overflow-checks = true
 lto = false
diff --git a/kernel/Cargo.toml b/kernel/Cargo.toml
index 48f4be3..f8b95ce 100644
--- a/kernel/Cargo.toml
+++ b/kernel/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 [package]
 name = "foundry_os"
-version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2021"
+edition.workspace = true
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 limine = "0.3.1"
@@ -20,3 +21,4 @@ default = []
 [[bin]]
 name = "kernel"
 path = "src/main.rs"
+test = false
diff --git a/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memmap.rs b/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memmap.rs
index a130616..cb0d8b7 100644
--- a/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memmap.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memmap.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ use limine::{
 use spin::Lazy;
 
 #[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests"]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
 static MEMORY_MAP_REQUEST: MemoryMapRequest = MemoryMapRequest::new();
 
 #[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests"]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
 static HIGHER_HALF_DIRECT_MAP_REQUEST: HhdmRequest = HhdmRequest::new();
 
 /// ```rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub static PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET: Lazy<u64> = Lazy::new(|| {
 });
 
 #[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests"]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
 static KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST: KernelAddressRequest = KernelAddressRequest::new();
 
 /// Converts virtual addresses in the kernel to a physical address like this:
diff --git a/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory.rs b/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory.rs
index cf29bb3..64f1245 100644
--- a/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/arch/x86_64/memory.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // use lib_alloc::allocator::FoundryAllocator;
 use limine::{memory_map::EntryType, response::MemoryMapResponse};
 use x86_64::{
+    PhysAddr,
+    VirtAddr,
     // addr,
     registers::control::Cr3,
     structures::paging::{
@@ -11,8 +13,6 @@ use x86_64::{
         PhysFrame,
         Size4KiB,
     },
-    PhysAddr,
-    VirtAddr,
 };
 
 /// Returns a mutable reference to the current level 4 page table.
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ unsafe fn active_l4_table(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> &'static mut Page
 
     let phys_addr = level_4_frame.start_address();
     let virt = phys_addr.as_u64() + physical_memory_offset.as_u64();
-    &mut *(virt as *mut PageTable)
+    unsafe { &mut *(virt as *mut PageTable) }
 }
 
 /// Initializes the `OffsetPageTable` for the current CPU architecture.
@@ -49,8 +49,10 @@ unsafe fn active_l4_table(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> &'static mut Page
 /// Returns an `OffsetPageTable` that allows for manipulation of the page
 /// tables for the current CPU architecture.
 pub unsafe fn init(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> OffsetPageTable<'static> {
-    let l4_table = active_l4_table(physical_memory_offset);
-    OffsetPageTable::new(l4_table, physical_memory_offset)
+    unsafe {
+        let l4_table = active_l4_table(physical_memory_offset);
+        OffsetPageTable::new(l4_table, physical_memory_offset)
+    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) struct FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ impl FoundryOSFrameAllocator {
     /// Yields one `PhysFrame` for each available 4KiB frame in the memory map.
     ///
     /// This function is used to allocate frames for the pagemap.
-    fn usable_frames(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PhysFrame> {
+    fn usable_frames(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PhysFrame> + use<> {
         let regions = self.memory_map.entries().iter();
         let usable_regions = regions.filter(|region| region.entry_type == EntryType::USABLE);
 
diff --git a/kernel/src/lib.rs b/kernel/src/lib.rs
index 4d1a129..6ece312 100644
--- a/kernel/src/lib.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ mod arch;
 /// Be sure to mark all limine requests with #[used], otherwise they may be removed by the compiler.
 #[used]
 // The .requests section allows limine to find the requests faster and more safely.
-#[link_section = ".requests"]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
 static BASE_REVISION: BaseRevision = BaseRevision::new();
 
 #[panic_handler]
diff --git a/kernel/src/main.rs b/kernel/src/main.rs
index 8b5b3b8..b3e3a86 100644
--- a/kernel/src/main.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/main.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use libk::{
     scheduling::task::{Executor, Task},
 };
 
-#[no_mangle]
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 extern "C" fn kmain() -> ! {
     println_log!(" [ Initialising Kernel Systems ] ");
     if let Err(err) = foundry_os::boot() {
diff --git a/libk/src/io/ascii.rs b/libk/src/io/ascii.rs
index a75520b..d85eff6 100644
--- a/libk/src/io/ascii.rs
+++ b/libk/src/io/ascii.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
 use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
 
 pub use super::framebuffer::screensize_px;
-use super::framebuffer::{Color, FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER};
+use super::framebuffer::{Colour, FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER};
 
 mod font;
 use font::FONT;
@@ -28,32 +28,39 @@ pub struct Writer {
     /// 8 pixels wide.
     text_col: u32,
 
-    fg_color: Color,
-    bg_color: Color,
+    fg_color: Colour,
+    bg_color: Colour,
 
     offset1: usize,
     offset2: usize,
 }
 
+impl Default for Writer {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Writer {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
-            Self {
-                screen_width: writer.width() as u32 / 8,
-                screen_height: writer.height() as u32 / 16,
+        FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut().map_or_else(
+            || {
+                panic!("Framebuffer writer not initialized.");
+            },
+            |writer| Self {
+                screen_width: writer.width() / 8,
+                screen_height: writer.height() / 16,
                 text_line: 0,
                 text_col: 0,
-                fg_color: Color::White,
-                bg_color: Color::Black,
+                fg_color: Colour::White,
+                bg_color: Colour::Black,
                 offset1: 16,
                 offset2: 0,
-            }
-        } else {
-            panic!("Framebuffer writer not initialized");
-        }
+            },
+        )
     }
 
-    pub fn write_char(&mut self, c: u16) {
+    pub fn write_glyph(&mut self, c: u16) {
         if c as u8 == b'\n' {
             self.newline();
             return;
@@ -63,8 +70,7 @@ impl Writer {
         let data: &[u8] = &FONT[c as usize * 16..(c as usize + 1) * 16];
 
         if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
-            for row in 0..16 {
-                let line: u8 = data[row];
+            for (row, line) in data.iter().enumerate().take(16) {
                 for col in 0..8 {
                     let pixel_x: u32 = self.text_col * FONT_WIDTH + col;
                     let pixel_y: u32 = self.text_line * FONT_HEIGHT + row as u32;
@@ -88,20 +94,20 @@ impl Writer {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn set_offset(&mut self, offset1: usize, offset2: usize) {
+    pub const fn set_offset(&mut self, offset1: usize, offset2: usize) {
         self.offset1 = offset1;
         self.offset2 = offset2;
     }
 
-    pub fn dimensions(&self) -> (u32, u32) {
+    pub const fn dimensions(&self) -> (u32, u32) {
         (self.screen_width, self.screen_height)
     }
 
-    pub fn next_char(&mut self) {
+    pub const fn next_char(&mut self) {
         self.text_col += 1;
     }
 
-    pub fn newline(&mut self) {
+    pub const fn newline(&mut self) {
         self.text_col = 0;
 
         if self.text_line + 1 >= self.screen_height {
@@ -113,18 +119,18 @@ impl Writer {
 
     pub fn write_string(&mut self, s: &str) {
         for c in s.chars() {
-            self.write_char(c as u16);
+            self.write_glyph(c as u16);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn set_colour(&mut self, fg: Color, bg: Color) {
+    pub const fn set_colour(&mut self, fg: Colour, bg: Colour) {
         self.fg_color = fg;
         self.bg_color = bg;
     }
 
-    pub fn reset_colour(&mut self) {
-        self.fg_color = Color::White;
-        self.bg_color = Color::Black;
+    pub const fn reset_colour(&mut self) {
+        self.fg_color = Colour::White;
+        self.bg_color = Colour::Black;
     }
 }
 
@@ -135,7 +141,7 @@ impl core::fmt::Write for Writer {
     }
 }
 
-fn write(args: fmt::Arguments, fg: Color, bg: Color) {
+fn write(args: fmt::Arguments, fg: Colour, bg: Colour) {
     use core::fmt::Write;
 
     interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
@@ -148,19 +154,19 @@ fn write(args: fmt::Arguments, fg: Color, bg: Color) {
 
 pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
     x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
-        write(args, Color::White, Color::Black);
+        write(args, Colour::White, Colour::Black);
     })
 }
 
 pub fn _print_err(args: fmt::Arguments) {
     x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
-        write(args, Color::Red, Color::Black);
+        write(args, Colour::Red, Colour::Black);
     })
 }
 
 pub fn _print_log(args: fmt::Arguments) {
     x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
-        write(args, Color::Yellow, Color::Black);
+        write(args, Colour::Yellow, Colour::Black);
     })
 }
 
diff --git a/libk/src/io/framebuffer.rs b/libk/src/io/framebuffer.rs
index 29cf8e6..a9dd243 100644
--- a/libk/src/io/framebuffer.rs
+++ b/libk/src/io/framebuffer.rs
@@ -1,52 +1,69 @@
 use limine::request::FramebufferRequest;
 
 #[used]
-#[link_section = ".requests"]
+#[unsafe(link_section = ".requests")]
 static FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST: FramebufferRequest = FramebufferRequest::new();
 
 mod colour;
 
-pub use colour::Color;
+pub use colour::Colour;
 use core::panic;
 
 use limine::framebuffer::Framebuffer;
 use spin::{Lazy, Mutex};
 
-// use crate::{colour::Color, FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST};
-
 pub static FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER: Lazy<Mutex<Option<FramebufferWriter>>> = Lazy::new(|| {
-    Mutex::new(
-        if let Some(framebuffer_response) = FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST.get_response() {
-            let framebuffer = framebuffer_response.framebuffers().next().unwrap();
-            Some(FramebufferWriter::new(framebuffer))
-        } else {
+    Mutex::new(FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST.get_response().map_or_else(
+        || {
             panic!("Framebuffer request failed");
         },
-    )
+        |framebuffer_response| {
+            let framebuffer = framebuffer_response.framebuffers().next().unwrap();
+            Some(FramebufferWriter::new(framebuffer))
+        },
+    ))
 });
 
-pub struct FramebufferWriter<'a> {
-    framebuffer: Framebuffer<'a>,
+/// The updated writer stores necessary fields from the [Framebuffer].
+/// This ensures that the contained types are Send, as Framebuffer was
+/// not marked as Send.
+///
+/// It also avoids the requirement for lifetimes.
+///
+/// Note this does not implement Writer as these functions only handle drawing pixels.
+pub struct FramebufferWriter {
+    pitch: u64,
+    bpp: u16,
+    addr: *mut u8,
+    width: u64,
+    height: u64,
 }
 
-unsafe impl<'a> Send for FramebufferWriter<'a> {}
-unsafe impl<'a> Sync for FramebufferWriter<'a> {}
-impl<'a> FramebufferWriter<'a> {
-    pub fn new(framebuffer: Framebuffer<'a>) -> Self {
-        Self { framebuffer }
-    }
+unsafe impl Send for FramebufferWriter {}
+unsafe impl Sync for FramebufferWriter {}
 
-    pub fn write_pixel(&self, x: usize, y: usize, color: Color) {
-        let pitch = self.framebuffer.pitch() as usize;
-        let bpp = (self.framebuffer.bpp() / 8) as usize;
-        let pixel_offset = y * pitch + x * bpp;
-
-        unsafe {
-            *(self.framebuffer.addr().add(pixel_offset) as *mut u32) = color.into();
+impl FramebufferWriter {
+    pub fn new(framebuffer: Framebuffer) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pitch: framebuffer.pitch(),
+            bpp: framebuffer.bpp(),
+            addr: framebuffer.addr(),
+            width: framebuffer.width(),
+            height: framebuffer.height(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn render_frame(&self, buffer: &[Color; 1280 * 800]) {
+    pub fn write_pixel(&self, x: usize, y: usize, color: Colour) {
+        let pitch = self.pitch as usize;
+        let bpp = (self.bpp / 8) as usize;
+        let pixel_offset = y * pitch + x * bpp;
+
+        unsafe {
+            *(self.addr.add(pixel_offset) as *mut u32) = color.into();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render_frame(&self, buffer: &[Colour; 1280 * 800]) {
         for (y, row) in buffer.chunks(1280).enumerate() {
             for (x, pixel) in row.iter().enumerate() {
                 self.write_pixel(x, y, *pixel);
@@ -54,30 +71,29 @@ impl<'a> FramebufferWriter<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn width(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.framebuffer.width() as u32
+    pub const fn width(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.width as u32
     }
 
-    pub fn height(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.framebuffer.height() as u32
+    pub const fn height(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.height as u32
     }
 
     pub fn clear(&self) {
-        let width = self.framebuffer.width() as usize;
-        let height = self.framebuffer.height() as usize;
+        let width = self.width as usize;
+        let height = self.height as usize;
 
         for y in 0..height {
             for x in 0..width {
-                self.write_pixel(x, y, Color::Black);
+                self.write_pixel(x, y, Colour::Black);
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 pub fn screensize_px() -> (u32, u32) {
-    if let Some(writer) = FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER.lock().as_mut() {
-        (writer.width(), writer.height())
-    } else {
-        (0, 0)
-    }
+    FRAMEBUFFER_WRITER
+        .lock()
+        .as_mut()
+        .map_or_else(|| (0, 0), |writer| (writer.width(), writer.height()))
 }
diff --git a/libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs b/libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs
index bc80d80..9e41b55 100644
--- a/libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs
+++ b/libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #[repr(u32)]
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
-pub enum Color {
+pub enum Colour {
     ARGB(u8, u8, u8, u8),
     RGB(u8, u8, u8),
     HexARGB(u32),
@@ -14,40 +14,40 @@ pub enum Color {
     White = 0xFFFFFFFF,
 }
 
-impl Into<u32> for Color {
-    fn into(self) -> u32 {
-        match self {
-            Color::ARGB(a, r, g, b) => {
+impl From<Colour> for u32 {
+    fn from(val: Colour) -> Self {
+        match val {
+            Colour::ARGB(a, r, g, b) => {
                 (a as u32) << 24 | (r as u32) << 16 | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32)
             }
-            Color::RGB(r, g, b) => (0u32) << 24 | (r as u32) << 16 | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32),
-            Color::HexARGB(hex) => hex,
-            Color::Black => 0xFF000000,
-            Color::Blue => 0xFF0000FF,
-            Color::Green => 0xFF00FF00,
-            Color::Cyan => 0xFF00FFFF,
-            Color::Red => 0xFFFF0000,
-            Color::Magenta => 0xFFFF00FF,
-            Color::Yellow => 0xFFFFFF00,
-            Color::White => 0xFFFFFFFF,
+            Colour::RGB(r, g, b) => ((r as u32) << 16) | (g as u32) << 8 | (b as u32),
+            Colour::HexARGB(hex) => hex,
+            Colour::Black => 0xFF000000,
+            Colour::Blue => 0xFF0000FF,
+            Colour::Green => 0xFF00FF00,
+            Colour::Cyan => 0xFF00FFFF,
+            Colour::Red => 0xFFFF0000,
+            Colour::Magenta => 0xFFFF00FF,
+            Colour::Yellow => 0xFFFFFF00,
+            Colour::White => 0xFFFFFFFF,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl core::fmt::Display for Color {
+impl core::fmt::Display for Colour {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            Color::ARGB(r, g, b, a) => write!(f, "RGBA(#{:x}{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b, a),
-            Color::RGB(r, g, b) => write!(f, "RGB(#{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b),
-            Color::HexARGB(hex) => write!(f, "Hex(#{:x})", hex),
-            Color::Black => write!(f, "Black"),
-            Color::Blue => write!(f, "Blue"),
-            Color::Green => write!(f, "Green"),
-            Color::Cyan => write!(f, "Cyan"),
-            Color::Red => write!(f, "Red"),
-            Color::Magenta => write!(f, "Magenta"),
-            Color::Yellow => write!(f, "Yellow"),
-            Color::White => write!(f, "White"),
+            Colour::ARGB(r, g, b, a) => write!(f, "RGBA(#{:x}{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b, a),
+            Colour::RGB(r, g, b) => write!(f, "RGB(#{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b),
+            Colour::HexARGB(hex) => write!(f, "Hex(#{:x})", hex),
+            Colour::Black => write!(f, "Black"),
+            Colour::Blue => write!(f, "Blue"),
+            Colour::Green => write!(f, "Green"),
+            Colour::Cyan => write!(f, "Cyan"),
+            Colour::Red => write!(f, "Red"),
+            Colour::Magenta => write!(f, "Magenta"),
+            Colour::Yellow => write!(f, "Yellow"),
+            Colour::White => write!(f, "White"),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/libk/src/io/keyboard.rs b/libk/src/io/keyboard.rs
index 3d2ad1a..13603a8 100644
--- a/libk/src/io/keyboard.rs
+++ b/libk/src/io/keyboard.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ use core::{
     task::{Context, Poll},
 };
 
-use super::{print, println};
+use crate::prelude::*;
 use crossbeam::queue::ArrayQueue;
-use futures_util::{task::AtomicWaker, Stream};
+use futures_util::{Stream, task::AtomicWaker};
 use spin::Once;
 
 static KBD_QUEUE: Once<ArrayQueue<u8>> = Once::new();
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ static WAKER: AtomicWaker = AtomicWaker::new();
 
 pub fn add_scancode(scancode: u8) {
     if let Some(queue) = KBD_QUEUE.get() {
-        if let Err(_) = queue.push(scancode) {
+        if queue.push(scancode).is_err() {
             println!("WARNING: scancode queue full; dropping keyboard input");
         } else {
             println!("waking waker");
@@ -33,7 +33,14 @@ pub struct ScanCodeStream {
 impl ScanCodeStream {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         KBD_QUEUE.call_once(|| ArrayQueue::new(5));
-        ScanCodeStream { _private: () }
+
+        Self { _private: () }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for ScanCodeStream {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
     }
 }
 
@@ -42,30 +49,30 @@ impl Stream for ScanCodeStream {
 
     fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
         let queue = KBD_QUEUE.get().expect("scancode queue not initialized");
-        print!("polling or smth");
+        serial_println!("This is called once.");
+        WAKER.register(cx.waker());
 
         // fast path
         if let Some(scancode) = queue.pop() {
             return Poll::Ready(Some(scancode));
         }
 
-        WAKER.register(&cx.waker());
-        match queue.pop() {
-            Some(scancode) => {
-                print!("scancode found");
+        queue.pop().map_or_else(
+            || {
+                print!("Returning");
+                Poll::Pending
+            },
+            |scancode| {
+                print!("Scancode found");
                 WAKER.take();
                 Poll::Ready(Some(scancode))
-            }
-            None => {
-                print!("returning");
-                Poll::Pending
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        )
     }
 }
 
 use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;
-use pc_keyboard::{layouts, DecodedKey, HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1};
+use pc_keyboard::{DecodedKey, HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1, layouts};
 
 pub async fn print_keypresses() {
     let mut scancodes = ScanCodeStream::new();
@@ -75,7 +82,7 @@ pub async fn print_keypresses() {
         HandleControl::Ignore,
     );
 
-    println!("OK!!!");
+    serial_println!("Printing keypresses.");
 
     while let Some(scancode) = scancodes.next().await {
         if let Ok(Some(key_event)) = keyboard.add_byte(scancode) {
diff --git a/libk/src/io/port.rs b/libk/src/io/port.rs
index 860058d..77eafa0 100644
--- a/libk/src/io/port.rs
+++ b/libk/src/io/port.rs
@@ -3,23 +3,27 @@
 use core::arch::asm;
 
 #[inline]
-pub unsafe fn inb(port: u16) -> u8 {
+pub fn inb(port: u16) -> u8 {
     let value: u8;
-    asm!(
-        "in al, dx",
-        out("al") value,
-        in("dx") port,
-        options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags)
-    );
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "in al, dx",
+            out("al") value,
+            in("dx") port,
+            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags)
+        );
+    }
     value
 }
 
 #[inline]
-pub unsafe fn outb(port: u16, value: u8) {
-    asm!(
-        "out dx, al",
-        in("dx") port,
-        in("al") value,
-        options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags)
-    );
+pub fn outb(port: u16, value: u8) {
+    unsafe {
+        asm!(
+            "out dx, al",
+            in("dx") port,
+            in("al") value,
+            options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags)
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/libk/src/io/serial.rs b/libk/src/io/serial.rs
index 2d5d674..03db09a 100644
--- a/libk/src/io/serial.rs
+++ b/libk/src/io/serial.rs
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ pub fn serial_read() -> &'static str {
 
     let i = BUFFER_LEN.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
 
-    return unsafe {
+    unsafe {
         if i != 0 {
             core::str::from_utf8(&BUFFER[..i - 1]).unwrap()
         } else {
             serial_println!("empty string");
             ""
         }
-    };
+    }
 }
 
 static PORT: u16 = 0x3f8;
@@ -83,15 +83,13 @@ impl Writer {
     pub fn write_byte(&self, data: u8) {
         unsafe {
             while !self.write_success() {}
-            outb(PORT + 0, data);
+            outb(PORT, data);
         }
     }
 }
 
 pub fn init() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
-    if let Err(e) = test() {
-        return Err(e);
-    }
+    test()?;
 
     if READER.lock().is_none() {
         *READER.lock() = Some(Reader);
@@ -105,24 +103,22 @@ pub fn init() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
 }
 
 pub fn test() -> Result<(), &'static str> {
-    unsafe {
-        outb(PORT + 1, 0x00); // Disable all interrupts
-        outb(PORT + 3, 0x80); // Enable DLAB (set baud rate divisor)
-        outb(PORT + 0, 0x03); // Set divisor to 3 (lo byte) 38400 baud
-        outb(PORT + 1, 0x00); //                  (hi byte)
-        outb(PORT + 3, 0x03); // 8 bits, no parity, one stop bit
-        outb(PORT + 2, 0xC7); // Enable FIFO, clear them, with 14-bytethreshold
-        outb(PORT + 4, 0x0B); // IRQs enabled, RTS/DSR set
-        outb(PORT + 4, 0x1E); // Set in loopback mode, test the serial chip
-        outb(PORT + 0, 0xAE); // Test serial chip (send byte 0xAE and check if serial returns same byte)
+    outb(PORT + 1, 0x00); // Disable all interrupts
+    outb(PORT + 3, 0x80); // Enable DLAB (set baud rate divisor)
+    outb(PORT, 0x03); // Set divisor to 3 (lo byte) 38400 baud
+    outb(PORT + 1, 0x00); //                  (hi byte)
+    outb(PORT + 3, 0x03); // 8 bits, no parity, one stop bit
+    outb(PORT + 2, 0xC7); // Enable FIFO, clear them, with 14-bytethreshold
+    outb(PORT + 4, 0x0B); // IRQs enabled, RTS/DSR set
+    outb(PORT + 4, 0x1E); // Set in loopback mode, test the serial chip
+    outb(PORT, 0xAE); // Test serial chip (send byte 0xAE and check if serial returns same byte)
 
-        if inb(PORT + 0) != 0xAE {
-            return Err("serial test failed");
-        }
-
-        outb(PORT + 4, 0x0F);
+    if inb(PORT) != 0xAE {
+        return Err("serial test failed");
     }
 
+    outb(PORT + 4, 0x0F);
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -153,7 +149,7 @@ impl Reader {
     pub fn read(&self) -> u8 {
         unsafe {
             while !self.read_ready() {}
-            return inb(PORT + 0);
+            inb(PORT)
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/libk/src/lib.rs b/libk/src/lib.rs
index dfcc3ba..962bf09 100644
--- a/libk/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libk/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #![no_std]
-
+#![warn(tail_expr_drop_order)]
+#![warn(clippy::correctness, clippy::perf, clippy::nursery)]
 // alloc
 // io : serial, framebuffer, ascii(?), keyboard
 // ?????
@@ -11,5 +12,5 @@ pub mod scheduling;
 
 /// Re-exports most of the IO macros.
 pub mod prelude {
-    pub use crate::{print_log, println, println_log, serial_print, serial_println};
+    pub use crate::{print, print_log, println, println_log, serial_print, serial_println};
 }
diff --git a/libk/src/scheduling/task.rs b/libk/src/scheduling/task.rs
index 844b873..ceaa2fa 100644
--- a/libk/src/scheduling/task.rs
+++ b/libk/src/scheduling/task.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ pub struct Task {
 }
 
 impl Task {
-    pub fn new(future: impl Future<Output = ()> + 'static) -> Task {
-        Task {
+    pub fn new(future: impl Future<Output = ()> + 'static) -> Self {
+        Self {
             id: TaskId::new(),
             future: Box::pin(future),
         }
@@ -32,9 +32,15 @@ pub struct Executor {
     waker_cache: BTreeMap<TaskId, Waker>,
 }
 
+impl Default for Executor {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Executor {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Executor {
+        Self {
             tasks: BTreeMap::new(),
             task_queue: Arc::new(ArrayQueue::new(100)),
             waker_cache: BTreeMap::new(),
@@ -63,7 +69,7 @@ impl Executor {
             };
             let waker = waker_cache
                 .entry(task_id)
-                .or_insert_with(|| TaskWaker::new(task_id, task_queue.clone()));
+                .or_insert_with(|| TaskWaker::waker(task_id, task_queue.clone()));
             let mut context = Context::from_waker(waker);
             match task.poll(&mut context) {
                 Poll::Ready(()) => {
@@ -98,8 +104,8 @@ struct TaskWaker {
 }
 
 impl TaskWaker {
-    fn new(task_id: TaskId, task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>) -> Waker {
-        Waker::from(Arc::new(TaskWaker {
+    fn waker(task_id: TaskId, task_queue: Arc<ArrayQueue<TaskId>>) -> Waker {
+        Waker::from(Arc::new(Self {
             task_id,
             task_queue,
         }))
@@ -128,6 +134,6 @@ struct TaskId(u64);
 impl TaskId {
     fn new() -> Self {
         static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
-        TaskId(NEXT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed))
+        Self(NEXT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed))
     }
 }

From 7e62bdae35c393ccd100c69e70e135d176b6d176 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Hinchliffe <jacob@nullndvoid.xyz>
Date: Sun, 23 Feb 2025 11:53:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 6/8] Make rust-analyzer use clippy as the check command.

---
 .vscode/settings.json | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.vscode/settings.json b/.vscode/settings.json
index c7cc8ca..deb9e98 100644
--- a/.vscode/settings.json
+++ b/.vscode/settings.json
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@
     "[rust]": {
         "editor.defaultFormatter": "rust-lang.rust-analyzer",
         "editor.formatOnSave": true
-    }
-}
-
+    },
+    "rust-analyzer.check.command": "clippy",
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 2be5b63af7c62e3d02786ae472605988234cb48d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Hinchliffe <jacob@nullndvoid.xyz>
Date: Sun, 23 Feb 2025 11:58:52 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 7/8] Fix some more clippy lints.

---
 libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs | 23 ++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs b/libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs
index 9e41b55..2d6c0b6 100644
--- a/libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs
+++ b/libk/src/io/framebuffer/colour.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ pub enum Colour {
     White = 0xFFFFFFFF,
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::use_self)]
 impl From<Colour> for u32 {
     fn from(val: Colour) -> Self {
         match val {
@@ -37,17 +38,17 @@ impl From<Colour> for u32 {
 impl core::fmt::Display for Colour {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
         match self {
-            Colour::ARGB(r, g, b, a) => write!(f, "RGBA(#{:x}{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b, a),
-            Colour::RGB(r, g, b) => write!(f, "RGB(#{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b),
-            Colour::HexARGB(hex) => write!(f, "Hex(#{:x})", hex),
-            Colour::Black => write!(f, "Black"),
-            Colour::Blue => write!(f, "Blue"),
-            Colour::Green => write!(f, "Green"),
-            Colour::Cyan => write!(f, "Cyan"),
-            Colour::Red => write!(f, "Red"),
-            Colour::Magenta => write!(f, "Magenta"),
-            Colour::Yellow => write!(f, "Yellow"),
-            Colour::White => write!(f, "White"),
+            Self::ARGB(r, g, b, a) => write!(f, "RGBA(#{:x}{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b, a),
+            Self::RGB(r, g, b) => write!(f, "RGB(#{:x}{:x}{:x})", r, g, b),
+            Self::HexARGB(hex) => write!(f, "Hex(#{:x})", hex),
+            Self::Black => write!(f, "Black"),
+            Self::Blue => write!(f, "Blue"),
+            Self::Green => write!(f, "Green"),
+            Self::Cyan => write!(f, "Cyan"),
+            Self::Red => write!(f, "Red"),
+            Self::Magenta => write!(f, "Magenta"),
+            Self::Yellow => write!(f, "Yellow"),
+            Self::White => write!(f, "White"),
         }
     }
 }

From d9b66f80082e23bec39e8fc738bc0c7c658cea14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: nullndvoid <nullndvoid@noreply.localhost>
Date: Sun, 23 Feb 2025 12:06:50 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 8/8] Update README to remove refs to submodules.

---
 README.md | 18 ++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e013c0a..cb0c9b8 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,18 +5,20 @@
 Here are some simple steps to get started:
 
 ```sh
-# If you have not yet cloned the repo:
-git clone --recurse-submodules https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS.git
-# If you already cloned the repo:
-git submodule update --init --recursive
-
-cargo build
-# This will build the binaries if required - no need to call cargo build.
+git clone https://git.zxq5.dev/OsDev/FoundryOS.git
 cargo run
 ```
 
+## Running in GDB:
+```sh
+USE_GDB=1 cargo run
+```
+
 ### Build dependencies
 
-* jq: checks whether the app is to be run in debugging mode.
 * libisoburn: creates ISO images to be booted from.
 * qemu: to run the kernel.
+
+Optionally,
+
+* GDB: for debugging the kernel.
\ No newline at end of file